In the Shade of the Qur'an by Sayyid Qutb

Whereas the revelation of the previous ten surahs (57-66) took place in Madinah, this surah and all nine that follow in this volume were revealed in Makkah. Each type has its own features and leaves its special impressions on the reader. Makkan revelation generally deals with belief in God, revelation and the Day of Judgement, as well as establishing concepts about life, the universe and its relation with its Creator based on such beliefs. It speaks about God, the Creator, in such a way that makes our hearts feel His presence and outlines the sort of emotions and manners that are appropriate for a human being who addresses his Lord and looks up to Him. It clearly sets the standards and values a Muslim adopts in judging events, situations and people.

As we discuss the remaining surahs in this volume, we will see examples of such treatment, to be added to what we have already seen in other Makkan surahs.

Revelations given in Madinah address the implementation of such beliefs, concepts, standards and values in practical life. They urge people to live up to their faith, which is the trust assigned to them.

They must fulfil their obligations both within themselves and in their public lives.

The present surah seeks to formulate a new concept of the universe and its relation with its Creator. It is a broad, comprehensive concept that transcends the world we live in and our limited lifespans to include the universe at large and the life to come. It speaks of creatures living on earth alongside man, such as the jinn and the birds, or belonging to the hereafter, such as hell and its guards. Furthermore, it refers to worlds beyond the reach of our human perception bringing these closer to our feelings so that we do not focus solely on our present life on earth. It invites us to reflect on what we see in our lives and within ourselves but which we tend to take for granted.

It awakens within man all images and impressions that have long been stagnant as a result of holding on to jdhiliyyah concepts. It removes the dust that has gathered over our feelings, opens windows and releases minds, and frees senses and perceptions so that they can look at the wide horizon, the vast space, the deep oceans, the inner soul and the world beyond, reflecting on Gods marvellous creation.

It invites us to look at how the universe moves on by Gods will. We thus realize that the whole thing is far greater and its scope much wider than we could possibly have imagined. Then, we no longer focus on our earth, but instead look up to heaven; we move from what we see to the truth beyond and we are able to see how Gods will both brings life and controls it.

Life and death are two familiar phenomena. Yet the surah invites us to look at what lies beyond these two phenomena of Gods will, wisdom, and the way He sets tests and conducts all affairs. It is God: “who has created death as well as life, so that He may put you to a test to show who of you is best in conduct. He alone is Almighty, Much-Forgiving.” (Verse 2)

The skies above are creatures people see with their eyes. Yet they do not look beyond them to see Gods hand that brought them into existence, nor the perfection they manifest. The surah, however, initiates action so that we contemplate such beauty and perfection as well as the ultimate objective of creation: “He created seven heavens in layers. No fault will you see in what the Lord of Grace creates. Turn up your eyes: can you see any flaw? Then look again, and again: your vision will come back to you dull and weary. We have adorned the lowest heaven with lamps and made them missiles to pelt the devils with." (Verses 3-5)

To those who live in a state of ignorance, or jdhiliyyah, the life of this world appears to be the ultimate objective. The surah, however, presents another world to devils and unbelievers, a world that is full of movement and expectation. It stands in waiting: "We have prepared for them suffering through the blazing fire. Suffering in hell awaits those who deny their Lord: an evil destination. When they are thrown in it, they will hear it drawing in its breath as it boils up, almost bursting with fury.

Every time a group is thrown in it, its keepers will ask them, 'Did no one come to warn you?* 'Yes,* they will reply, 'a warner did indeed come to us, but we did not believe him. We said, "God has revealed nothing. You are in total error.”* They will further say, 'Had we but listened, or reasoned, we would not now be among the inhabitants of the blazing fire. ’ Thus they shall confess their sins. Far be the inhabitants of the blazing fire [from God's mercy].” (Verses 5—11)

In a world of jdhiliyyah, people hardly ever look beyond their immediate life or think of a world beyond what they can perceive. They are, as it were, locked within the cage of their current life on earth.

The surah, therefore, directs their minds and sights to look to what is beyond, to the heavens and the divine will which, though unseen by any human eye, can do whatever it wills, whenever and wherever it chooses. Thus, the earth, stable as it appears before their eyes, is strongly shaken: " Whether you keep your words secret or state them openly, He has full knowledge of what is in all hearts. How could it be that He who has created should not know all? He is indeed Most Gracious, All-Aware. He it is who has made the earth easy to live upon. Go about, then, in all its highlands and eat of His provisions. To Him you will be resurrected. Do you feel secure that He who is in heaven will not cause the earth to swallow you up when it quakes? Or do you feel secure that He who is in heaven will not let loose against you a sandy whirlwind. You will come to know the truth of My warning.” (Verses 13-17)

They look at birds, an aspect of creation they see frequently but which they rarely contemplate its marvellous creation. The surah again fixes their eyes on this and lets their minds appreciate Gods power as He shapes and fashions His creation: "Do they not see the birds above them, spreading their wings and drawing them in? None but the Lord of Grace holds them up. He sees everything.” (Verse 19)

They feel safe and secure on earth, but this is only the false sense of one who is oblivious to what Gods will and power may bring about.

Having shaken the earth under their feet, including all that forms their environment, the surah then shakes them even harder so that they realize that nothing can ever withstand Gods power, which they hardly ever even take into account: “ What army is there to come to your aid, except for the Lord of Grace? The unbelievers are truly lost in self- delusion” Verse 20)

They feel that the provisions they have are close at hand, and that they can compete for them as they please. The surah, however, directs their attentions to look far beyond the elements they think to be involved in securing their provisions: “Who will provide for you, if He were to withhold His provision? Yet they persist in their arrogance and in rebellion” (Verse 21)

As they pursue their erring ways, thinking they are well guided, the surah paints them a vivid, inspiring image showing their own condition and that of those who truly follow correct guidance: “Is he who goes grovelling on his face better guided than the one who walks upright on a straight path?” (Verse 22)

They do not benefit by what God has placed in their make-up of talents, faculties and perceptions. They do not go beyond what they perceive so as to look at what lies beyond their immediate world. The surah reminds them of Gods grace as He has given them these abilities, and directs them to use these in a way that tries to divine the future and determine the ultimate objective: “Say: It is He who has brought you into being, and given you hearing, sight and hearts. Yet seldom are you thankful. And He it is who caused you to multiply on earth; and to Him you shall be gathered” (Verses 23-24)

Even in their persistent denial of the resurrection, they still constantly ask about its timing. The surah depicts this as a true and imminent event, one that will approach them all of a sudden. Hence, they have nothing but distaste for it: “ They say: 'When is this promise to be fulfilled, if what you say be true?' Say: God alone has knowledge of this. I am only a plain warner. ’ When they see it close at hand, the unbelievers faces will be stricken with grief, and it will be said: 'This is what you were calling for?” Verses 25-27)

They hope that the Prophet and those who follow him will perish, as this will silence this voice that has for long irritated them by the warnings it delivers. They would rather revert to their foolish slumber.

The surah reminds them that whether this group of believers perish or flourish, it cannot affect their own destiny that is determined by a persistent rejection of faith. Hence, they are better advised to look at their own situation and to make amends before it is too late: “Say: Just think: whether God destroys me and those who follow me, or bestows mercy upon us, who will protect the unbelievers from painful suffering?’ Say: 'He is the Lord of Grace: in Him we believe, and in Him we place our trust.

You will come to know who is in manifest error.”’ (Verses 28-29)

Finally, the surah warns them that water, which is essential for life, may be taken away by God, whom the unbelievers deny: “Say: Just think: if all your water were to sink underground, who would give you clear flowing water?” (Verse 30)

The key to the whole surah and the axis of the movement it sets in our hearts, minds, senses and feelings are found in its inspiring opening: “Blessed be He in whose hand all dominion rests; who has power over all things.” (Verse 1) It is from the truth of Gods dominion and power that all images presented in the surah, as well as all hidden and apparent movements to which it alludes, branch out. Thus, the creation of life and death, testing people through them, the creation of the heavens and their adornment with lamps that serve as missiles pelting devils, the preparation of hell as it is described, the knowledge of what is secret and public, making the earth easy for humans to live upon, the destruction of early communities who rejected divine guidance, holding birds in the sky, Gods overwhelming power and His exaltation, providing sustenance to all as He pleases, His creation of people and granting them hearing, eyesight and hearts, causing them to multiply on earth and then gathering them all, His full knowledge of the hereafter which is His own preserve, the meting out of punishment to the unbelievers, the provision of water, which is essential to life, and the ability to take it away whenever He wishes all emanate from the fact that to God belongs all dominion in the universe. He has power over all things.

The surah states a long sequence of truths that flow uninterruptedly with successive impressions and ideas to explain its concise, yet comprehensive, opening. It is, therefore, difficult to divide into passages. Let us, then, look at it as it develops its theme from start to finish.