The Evolution Of Fiqh by Bilal Philips

The founder of this school of thought, Daawood ibn ‘Alee, was born in Kufah in the year 815 CE. His early Fiqh studies were under Imaam ash-Shaafi’ee’s students, but he later inclined towards the study of Hadeeth and joined the Hadeeth circle of Imaam Ahmad ibn Hambal. He continued to study under Ahmad until he was expelled from Ahmad’s classes because he voiced the opinion that the Quraan was Muhdath (newly existent) and therefore created.

After his expulsion, he took and independent path of reasoning based on the obvious and literal meanings (DHaahir) of the texts of the Qur’aan and the Sunnah. Because of this approach, his Madh-hab was called the DHaahiree Madh-hab and he became known as Daawood adH-DHaahiree.148

Like all of the other Imaams, Daawood considered the Qur’aan to be the foremost source of Islamic law follwed by the Sunnah. However, only literal interpretations of their texts were insidered by him to be valid . that is, they were only to be applied in the particular circumstances which they described.

Imaam Daawood gave credence to the Ijmaa’ of the Sahaabah, He reasoned that their unanimity would only have been on points of law revealed to the Prophet (s.w.) and known to the Sahaabah, but not narrated as Hadeeths for some reason or other.

There fore, the Ijmaa’ of the Sahaabah were not considered by himas resulting from reasoning (Qiyaas).

Since Imaam Daawood limited the application of the Qur’aan and the Sunnah to their literal meaning, he automatically denied the validity of rulings based on any form of reasoned opinion, including Qiyaas.149 However, the principle of Mafhoom (understood meaning) which he applied to the Qur’aan and Sunnah in place of Qiyaas turned out to be virtually indistinguishable from Qiyaas (analogical deduction)150

Due to the limited scope of the DHaahiree Madh-hab and the absense of outstanding scholars to pass on its principles and rulings, it did not last very long. In fact, it did not get a foothold in any area of the Muslim empire during Imaam Daawood’s lifetime, nor in the century and a half which followed his death.

In later times, all scholars who denied the validity of Qiyaas were labelled as DHaahirees, even though they had not actually studied under Daawood or his students, or even read their works.

The most noted student of the DHaahiree Madh-hab was a brilliant 11th century CE Spanish scholar named ‘Alee ibn Ahmad ibn Hazm al-Andaloosee (died 1070 CE). Ibn Hazm revived this Madh-hab and defended it in the numerous outstanding works which he wrote in various fields of Islamic study; for example, Ihkaam alAhkaam in the field of Usool al-Fiqh, al-Fisal in theology and alMuhallaa in Fiqh. Due to Ibn Hazm’s tireless efforts, the Madh-hab took hold in Islamic Spain where it flourished, and from there it spread to some areas of North Africa and elsewhere. It remained prevalent in Spain until the Islamic State began to crumble there in the early 1400’s. Whith the disappearance of the Muslim state of Andalus, the Madh-hab also disappeared, leaving behind only a number of scholarly writings, most of which were done by Ibn Hazm himself.151