In the Shade of the Qur'an by Sayyid Qutb

This section of the sūrah follows its main line, looking at the universal expanse to which people’s lives and events are related. It is in this great expanse that we see how the laws governing life and the universe operate in harmony with the laws of the true faith, suffering no conflict or contradiction.

This section draws an image of how human desires frequently change while God’s rules and laws remain constant. It shows how flimsy idolatrous beliefs are compared with the power of true faith. It describes people’s attitudes in times of ease and hardship, when provisions are plentiful and stinted. Unless people rely on God’s measure, which never fluctuates, and unless they accept God’s will who gives as He pleases, in plenty or in small measure, their values and standards will remain unstable. Since it mentions the provision of sustenance, the sūrah directs them to the means that purifies money and makes it grow, which is in line with true faith. In this way, it makes clear to them who the Creator that gives sustenance, initiates life and causes death is. The false deities they allege to be God’s partners do nothing of the kind. It alerts them to the corruption that idolatry and false beliefs spread everywhere.

The sūrah directs the Prophet and Muslims to remain steadfast in following the true faith before there comes a day when no action is of any use. It is the day when everything people have done is reckoned and when they receive their fair reward for it all. Within the context of what God provides, the sūrah directs their attention to certain aspects of such provisions, some of which relate to their existence, such as the rain that comes from the skies, giving life to the earth after it was dead. Likewise, God’s revelations are given to the Prophet to bring life to hearts and souls. Yet they neither listen nor follow guidance. The sūrah also takes us on a round in which we look at the stages of creation of humans and their lives until they return to their Lord.

At that time, no excuse or justification will benefit the wrongdoers. The sūrah then concludes with reassuring the Prophet. It directs him to show more patience until God’s promise is fulfilled, as it certainly will be.

When harm touches people they call out to their Lord for help, turning to Him in repentance. But when He gives them a taste of His grace, some of them associate partners with their Lord, [as if] to show their ingratitude for what We have given them. Enjoy, then, your life [as you may]; before long you will come to know [the truth]. Have We ever sent down to them a warrant to confirm what they associate as partners with God? When We give people a taste of grace, they rejoice in it; but if evil befalls them as an outcome of what their own hands have wrought, they lose all hope.

Are they not aware that God gives in abundance, or in scant measure, to whom He wills? In this there are clear signs indeed for people who believe. (Verses 33-37)

These verses draw a picture of the human soul that does not rely on solid concepts, or follow clear lines. It thus vacillates between sudden reactions, in response to conflicting influences or events. Thus, when harm touches such people, they turn to God, realizing that only He can save them. Yet when the affliction is over, and things are comfortable again, with God bestowing His grace on them, “some of them associate partners with their Lord.” (Verse 33) These are they who do not follow true faith and who do not benefit from the light it gives to the faithful. Ease and comfort remove the emergency that made them turn to God for support and protection. They forget their earlier hardship. Thus, rather than maintain the path of turning to God and of being grateful to Him, they disbelieve in His guidance and the grace He has bestowed on them.

A warning is given in the first instance to those unbelievers who opposed the Prophet’s message, making it clear that they belong to this group: “Enjoy, then, your life [as you may]; before long you will come to know.” (Verse 34) It is a serious threat that sends terror into their hearts. People fear threats issued by rulers or presidents. How then will they react to a threat from the Creator of this universe, He who brought it into existence by merely saying to it, ‘Be’?

Having delivered this stern warning, the sūrah questions them about the basis of their associating partners with God when it is He who bestows His grace upon them:

“Have We ever sent down to them a warrant to confirm what they associate as partners with God?” (Verse 35) No one should ever accept anything about faith from any source other than God. So, have they received any clear, powerful argument to warrant an attitude that is contrary to belief in God’s oneness? This is a rhetorical question, one that depicts the fallacy of all types of idolatry. At the same time it serves to state that the only proper and true faith is that revealed by God, with clear sanction from Him.

Otherwise, it remains flimsy, devoid of substance.

The sūrah then depicts a different situation showing people as they euphorically rejoice at any taste of God’s grace. In contrast, they feel frustrated and hopeless when affliction befalls them: “When We give people a taste of grace, they rejoice in it; but if evil befalls them as an outcome of what their own hands have wrought, they lose all hope.” (Verse 36)

This is another image of a soul that either does not follow a clear line in judging situations or which lacks an accurate standard that does not sway with events. These are they who emotionally rejoice at every taste of grace forgetting its source and purpose. They are elated, overjoyed, but do not express their gratitude to the One who has granted them such grace. They do not realize that a situation of grace also poses a test. When it is God’s will to requite them for their deeds, making them taste a situation of hardship, they are again blind to God’s wisdom in such a test. They lose all hope that God will remove their affliction. Such is the situation of people who do not maintain their bonds with God and, consequently, do not understand His laws or wisdom. These are the ones who only know the outer surface of the life of this world.

This image is followed by another rhetorical question that wonders at their attitude and lack of insight. In both situations of grace and affliction one consistent law applies. Both are the result of God’s will. It is He who bestows grace and tests people with hardship, gives in abundance or in a scant measure, in line with His wisdom. This takes place all the time, but they do not see: “Are they not aware that God gives in abundance, or in scant measure, to whom He wills?” There is no need, then, for elation at the time of grace, or for despair during times of hardship. These are situations that befall people at different times as serves God’s purpose. A believer sees in them confirmation that all matters ultimately belong to God. It all indicates the consistency of God’s laws in all situations: “In this there are clear signs indeed for people who believe.” (Verse 37)

Since it is God who grants provisions and sustenance, giving in abundance or in small measure as He pleases, He indicates to people the way in which they can make handsome profit, increasing their wealth. This is different from what they think:

Hence, give his due to the near of kin, as well as to the needy and the traveller in need.

This is best for all who seek God’s countenance. It is they who shall be successful.

Whatever you may give out in usury so that it might increase through other people’s property will bring no increase with God, whereas all that you give out in charity, seeking God’s countenance, will bring you multiple increase. (Verses 38-39)

Since all wealth belongs to God and it is He who grants it to some of His servants, He, the original owner, has determined that a portion of it should go to certain groups, to be given to them by those who are in actual possession of it. Therefore, He calls it a right due to these groups, of which the sūrah mentions here “the near of kin, the needy and the traveller in need.” At the time this sūrah was revealed, zakāt had not yet been determined, nor its beneficiaries. The principle, however, is stated clearly, making all money God’s property since it is He who grants it in the first place, and assigning to certain needy groups a right which they should receive from those who are in possession of the money. This is the basic financial principle Islam lays down, from which all aspects of the Islamic economic theory derive. Since all money and wealth belong to God, it is subject to what He, as the original owner, determines with regard to how it is owned, invested or spent. The person who is in control of it does not enjoy absolute authority in this respect.

God Almighty issues this directive to those He has placed as trustees of wealth showing them the best methods for investment, growth and prosperity. This means sharing with one’s near kin, the needy and stranded travellers, and spending generally in ways that serve God’s cause: “This is best for all who seek God’s countenance. It is they who shall be successful.” (Verse 38)

At that time some people tried to increase their money by giving gifts to wealthy individuals, hoping that they would receive better gifts in return. The sūrah tells them that this is not the way to achieve true growth: “Whatever you may give out in usury so that it might increase through other people’s property will bring no increase with God.” This is what some reports mention as the meaning of this statement, but it is a general statement that applies to all methods people use to usuriously increase their wealth. 15 God also makes clear the way that ensures true growth: “Whereas all that you give out in charity, seeking God’s countenance, will bring you multiple increase.” (Verse 39)

This is the guaranteed way of increasing money: to give it freely, expecting no favours from anyone, but seeking only God’s pleasure. Is He not the One who gives sustenance in plenty or in small measure? Is He not the One who bestows or denies favours? He, thus, gives in multiples to those who spend of their money for no reason other than to please Him. He also takes away from the usurers who seek to increase their wealth at other people’s expense. One method makes its calculation by this world’s standards, while the other looks at the standards of the life to come, when rewards are given in multiples. This last method is the one that makes real profits both in this life and in the life to come.

The sūrah then discusses the issue of polytheism from the viewpoint of providing sustenance and earning a living, and how this affects their lives as it affected the lives of generations before them. It also shows the end of earlier communities and the ruins standing witness to such ends:

It is God who has created you, and then has provided you with sustenance, and then will cause you to die, and then will bring you to life again. Can any of those whom you associate as partners with Him do any of these things? Limitless is God in His glory, and sublimely exalted above anything which people may allege to be partners with Him. Corruption has become rife on land and sea in consequence of what people’s hands have wrought; and so He will let them taste the consequences of some of their doings, so that they might mend their ways. Say: ‘Travel around the world and see what was the fate of those who lived before you. Most of them did associate partners with God.’ (Verses 40-42)

The sūrah puts before them the realities of their lives which they cannot dispute to be of God’s own making and in which they cannot claim a share for their alleged deities. It tells them that it is God who has brought them into existence, provides them with sustenance, causes them to die, and then brings them back to life. They acknowledge the fact that it is God who creates them. As for sustenance, they cannot claim that their alleged deities provide them with any of it. They have no argument against what the Qur’ān states about causing death. It is the question of resurrection that they dispute. The sūrah includes this with other acknowledged realities so that resurrection becomes established in their consciences. The method employed in this Qur’ānic address is uniquely effective. It speaks directly to their nature, sidestepping all deviant thinking. Human nature cannot deny the fact of resurrection.

They are then asked: “Can any of those whom you associate as partners with Him do any of these things?” (Verse 40) No answer to this question is expected. Indeed, the verse puts forward the only possible and negative response in the form of a rebuke, thus doing away with the need for a direct answer. This is followed by a glorification of God which denies partnership with Him in any form: “Limitless is God in His glory, and sublimely exalted above anything which people may allege to be partners with Him.” (Verse 40)

The sūrah then makes clear that life situations are directly related to people’s actions, and that when corruption finds its way into people’s hearts, faiths and deeds, both land and sea also become corrupted, to the extent that corruption becomes the order of the day: “Corruption has become rife on land and sea in consequence of what people’s hands have wrought.” (Verse 41) This spreading of pollution across the land and sea does not happen by coincidence. It is a manifestation of the working of God’s laws. The reason being: “so He will let them taste the consequences of some of their doings.” (Verse 41) They will thus suffer the consequences of the evil they do and the corruption they spread. It is hoped that when they have done so “they might mend their ways.” (Verse 41) They might resolve to stop corruption and return to faith and its course of action which sanctions the doing of only what is good.

At the end of this round, the sūrah warns them against incurring a punishment similar to what was inflicted on communities before them. They were aware of the ends met by many of those, as they used to see their ruins on their travels: “Say:

Travel around the world and see what was the fate of those who lived before you. Most of them did associate partners with God.” (Verse 42) Their fates are sufficient to discourage anyone from wanting to follow in their footsteps.

Now we have a reference to the other way whose travellers will never be lost. This leads to a different horizon which never brings disappointment:

So set your face steadfastly towards the one true faith before there comes from God a day which cannot be averted. On that day all will be divided: he who has denied the truth will have to bear the consequences of his denial, whereas those who did what is right will have smoothed a way [to paradise] for themselves. And so it is that He might reward, out of His bounty, those who have believed and done righteous deeds.

He certainly does not love the unbelievers. (Verses 43-45)

Taking up the true faith is expressed here in an inspiring way, suggesting full and serious commitment: “So set your face steadfastly towards the one true faith.” (Verse 43)

This implies full attention and clear aspiration. It looks up to a high horizon and a sublime goal. The same sort of directive was given to the Prophet in this sūrah when it spoke about groups and sects with divergent beliefs. It is repeated here as the sūrah speaks about God’s alleged partners, increase in sustenance, corruption resulting from unbelief, what people suffer as a result of the spread of corruption and pollution, and the fates of those who associate partners with God. Therefore, we have a statement here of the reward expected in the life to come and what both believers and unbelievers then stand to receive. The sūrah warns against a day that cannot be averted. On that day, people will be divided into two great groups: “On that day all will be divided: he who has denied the truth will have to bear the consequences of his denial, whereas those who did what is right will have smoothed a way [to paradise] for themselves.” Al-`Rūm (The Byzantines) | BRINGING L IFE OUT OF THE DEAD 309

(Verses 43-44)

The Arabic text uses the word yamhad which is given in translation as ‘smoothed a way’. In its original meaning, the word means ‘prepare a place of repose, or a comfortable way to follow, a cradle.’ All these connotations combine to describe good deeds and their role. A person who does good deeds actually prepares a position of comfort for himself, this at the same time he does such deeds, not later.

This is the meaning the verse highlights. “And so it is that He might reward, out of His bounty, those who have believed and done righteous deeds.” (Verse 45) Whatever anyone receives as a reward comes out of God’s bounty. No one deserves heaven on the basis of his or her actions alone. No matter what we do, we do not thank God enough for a part of what He has given us. Yet His grace continues to be bestowed on the believers. As for the unbelievers, He has no love for them: “He certainly does not love the unbelievers.” (Verse 45)

The sūrah begins a new round showing some of God’s signs and how they reflect His grace as He provides them with sustenance and guidance. They recognize only parts of this, denying others. Nevertheless, they do not give thanks or follow His guidance:

And among His signs is that He sends forth the winds bearing good news, so that He might give you a taste of His grace, and that ships might sail at His bidding; so that you might go about in quest of some of His bounty, and that you might have cause to be grateful. We have certainly sent before you messengers to their own peoples, and they brought them clear evidence of the truth. Therefore, We inflicted punishment upon those who deliberately did evil. It is incumbent upon Us to give support to the believers. It is God who sends forth the winds so that they raise clouds, whereupon He spreads them as He wills across the skies, and causes them to break up so that you can see the rain issuing from within it. As soon as He causes it to fall upon whomever He wills of His servants, they rejoice, even though a short while ago, before it was sent down upon them, they had abandoned all hope. Behold, then, the effects of God’s grace:

how He gives life to the earth after it had been lifeless! It is indeed He, the One who can bring the dead back to life; for He has power over all things. (Verses 46-50)

God’s signs here include the winds as heralds bearing good news, sending messengers with clear signs, giving support to believers, sending rain to give life to dead land and bringing the dead back to life. This combination is very significant. All these are aspects of God’s mercy and grace, and they are all part of the laws God has set in operation. Indeed there are close links between the system of the universe, the messages of divine guidance preached by God’s messengers, and the victory granted to the believers. All these are among God’s signs, and aspects of His grace. They are important to human life, and they are closely related to the universal system.

“And among His signs is that He sends forth the winds bearing good news.” (Verse 46)

These winds herald rain. From experience, people know the winds that bring rain which raises their hopes. “So that He might give you a taste of His grace,” with this prospect of rain, fertility and growth. “And that ships might sail at His bidding,” either with the help of rain or by causing rivers to flow and allowing ships to sail on them.

Yet the ships are actually run by God’s bidding, according to the laws He operates in the universe, giving everything its qualities and functions. An aspect of this is that ships are easily carried by water and they float and move, pushed by the wind, either with or against the current. With Him everything is made to measure. “So that you might go about in quest of some of His bounty,” on your business travels, in cultivating the land, and in business exchanges. All this is part of God’s bounty, given by the One who has created everything and perfectly proportioned them all so “that you might have cause to be grateful,” for His grace in all this. This comment at the end of the verse serves as an indication of how people should behave when they receive God’s bounty.

Similar to sending the winds bearing good news is the sending of messengers with veritable signs of the truth: “We have certainly sent before you messengers to their own peoples, and they brought them clear evidence of the truth.” (Verse 47) Yet people did not receive this aspect of God’s grace, which is much greater and further reaching than the wind that brings the prospect of rain. Nor did they benefit by them as they did by rain, even though their messages were far more beneficial and longer lasting.

Essentially, they took two different attitudes towards God’s messengers. Some of them refused to believe or reflect on God’s messages and continued to inflict harm on the messengers and to turn people away from God’s path. Others, who believed, recognized God’s signs, offered thanks for His grace, and bore with patience the harm inflicted on them by the other group. Furthermore, they were confident that God’s promise would come true. The outcome was in accordance with divine justice and in fulfilment of His certain promise: “Therefore, We inflicted punishment upon those who deliberately did evil. It is incumbent upon Us to give support to the believers.” (Verse 47)

All glory to God Almighty who, by His grace, has committed Himself to support the believers and give them victory, making this their right. He has emphatically confirmed it in clear, unambiguous terms. How could there be any ambiguity when the One making the commitment is God Almighty who has sway over all His creatures? He makes this statement expressing His will that will always be done, and pointing to the working of His law which never fails. He is the All-Knowing, the Wise.

God’s support may appear, in people’s reckoning, to be slow in coming, because they have a measure and a perspective that are different from His. He, in His knowledge and wisdom, fulfils His promise at the time He chooses in accordance with His law. People may or may not be able to appreciate the wisdom of His timing.

Yet His will brings the best; it is His timing that is the most appropriate, and it is His promise that will most certainly be fulfilled. Believers who reflect the quality of patience in adversity await its fulfilment with unshakeable confidence.

The sūrah goes on to state that it is God who sends the winds, brings down the rain, gives life to the earth after it was dead, and also brings the dead back to life: it is all one law, one method and different stages in the chain of the overall universal law.

“It is God who sends forth the winds,” in accordance with the law He has set in operation to regulate the universe and its affairs. “So that they raise clouds,” by the vapour they carry from the surface of water bodies on earth. “Whereupon He spreads them as He wills across the skies, and causes them to break up,” allowing its pieces to gather and condense, accumulate in layers, or collide with one another, or send an electrical charge from one layer or piece to another. “So that you can see the rain issuing from within it,” when such clouds are heavy with rain. “As soon as He causes it to fall upon whomever He wills of His servants, they rejoice.” (Verse 48) No one knows the extent of such rejoicing better than the people for whom rain means survival. The Arabs were the first people to realize the importance of this statement, because their lives depended on rain. Their poetry and folk stories mention it with hope and endearment.

“Even though a short while ago, before it was sent down upon them, they had abandoned all hope.” (Verse 49) This describes their condition before rain. In fact, rain changes their condition completely, from despair to hope and rejoicing. “Behold, then, the effects of God’s grace.” You see these effects in people’s faces as they brighten up after being gloomy with despair, in the quickening earth, and in the liveliness affecting all.

“Behold, then, the effects of God’s grace: how He gives life to the earth after it had been lifeless!” (Verse 50) This is a fact that needs no more than that we look and reflect. It is given here as evidence confirming the resurrection when people are brought back to life. This is consistent in the Qur’ānic argument where universal images and facts of life are given as substantial evidence: “It is indeed He, the One who can bring the dead back to life; for He has power over all things.” (Verse 50) We need only to look at the effects of God’s grace on the earth to be certain of the truth of this eventuality and the fulfilment of this promise.

The sūrah then describes the feelings of those very people who are happy at seeing the wind carrying water and who rejoice as they see rain bringing God’s grace. What would they feel, however, if they saw the winds as yellowish in colour carrying dust and sand? Such winds destroy fields and livestock, or cause plants to dry and wither:

“If We send a [scorching’ wind and they see it turning yellow, they begin after that to deny the truth.” (Verse 51) Rather than submitting to God’s will and praying to Him earnestly to remove their affliction, they deny the truth out of frustration and despair. This is the status of people who do not believe in God or His will, of people who cannot discern God’s wisdom in what He decides, and cannot appreciate that it is God’s hand that determines everything in the universe, ensuring harmony between all its events and situations.

Thus the sūrah describes the fluctuation of people’s desires, their inability to benefit by God’s signs that they see in the universe around them, and their failure to recognize God’s wisdom behind life’s events. It then addresses the Prophet consoling him for not being able to persuade many of them to follow divine guidance. It tells him that this is due to their nature and blindness, which he can never cure.

Indeed you cannot make the dead hear; and you cannot make the deaf hear your call when they turn their backs and go away. Nor can you lead the blind out of their error.

You can only get those who believe in Our signs to listen; and they will then submit themselves [to God]. (Verses 52-53)

The sūrah shows them to be lifeless, deaf and blind, devoid of motion, hearing and sight. They have isolated themselves from the world around them and thus they are unable to understand the universal laws affecting it. Hence, they have no more than an animal life, or even less. An animal is guided by its nature, which rarely lets it down. By contrast, a person who does not respond to God’s revelations despite its powerful effect on hearts and minds is deaf even though he may have ears that hear.

Similarly, the one who does not see God’s signs placed everywhere in the world around him is blind, even though he may have functioning eyes.

“You can only get those who believe in Our signs to listen; and they will then submit themselves (to God].” (Verse 53) These are the ones who listen to the divine message because they have active minds and hearts, as well as sound understanding. When they listen to the divine message, they realize that it is the truth and they declare their submission to Him. They only need that their nature be alerted, and they respond.

The sūrah then takes us on a new round, but this time it is within ourselves looking at the different stages of our life on earth, before it refers to the next life and the close link between the two:

It is God who creates you in a state of weakness, and then after weakness He brings about strength in you, and then after strength He brings about your weakness and old age. He creates what He wills; and He alone has all knowledge and power. When the Last Hour strikes, the evildoers will swear that they had not tarried on earth longer than an hour. Thus they used to delude themselves. But those who were endowed with knowledge and faith will say: ‘Indeed, you have tarried, in accordance with God’s decree, until the Day of Resurrection. This is, then, the Day of Resurrection, but you did not know it.’ And so on that day their excuse will be of no avail to those wrongdoers, nor will they be allowed to make amends. (Verses 54-57)

They see the beginnings in their own life, and they see the end brought to them in a vivid image as though it were happening before their very eyes. They only need to have a receptive mind to gather the inspiration behind these verses.

“It is God who creates you in a state of weakness.” Literally, this is given in Arabic as “it is God who creates you from weakness,” which suggests to the Arabic reader that weakness is the substance from which man is made. The weakness in man’s formation meant here has several aspects to it. It includes the physical weakness of the single, tiny cell that makes the foetus which goes through several stages, remaining weak throughout all of them. This weakness continues during childhood, until the person reaches adolescence and the prime of youth. Another weakness is that of the substance from which man is made, which is clay. Had it not been for the breath of God’s spirit, man would have remained in the physical image of clay or in an animal image. Both of these are very weak compared to man. There is also the psychological weakness that makes man yield to desire, passion and lust. It is again the breathing of God’s spirit into him that gives him the ability and resolve to resist such emotions. Without this spirit man would have been weaker than animals which behave according to their natures.

“It is God who creates you in a state of weakness, and then after weakness He brings about strength in you.” The strength mentioned here covers all those aspects discussed under weakness: strength in physical build, human potential, mental ability and psychological constitution. “And then after strength he brings about your weakness and old age.” Again this new weakness applies to the whole human constitution. Old age is a decline into childhood in all aspects. It may be accompanied with psychological decline due to weakness of will. An old person may have an urge similar to that of a child without having the willpower to resist it. The Arabic word shaybah, translated here as ‘old age’ also connotes ‘grey hair’. It is specially selected here to give a tangible impression of old age.

No one escapes these stages. They never fail to affect anyone who survives; nor are they ever slow so as to come later than usual. These stages confirm that mankind is subject to a greater will that creates and determines as it pleases. That is the will of God who determines the age, life and stages of every creature in accordance with perfect knowledge and elaborate planning: “He creates what He wills; and He alone has all knowledge and power.” (Verse 54)

This well-regulated creation must certainly have a well-regulated end. Indeed, this is shown in a scene from the Day of Judgement that is full of movement and dialogue to bring it alive before our eyes: “When the Last Hour strikes, the evildoers will swear that they had not tarried on earth longer than an hour.” (Verse 55) Thus, all that has passed before that day shrinks into insignificance so as to make them swear that they had not lived on earth more than one hour. Their oaths may also be taken to mean that they did not stay in their graves for more than an hour, or that this duration of one hour applies to all their time on earth in both their conditions of life and death. “Thus they used to delude themselves.” They could not make a proper estimate of their time, until those who have true knowledge tell them the right duration: “But those who were endowed with knowledge and faith will say: Indeed, you have tarried, in accordance with God’s decree, until the Day of Resurrection. This is, then, the Day of Resurrection, but you did not know it.” (Verse 56)

Most probably the ones described as ‘endowed with knowledge’ are the believers who were certain of the coming of the Last Hour, recognizing what lies beyond the apparent aspects of the life of this world. These are the ones who have true knowledge and enlightened faith. In their answer, they refer the matter to God’s knowledge: “You have tarried, in accordance with God’s decree, until the Day of Resurrection.” This is the term appointed, and it does not matter whether it was of a long or short duration. The appointed time was met: “This is, then, the Day of Resurrection, but you did not know it.” (Verse 56)

The scene is completed with a general statement of the overall result, referring to the fate of the wrongdoers who denied the Day of Judgement: “And so on that day their excuse will be of no avail to those wrongdoers, nor will they be allowed to make amends.” (Verse 57) No justification will be accepted from them. In fact no acknowledgement of error or apology is sought from them. That is the Day of Judgement and punishment of the guilty, not a day of providing justification for wrong action.

The sūrah then describes how the unbelievers persist in their ways, after having explained the fate of such persistent unbelief:

We have set for people in this Qur’ān all sorts of illustrations. Yet if you present them with any sign, the unbelievers will say: you are but making false claims.’ Thus does God seal the hearts of those who do not want to know [the truth]. (Verses 58-59)

There is a wide gap here in time and place, but it sounds in the sūrah as if it is ever so near; indeed both time and place have been rolled back. People are again reminded of what the Qur’ān provides by way of illustrations, modes of address, fine touches meant to alert minds and hearts, and inspiring images. They listen to it as it addresses every mind and heart in every social environment and speaks to the human soul in all its moods. Yet they continue to deny every sign. Nor do they stop at this, but rather insult those endowed with true knowledge describing them as making false assertions: “Yet if you present them with any sign, the unbelievers will say:

you are but making false claims.” (Verse 58) The sūrah comments on their disbelief, saying: “Thus does God seal the hearts of those who do not want to know [the truth].” (Verse 59) It is in this way and for this reason that God seals their hearts. They are indeed blind, unable to see God’s signs, arrogant in their disbelief, unwilling to reflect. Hence, they deserve that God should seal their sight and their hearts.

The final note in the sūrah comes in the form of a directive to the Prophet and the believers: “Therefore persevere patiently. For certain, God’s promise will come true. So, let not the ones deprived of certainty trouble your mind.” (Verse 60)

Perseverance is the best policy for the believers as they go along their hard, long way that at times seems endless. They must remain confident of the fulfilment of God’s promise. This will enable them to remain steadfast, free of worry and doubt.

Other people may hesitate, or deny the truth, or doubt that God’s promise will ever be fulfilled, because they have no true knowledge and lack the means of certainty.

Believers, however, must persevere, remain steadfast and confident, even though their path may seem endless, and their goal seem concealed behind thick clouds.

Thus the sūrah that started with God’s promise to grant victory to the Byzantines within a few years, and give support and victory to the believers, now ends with the directive to persevere until God’s promise is fulfilled. Believers are instructed to remain steadfast in the face of all the unbelievers’ attempts to weaken their resolve.

There is perfect harmony between the opening and the end. As it concludes, the lingering impression is that of a firm resolve and unshaken trust that God’s promise will be fulfilled.