Understanding Usul Al-Fiqh by Abu Tariq Hilal - Abu Ismael al-Beirawi

Sometimes it occurs to a person that he can choose between two rules derived from the Ijtihad of two Mujtahideen. For example, does touching one‟s wife break the Wudhu? Imam Shafi‟i says yes. Imam Abu Hanifah says no.

Both opinions are based on the Daleel. Some say that Islam is easy therefore choose the easiest. After all both are Islamic opinions. To follow one of the opinions because of one‟s desires is totally Haram (forbidden). As following an Islamic opinion means following the Hukm Shar‟i. The obedience to Hukm Shar‟i is not based on hardship, easiness or benefit. How then does a Muqallid choose between two Islamic opinions?

Allah (swt) says:

“If you dispute in a thing return it to Allah and the Prophet” (TMQ An-Nisa: 59)

The Muqallid should return to Allah (swt) and the Prophet (saw). In practice, it means choosing the Mujtahid whom he is convinced with as having the correct ruling for the issue. Choosing the correct Mujtahid can be achieved through:

Studying the opinion of the Mujtahideen and following the one that is most convincing. If a Muqallid does not know the evidence or is unable to verify the strength of the evidence, the best qualification to look for in a Mujtahid is a high degree of knowledge and Taqwa.

As a note of caution, it should be understood that one is not making Taqleed to the personality of the Mujtahid himself. If one follows a Madhab, one is not following a founder because of his personality, but because one believes that he had the correct understanding of Hukm Shar‟i on the issue. One must realise that he is obeying the Hukm Shar‟i not Imam Abu Hanifah or Imam Shafi‟i.

Following the Ijtihad of a Mujtahid is permitted in Islam. Qur‟an, Sunnah, and Ijma as-Sahabah support this. Throughout our history the Muslims have been practicing Taqleed, to the extent that at one stage the door of Ijtihad was closed and everyone was making Taqleed. This step was wrong because the existence of Mujtahideen in the Ummah is Fard (obligatory).

The problem we face today is not the problem of Taqleed, but the problem of ignorance. Even if everyone reaches a very high level of Islamic knowledge, some people will still be practicing Taqleed as happened during the time of the Sahabah (ra) and Tabi‟een.

We acknowledge that the loyalty to the Madhab has resulted in many problems, but this is a fault of the people‟s ignorance and not the existence of the Madhab. If the Madhahib were abolished and everyone was forced to make Ijtihad by himself or herself, the Muslims would be lost. In the same way that not all people are capable of becoming surgeons or lawyers, we cannot expect everyone to reach the level of a Mujtahid.

Taqleed is a necessity for those who are not capable of extracting the Hukm (ruling) directly from the text. This matter applies on all Muslims who do not know the Arabic language, Fiqh, etc.

Nevertheless, three crucial points need to be made on the subject of Taqleed:

A. Taqleed should not be practiced with any sense of partisanship to a particular Madhab. It is nothing more than the adoption of a particular school of thought. No one can or should claim that a particular Madhab is the only Islamic Madhab or that it has supremacy over others.

B. The obedience is to the Hukm Shar‟i and not to a Mujtahid.

C. Muslims should be encouraged to acquire the skills necessary to perform Ijtihad and thus should be encouraged to learn the Daleel for the rulings they are following. This will provide Muslims with knowledge in Fiqh as well as the action itself. Allowing Taqleed should not be taken as a license for endorsing ignorance or discouraging Muslims from enriching themselves in acquiring the tools necessary for making Ijtihad.