Four Key Concepts Of The Qur’ān by Sayyid Abul A’lā Mawdūdī (r)

[We have omitted the numerous examples of usage, as one finds them in the lexicon, and which Maulana Maududi gave in the original in great detail because they may not interest the English reader end in any case do not matter except for some crass doubter someone bent on finding fault simply because it is Maulana Maududi who is saying something. Abu Asad] The three radicals of this word are the letters (r, b, b) and the basic meaning is to bring up. If we take into account the wider meaning of the root word and its various derivatives, we find that it has following connotations:

• One who brings up, rear, fosters or nourishes, or is responsible for doing all or one or more than one of these.

• Guardian, patron.

• One who supervises or is responsible for carrying out improvements.

• One who occupies a central or focal position, who himself gathers people round himself of his own or round whom people gather out themselves.

• Leader, head, chief, or lord.

• One whose word is obeyed, and whose supremacy or over lordship acknowledged, and who has authority to dispose of men or things.

• Owner.

• Master.

In the Qur'ān the word is used in all of the above meanings, sometimes in only one sense, sometimes is in two, and sometimes in more, or even all the five, as the following examples will show:

(i) And Yousuf (Joseph) said (to Potiphar’s wife, when she tried to seduce him):‘May God forbid! He is my Rabb [Many commentators have taken this word, as used here, to mean ‘master; v and to refer to Potiphar. I, however, hold differently. According to my thinking, the pronoun ”who” is related to its immediate antecedent, “Allah” (God) and I think it is unnecessary straining of the sense to seek to relate it to a person who is not mentioned at all. A. A. Maududi]Who has provided handsomely for me’ (and I shall not behave as an ingrate sinner.

(al-Yusuf 12:23)

“(These gods whom you worship) they are enemies to me; not so Allah, the Rabb of all the worlds, Who created me, Who gives me guidance, Who gives me food and drink, and Who, when I am ill, restores me to health. (ash-Shu’araa 26:77-80)

(iii) And there is not any good thing except that it comes from Allah, and whenever any mishap befalls yen, it is to Him you turn in your distress; but when He has removed it, there are those among you who associate others with their Rabb (as having also contributed to your provision or health). (an-Nahl 16:53-54)

(iv) Ask them (O’ Prophet): Should I seek any rabb other than Allah and He the Rabb of all creation?.... (al-An’aam 6:165)

(v) He is the Rabb of the East and the West; there is no deity but He, and so take Him as the ultimate Disposer and Arbiter of all your affairs. (al-Muzzammil 73:9)

(vi) …He is the Rabb of all of you, and it is unto Him that you shall return.

(al-Hud 11:34)

(vii) …And then shall your return be to your Rabb…. (az-Zumar 39:7)

(viii) Say (O’ Prophet) Our Rabb will gather and then decide between us, your group, and ours together…. (as-Saba 34:26)

(ix) And there is not an animal in the world, or a bird which flies on two wings but all form parts of communities like you; We have not omitted any detail about them in the Book of destiny; and they too will all be gathered unto their Rabb.

(al-An’aam 6:38).

(x) And the Trumpet shall be sounded when, behold, they will all rush out from their graves (or wherever their “Last Remains” be) towards their Rabb.

(al-Yaaseen 36:51)

(xi) They (the Jews and the Christians) made their scribes and their monks their rabbs instead of Allah …. (at-Tawbah 9:31)

(xii) …And (let us also agree that) let not either of us (that is either you the people of the Book, or we, the Muslims) take anyone other than Allah to be our rabb…. (aal-’Imraan 3:64)

In the last two verses, the actual word used in the original is arbaab, which is the plural of rabb, and which is employed in respect of those religious leaders, etc., whom different people had raised to the position of final authority, whose word was unquestioningly accepted as law, and who were regarded as having, so to say, a sovereign, inherent right to lay down what might, or might not, be done.

(xiii) (And Yousuf said to his two fellow prisoners): As to one of you he (will be freed and reinstated and) will (again) serve his rabb (lord, master) as wine bearer ... and to the one whom he thought to be likely to be freed, he said: ‘Speak of me to your rabb (Pharaoh), your master’ but Satan made the man forget to mention him (Yousuf) to his rabb (Pharaoh, his master)... (al-Yusuf 12:41-42)

(xiv) And when (Pharaoh’s) messenger came to Yousuf, he said: Go back to your rabb (lord, Pharaoh), and ask him what transpired in the case of the women who cut their hands; verily (He who is) my Rabb (God) is fully aware of their wives.

(al-Yusuf 12:50)

In the verses quoted at (xiii) and (xiv) Hazrat Yousuf employed the word rabb in respect of the Pharaoh because, since the Egyptians did in fact believe him to possess absolute sovereignty and the right to lay down the law and his word could not be questioned, this in effect amounted to their treating him as their rabb in the full sense of the word, that is, a god.

As against this, however, Hazrat Yousuf regarded Allah alone as the Rabb, and made this clear by saying ‘My Rabb.’ (xv) So (the Meccans) ought to worship the Rabb (lord, master) of this House (The Ka’bah) (that is,) He Who has provided for their sustenance and relieved them of their fear and ensured their peace and safety. (al-Quraysh 106:3-4)

(xvi) Glorified be your Rabb (O’ Prophet), the (Rabb, i.e.,) Fountainhead of all honour and authority, Who is free of the taint of all the faults and shortcomings they attribute to Him. (as-Saffat 37:180)

(xvii) …so glory be to Allah, the Rabb (Master) of the Mighty Throne, Who is free of all that they attribute to Him. (al-Anbiyaa’ 21:22)

(xviii) Ask them (O Prophet): Who is the rabb (master) of the seven heavens and the rabb (master) of the Mighty Throne? (al-Mu’minoon 23:86)

(xix) He, Who is the Rabb (Master) of the heavens and the earth, and what is between them, and the Rabb (Master) of all that the sun shines upon.

(as-Saffaat 37:5)

(xx) And verily He is the Rabb (Lord, Master) of Sirius also. (an-Najm 53:49)