Geopolitical Myths by Adnan Khan

Dubai has been heralded as an economic success story and a new model for economic development for the Muslim world. Dubai with its $46 billion economy has attracted world-wide attention through innovative real estate projects and sports events in a relatively short period of time. Many economists have emphasized that Dubai’s diversification away from oil has placed it upon a path of development which presents a new formula for economic development for the region and a distinctly Islamic approach to economic development.

Oil revenues after the Persian Gulf War encouraged Dubai to focus on free trade and tourism. The success of the Jebel Ali free zone allowed the city to replicate its model to develop clusters of new free zones, including Dubai Internet City, Dubai Media City and Dubai Maritime City. The constructions of Burj Al Arab, the world’s tallest freestanding hotel, as well as the creation of new residential developments, were used to market Dubai for purposes of tourism. Since 2002, the city has seen an increase in private real estate investment in recreating Dubai’s skyline with such projects as The Palm Islands, The World Islands and Burj Dubai. In essence the measure of success of Dubai has been on developments such as skyscrapers and vast shopping malls.

Due to this, Dubai is unique amongst the Muslim world in that it has witnessed phenomenal development over the last 20 years. It is today a modern city, with much wealth on display in the form of tall buildings and unique developments. It is a city that not only Muslims from Islamic countries head towards in large numbers, but people of all kinds from all over the world. Dubai offers a western lifestyle with an Eastern flavour for all. The native population is a minority, 85% of Dubai’s population is composed of expatriates. For many this would be considered a success story as Dubai has attracted the world to its tiny island, but in this apparent success lays the myth of economic development.

Dubai has been blessed with a vast amount of oil, the revenues of which have allowed a modern city to develop out of a once small fishing village. In recent years Dubai has also taken to orienting its economy towards the tourism and service sectors. This has led to Dubai becoming a hub of tourism in not only the Middle East but the world. It is also aspiring to become a financial centre to rival the likes of London and New York.

The problem with Dubai is that it’s not a model for others to follow, but a unique case of development. It has developed in such a manner that it is in fact existing in an economic bubble.

The driving force behind Dubai’s growth has been largely its oil wealth, followed by companies that are run by foreign workers. Its position as a trading hub has also brought it wealth. The problem with this is that the oil is not unlimited, and is already running out. The skilled workers that are helping to develop the service sector are mostly from overseas, with only a tiny part of Dubai’s population now considered to be native Arabs.

These factors show why Dubai is not an example of true economic development. It has merely exploited limited natural resources and has been importing talent from abroad with little skills and knowledge transfer to drive its economy. This is coupled with the fact that Dubai does not produce any manufactured products that the people in the city buy. It is a nation that is not self-sufficient, as it does not have the infrastructure or natural resources in place to develop the products it consumes.

Its growth has been a direct result of it becoming an essentially tax free zone for foreign nationals and companies. These companies, whilst providing jobs and income to people in the country, are not transferring any technical skills to the people. Its real estate prices are rising in large part due to speculation that the prices will continue to rise, and a profit can be made from selling the property on.

Dubai has modelled itself as a service based economy where the government will provide all the necessary services such as infrastructure, communications, flash apartments, parks, retail outlets and tourism for the worlds companies to operate from. The problem with this type of development is companies do not necessarily need to operate from only one location, they can move around if needed and any instability will usually lead to this. Such a development makes the nation reliant on foreigners to continually want to work from Dubai. With the Middle East being the most unstable region in the world and prospects of war this could lead to a departure of such companies at any time.

These reasons show why Dubai is nothing more than a mirage in the desert. Its growth and survival are dependent upon the talent and expertise of foreign entities. It can only offer specialist services such as banking and finance as a means to guarantee its future, along with tourism. As these sectors rely heavily on the goodwill and confidence of foreigners, Dubai is vulnerable to economic collapse if ever these powers decide to pull out. This could be caused for a variety of reasons. A regional war could render Dubai an unsafe place for workers, with trade routes also being cut off. Housing prices would collapse and money that is currently pouring into real estate would rush out of the city.

Though this may appear an extreme scenario, it is not an unlikely one given the political reality of the Middle East. Even while this prosperity continues, it comes at a cost in the dilution of Islamic values since alcohol and other vices are permitted in order to attract a western workforce to drive the economy.

The limitation upon anyone trying to emulate Dubai is that there can only be one hub of tourism and finance in the region. By definition, there cannot be two hubs in one place. The example of two regional airlines is sufficient to explain this point. Emirates are an airline that runs out of Dubai, whilst Etihad runs from Abu Dhabi. Emirates have managed to establish itself as a brand and are popular with people travelling to the region. Etihad on the other hand struggles, as there simply is not enough traffic to make two airlines so close to each both as popular as Emirates.

In a post-industrial world having a large service sector is considered a prerequisite for the 21st century economy, both the US and the UK have service sectors that make-up more then 70% of the economy. However, Dubai as well as the Muslim world never went through industrialisation, thus becoming service based economies is not a sustainable model and is in complete contradiction to the path the Western world took to become independent economies, which today have a manufacturing base, large militaries and state funded agricultural sectors. Like the credit crunch the Dubai model is an inflating bubble waiting to burst.