In the Shade of the Qur'an by Sayyid Qutb

This last passage in the sūrah speaks about the idolaters and what they said against the Prophet and the Qur’ān that was revealed to him. It reminds them of what happened to others like them who denied God’s revelations and how His punishment overwhelmed them even though they were stronger, wealthier and more knowledgeable than the Arab unbelievers.

This is followed by several hard notes, each resounding like a hammer. The first one calls on them to stand before God after shedding all influences that prevent them from objectively assessing the call that is addressed to them. The second note invites them to reflect on the real motives of God’s Messenger when he repeatedly calls on them to accept God’s message and believe in Him, when he has nothing to gain from this. Since he does not ask them for any wages in return, why should they doubt his sincerity and turn away? Further notes follow, each violently shaking people’s hearts.

The sūrah concludes with a scene from the Day of Judgement that is full of violent movement and which fits perfectly with the preceding strong tones.

When Our revelations are recited to them in all their clarity, they say: ‘This is but a man who wants to turn you away from what your forefathers worshipped.’ They also say: ‘This is nothing but an invented falsehood.’ Furthermore, when the truth comes to them, the unbelievers will say: ‘This is just plain sorcery’ Yet never have We given them any books to study, nor have We sent them any warner before you. Those who have gone before them likewise denied the truth. These people have not attained even one tenth of what We gave their predecessors, yet when they denied My messengers, how terrible was My condemnation. (Verses 43-45)

They met the clear truth the Prophet recited to them with a confused legacy of past traditions that had neither a clear basis nor solid foundation. They realized that the simple, clear and consistent truth that was the Qur’ān represented a serious threat to their confused medley of inherited beliefs and traditions. Hence they claimed: “This is but a man who wants to turn you away from what your forefathers worshipped.” (Verse 43) They realized, however, that this was not enough. That it contradicted their forefathers’ beliefs was not enough to convince everyone. Hence, they also questioned the honesty of the Messenger who delivered God’s message: “They also say: This is nothing but an invented falsehood.” (Verse 43) Needless to say, what is ‘false’ must be fabricated, but they wanted to give it stronger emphasis by saying “This is nothing but an invented falsehood.” (Verse 43) In other words, they sought to undermine it, raising doubts about its divine source.

Then they moved on to describe the Qur’ān itself: “When the truth comes to them, the unbelievers will say: ‘This is just plain sorcery.’” (Verse 43) They realized that the Qur’ān is powerful and shakes people’s hearts.

Hence, it was not enough to say that it was fabricated. They had to explain its power and so alleged that it was ‘plain sorcery.’ With such allegations, one following the other, they sought to divert people’s attention from the clear and powerful verses of the Qur’ān. They knew they could not back up their claims, and indeed many of those who made such allegations, i.e.

tribal chiefs and those who were influential in society, were certain that the Qur’ān was God’s revelation as no human being could have produced anything like it.

References have been made earlier in this book to what some of the elders of the Quraysh said in private conversations about Muĥammad (peace be upon him) and the Qur’ān, and what they schemed in order to turn people away from listening to the Qur’ān which captivates people’s hearts.

The Qur’ān exposes them as it states that they were not given books in the past so as to evaluate new ones and judge revelations. How can they, then, say that what they now received was neither revelation nor a divine book? How can they say that it was not from God, when they did not have any messengers in the past? Their claims are devoid of substance: “Yet never have We given them any books to study, nor have We sent them any warner before you.” (Verse 44)

The sūrah then touches their hearts by reminding them of the destruction of earlier communities. Those Arabs had not been given one tenth of what those earlier people had of knowledge, wealth and power. When they denied God’s messengers, punishment overwhelmed them: “Those who have gone before them likewise denied the truth. These people have not attained even one tenth of what We gave their predecessors, yet when they denied My messengers, how terrible was My condemnation.” (Verse 45) This condemnation destroyed them all. The Quraysh knew of some of these old communities who suffered God’s punishment. Therefore, this brief reminder is sufficient. It comes in the form of a sarcastic question: ‘how terrible was My condemnation.’ It is a question put to those who knew the extent of that condemnation.

At this point the Prophet is instructed to call on them in all sincerity to search for the truth, to distinguish between what is false and what is true, and to assess the situation they are in, free of distortion and fabrication:

Say: I counsel you one thing: stand before God, in pairs or singly, and think: there is no madness in your Companion [Muĥammad]. He is only a warner to you of awesome suffering to come. (Verse 46)

This is an invitation to stand before God, in all sincerity, removing from one’s mind all personal prejudices, interests, motivations, desires, environmental and social influences. It is an invitation to look at the facts, plain and simple. This invitation seeks to put before their eyes the plain argument of human nature, away from everything that blurs or obscures what is clear and simple. At the same time, it is a simple means to search for truth, discarding all outside influences and being mindful only of God.

There is only ‘one thing’, that ensures that the way is the right one and the method sound. This is to stand before God in all sincerity, looking to satisfy no prejudice, or ensure any personal gain or interest; and to be free of all influences and pressures; and then to think and reflect in complete sincerity. What, then, is this one thing?

“Stand before God, in pairs or singly:” ‘in pairs’ so that one can speak frankly to another and argue with him, without being influenced by the masses and their spontaneous reactions, and ‘singly’ so that you can face the facts in a cool and reflective way.

“And think: there is no madness in your Companion [Muĥammad].” (Verse 46) You have known him for a long time, and everything you have seen from him points to his wisdom and logic. He does not say anything that could cause anyone to suspect the soundness of his mind. He only says powerful words of wisdom that are plainly stated.

“He is only a warner to you of awesome suffering to come.” (Verse 46) This statement shows the suffering to be close at hand, and the warning precedes it by only by one step, hoping to save anyone who listens. It is like an alarm warning of a fire that threatens lives. It urges immediate action to escape inevitable suffering.

Quoting one of the Prophet’s Companions, Imam Aĥmad relates the following ĥadīth: “The Prophet came out one day and called us three times, then said: ‘Do you realize what my position is in relation to you?’ People said: ‘God and His Messenger know best.’ He rejoined: ‘My position in relation to you is like that of a community who feared that an enemy might be heading towards them, so they sent one of them to gather intelligence. As he went about his mission, he saw the enemy drawing near, and he moved fast to warn his people. However, he feared that he might be caught by the enemy before he could warn his people. So he waved his robe and shouted:

the enemy is nigh; the enemy is nigh.’“ In another ĥadīth, the Prophet is quoted as saying: “I was sent with my message at the approach of the Last Hour: it could have almost been ahead of me.” That was the first note: powerful and inspiring. It is closely followed by another note: “Say: If I have ever asked you for any reward, you can keep it. My reward rests with none other than God. He is witness to everything.” (Verse 47) At first the sūrah called on them to think carefully about the man delivering the message and the fact that he is of sound mind, without the faintest trace of madness. Now they are asked to think about the reasons that motivate him to warn them against the painful suffering that may befall them: what is his interest in all this? How can he benefit by it? The Qur’ān orders the Prophet to put this to them in a way that fits with their logic and touches their consciences: “If I have ever asked you for any reward, you can keep it.” Take it all! Whatever I asked you, you keep for yourselves. This combines sarcasm with guidance and instruction: “My reward rests with none other than God.” (Verse 47) It is He who has charged me with this message and He gives me my reward for it. It is to Him alone that I look for reward. If a person expects to be rewarded by God, all that others can offer is trifling. “He is witness to everything.” (Verse 47) He sees and knows everything. Nothing is hidden from Him. He is my witness in whatever I intend, say or do.

The third note is stronger and faster: “Say: My Lord hurls forth the truth. He has full knowledge of all that is beyond the reach of people’s perception.” (Verse 48) What I have given you is the truth, which is powerful in its own right. However, it is God who hurls it forth: who can stand up to His truth? It is like a missile whose trajectory penetrates what otherwise would not be possible to penetrate. The one who hurls it is God, who ‘has full knowledge of all that is beyond the reach of people’s perception.’ When He hurls it, He is fully aware of what takes place. No goal is hidden from Him and no shield or fortification can stop what He hurls.

The fourth note is just as fast and strong: “Say: The truth has now come. Falsehood neither creates anything new, nor restores anything.” (Verse 49) This truth has now come, in one of its forms, in the message embodied in the Qur’ān and its straight path. The Prophet is ordered here to declare the coming of the truth, strong, overpowering, rising high and imposing its authority: “Falsehood neither creates anything new, nor restores anything.” (Verse 49) Falsehood is done for: it has no life of its own and nowhere to function. It is destined for a miserable end. As we listen, we feel as if the end has already been sealed.

This is indeed the case. Ever since the Qur’ān was revealed, the truth has been established on solid foundations. Compared with its clarity and power, falsehood is nothing more than a futile argument which is known to be so. Falsehood may appear to triumph in certain situations, but this is not a victory over the truth, but rather over the people who claim loyalty to it; it’s a triumph of people, not principles. Such a victory is temporary, not permanent. The truth remains the same: clear and simple.

The final note says: “Say: Were I to go astray, I would but go astray to the loss of myself.

But if I am on the right path, it is through what my Lord reveals to me. He is All-Hearing, ever-near.” (Verse 50) You will lose nothing if I go astray, because I will be the one accountable for it. If I am following guidance, it is because God has guided me aright when He gave me His revelation. I can produce nothing of that. I only remain subject to God’s will, receiving His bounty.

“He is All-Hearing, ever-near.” (Verse 50) This is how those who responded to the Prophet’s call and believed in his message felt God’s presence. They felt His interaction with them. They felt Him near to them, listening to what they said, taking direct care of their affairs. Their complaints and appeals went directly to Him, and He did not overlook them or give them to someone else to deal with. This made them aware that they lived under God’s supervision, close to Him and receiving His care and kindness. This they felt in reality, not as an abstract notion or a representation of an idea. It was real fact: “He is All-Hearing ever-near.” (Verse 50)

The sūrah concludes with a fast and powerful scene from the Day of Judgement, full of strong movement that goes to and fro between this life and the life to come, as if both are within the same domain:

If you could but see when they are seized by terror, with nowhere to escape; for they will have been seized from a place nearby. They will say: ‘We do believe in it,’ but how could they attain it from so far away, seeing that they had at first denied it all. They used to cast scorn from far away on what is imperceptible. A barrier will be set between them and all that they desire, just as was done with their kind before. They were lost in perplexing doubt. (Verses 51-54)

“If you could but see.” The scene is there to look at. “When they are seized by terror” because of the terrible situation they find themselves in. It appears they may try to find a way out, but there is “nowhere to escape.” They have nowhere to turn: “they will have been seized from a place nearby.” They could not go far with their miserable attempt.

“They will say: We do believe in it,” but it is now too late. For, “how could they attain it from so far away?” How can they regain it in their new position when the place to believe is now so far away? It was available to them in their life in this world, but they let the chance go unheeded.

“They had at first denied it all.” The matter is over and they cannot try again. “They used to cast scorn from far away on what is imperceptible.” They did this when the Day of Judgement was beyond their perception. They denied it without a shred of evidence to support their denial. They did so from afar but are now trying to attain faith from a distant place.

“A barrier will be set between them and all that they desire.” This is a reference to the faith they wish to have now when it is too late. It cannot spare them the punishment or save them from the danger they see looming. They are in the same position as earlier communities: “just as was done with their kind before.” Those earlier communities also tried to escape God’s punishment when no escape was possible.

“They were lost in perplexing doubt.” Now they see it for certain after they had been in doubt of it ever happening.

The sūrah concludes on this fast, powerful note, with a scene from the Day of Judgement confirming the main issue. This issue is stated at the outset and re-stated here at the end.