History of Khulafah Rashideen by Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti - translated by Abdassamad Clarke

He was pledged allegiance as khalifah three nights after the burial of cUmar. It is related that people got together, during those days, with cAbd ar-Rahman ibn cAwf, advising him and talking confidentially with him. Not one person of judgement who sat alone with him saw any to equal cUthman. When cAbd ar-Rahman sat to pledge allegiance, he praised Allah and said, during his speech, ‘I saw that people refuse anybody but cUthman.’ Ibn cAsakir narrated it from al-Miswar ibn Makhramah. In another narration, ‘Now! cAli, I have researched among people and I don’t see them regarding anyone equal to cUthman. Therefore, do not make a way against yourself.’ He took the hand of cUthman and said, ‘We pledge allegiance to you according to the Sunnah of Allah, the Sunnah of His Messenger and the Sunnah of the two khalifahs after him.’ cAbd ar-Rahman pledged allegiance to him and the Muhajirun and the Ansar pledged allegiance to him.

Ibn Sacd narrated that Anas said: cUmar sent for Abu Talhah al- Ansari an hour before he died and said, ‘You be among fifty of the Ansar along with this group, the companions of the counsel, because they, as I believe, will gather in a house. Stand at that door with your companions, allow no-one to enter, and do not leave them to allow the third day to pass without their appointing one of themselves to the command.’ There is in the Musnad of Ahmad that Abu Wa’il said: I said to cAbd ar-Rahman ibn cAwf, ‘How could you have sworn allegiance to cUthman and neglected cAli?’ He said, ‘Where was my wrong action? I started with cAli and I said, “Shall I swear allegiance to you according to the Book of Allah, the Sunnah of His Messenger and the conduct of Abu Bakr and cUmar?” He said, “In what I am able.” I hen later I offered the same to cUthman and he said, “Yes.”’ It has been related that cAbd ar-Rahman said to cUthman in private, ‘If I don’t pledge allegiance to you who would you point out to me?’ He said, ‘cAli.’ He said to cAli, ‘If I don’t pledge allegiance to you who would you point out to me?’ He said, ‘cUthman.’ Then he called for az-Zubayr and said, ‘If I don’t pledge allegiance to you who would you point out to me?’ He said, ‘cAli or cUthman.’ Then later he called for Sacd and said, ‘Whom would you indicate to me?

because, as for me and you, we don’t want it.’ He said, ‘'Uthman.’ Then cAbd ar-Rahman sought the counsel of all the notables and saw that most of them were inclined to cUthman.

Ibn Sacd and al-Hakim narrated that Ibn Mascud, may Allah be pleased with him, said, when cUthman was pledged allegiance, ‘We have charged with command the best of those remaining and we have not been negligent.’ In this year of his khilafah, Rayy was opened [to Islam], and it had been opened previously and subsequently lost. In that year many nosebleeds occurred among people, so that it was known as, ‘The year of the nosebleeds.’ cUthman was afflicted by nosebleeds to such an extent that he stayed away from the Hajj and deputed someone in his place. In that year many Byzantine fortresses were taken. In it cUthman appointed Sacd ibn Abi Waqqas as governor of Kufa and removed al-Mughirah.

In the year 25 AH, cUthman removed Sacd from Kufa and appointed al-Walid ibn cUqbah ibn Abi Mucayt — and he was a Companion, and a brother of cUthman on his mother’s side - and that was the first thing for which he was disliked; because he appointed his relatives to posts of authority. It has been told as a tale that al-Walid led them in prayer for the dawn prayer with four rakcfat when he was drunk, and that then he turned to them and said, ‘Shall I do more (raka?at) for you?’ In the year 26 AH, cUthman enlarged and extended al-Masjid al-Haram, and bought sites (adjoining it) for the enlargement. In the same year Sabur (possibly Shahpur) was opened.

In the year 27 AH, Mucawiyah went on a military expedition to Cyprus, taking the armies by sea. cUbadah ibn as-Samit was with them and his wife, Umm Haram bint Milhan al-Ansariyah (of the Ansar). She fell from her riding beast, and died there as a martyr, and the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, had foretold this army for her. He had supplicated for her that she should be of them. She was buried in Cyprus. In that same year Arrajan and Darabjird were opened. cUthman removed cAmr ibn al-cAs from Egypt and appointed cAbdullah ibn Sacd ibn Abi Sarh over it, who led an expedition against northern Africa and opened it [to Islam], both on the plains and in the mountains, and every man in the army received one thousand dinars, and it has also been said, three thousand dinars. Then Andalusia was opened in this same year.