In the Shade of the Qur'an by Sayyid Qutb

This surah bears sharp features, powerful images and strong notes.

Indeed, it sounds like a spitting fire. It puts hearts to trial, presenting questions and threats that pierce like sharp arrows. We see a host of images from both this life and the life to come, the universe and the human soul, as well as scenes of the suffering that unbelievers will endure. After each main scene, the surah levels a fire-like strike at those hearts who deny the truth, saying: “Woe on that day betide those who deny the truth.” This comment is repeated ten times in this surah alone, as it is the final note deployed in each of its sections. It is an especially apt comment, given its sharp features and strong beat. In this respect, it reminds us of Surah 55, The Lord of Grace, where the same verse is repeated after the mention of every aspect of blessing: “Which, then, of your Lord*s blessings do you both deny? ” Likewise, in Surah 54, The Moon, the same comment is used after every image of punishment is drawn:

“How grievous was My punishment and how true were My warnings.” The verse repeated in this surah, as in other surahs, serves to give its distinctively sharp tone.

The surah is composed of sections with short, quick verses. It changes its rhyme with each section, although some rhyming sounds are picked up again after they have been changed. All these sections, rhymes and short verses are sharply felt, one after the other. One hardly recovers after one sharp note when a new one begins. Right from the outset, the general atmosphere is tempestuous, starting with a scene of strong winds, or angels: “By those sent forth in swift succession; and those tempestuously storming on; and those scattering far and wide; and those separating [right and wrong] with all clarity; and those giving a reminder, with an excuse and a warning? (Verses 1-6) This opening is perfectly consistent with the ambience of the surah.

The Quran is extraordinary in the way in which it uses particular frameworks to enhance the atmosphere of certain surahs. In Surah 93, The Morning Hours, which speaks about God’s care and kindness, the framework is drawn from the bright morning hours and still nights. In Surah 100, The Coursers, which depicts the scattering of grave contents and the gathering of what is in peoples breasts, we have a framework drawn from snorting horses striking sparks of fire. Further examples could be given in plenty.

Each of the ten sections that follow the opening of the surah represents a special round or a journey into a different world. This gives the surah great scope for reflection, feeling, ideas and responses. This scope is also much wider than the words and sentences imply.

The first round paints scenes from the day of distinction, showing the great upheaval that will take place in the universe. This is the appointment defined by God’s messengers to mankind: “ When the stars are dimmed, and the sky is rent asunder, and the mountains are scattered like dust, and the messengers are given their appointed time... For what day has all this been set? For the day of distinction. Would that you knew what the day of distinction is! Woe on that day betide those who deny the truth? (Verses 8-15)

The second round refers to the fates suffered by communities of olden times, highlighting the divine law that applies to those who deny the divine message: “Did We not destroy those people of old? We shall certainly cause later ones to follow them. Thus do We deal with the guilty. Woe on that day betide those who deny the truth? (Verses 16—19)

Round three takes us to the origins of man and the impression they give of God’s overall planning: “Have We not created you from a humble fluid, placing it in a safe lodging for a pre-determined term? Thus have We determined; excellent indeed is how We determine. Woe on that day betide those who deny the truth” (Verses 20-24)

In the fourth round we see how the earth, which takes its children, living or dead, to its bosom, has been equipped with the facility of stable life and with water that is necessary for life: “Have We not made the earth an abode for the living and the dead? We have placed on it firm, lofty mountains and provided you with fresh water to drink. Woe on that day betide those who deny the truth.” (Verses 25-28)

The fifth round speaks of those who reject the divine message and how they are received with strong rebuke, as well as their impending punishment, on the day of distinction: “Go to that which you used to deny! Go to a shadow rising in three columns; giving no shade, nor relief from the flame. It throws up sparks as huge as forts, as bright as yellow camels. Woe on that day betide those who deny the truth.” (Verses 29-34)

The next two rounds continue with the unbelievers, adding further rebuke: “ On that day they will not utter a word, and they will not be allowed to offer any excuse. Woe on that day betide those who deny the truth. This is the day of distinction: We have gathered you with all those people of old. If you have a scheme left, then use it against Me now. Woe on that day betide those who deny the truth.” (Verses 35-40)

Round eight speaks of the God-fearing and the blessings prepared for them: “ The God fearing shall dwell amid cool shades and springs, and fruits as they may desire. Eat and drink to your hearts' content in return for what you did. Thus do We reward those who do good. Woe on that day betide those who deny the truth.” (Verses 41—45)

The last two rounds provide quick glimpses of the people who are bent on denying Gods message. The first reproaches them and the second shows them in obstinate rejection: “Eat and enjoy your life for a little while, for you are certainly guilty. Woe on that day betide those who deny the truth. When they are told to bow down before God, they do not bow down.

Woe on that day betide those who deny the truth. ” (Verses 46-49)

These rounds, their images and sharp notes conclude with a single verse asking: “In what message, after this, will they believe?” (Verse 50)

The listener follows the quick rhythm of the surah feeling almost out of breath at its succession of images. The subject matter of the surah is covered in several other surahs, particularly Makkan ones. However, the Qur’an tackles the truth it presents from different angles, in different lights, and with different emphases according to the situations they face.

Such approaches address hearts and souls as best suits them, according to their conditions known to the One who has revealed the Qur’an to His Messenger. They thus appear new with every new situation, because they produce new responses.

We see that this surah draws new images of hell, and takes a new approach in showing these images to unbelievers; in other words, it employs a new style of address. Thus, the surah acquires a distinctive character with intense features, sharp images and a rapid rhythm.