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1. Kiarabu: Sunnah: Njia, Mwenendo, Mapokeo, Mfano. Angalia *An Introduction to the Sunnah* cha Suhaib Hasan (Mfululizo wa Kuelewa Uislamu, nambari 5, kilichochapishwa na Al-Quran Society), kwa ushahidi wa Qur'ani wa ufunuo mbali na Qur'ani, umuhimu wa Sunnah, na historia fupi ya makusanyo ya Hadith. Angalia pia kitabu *al-Risalah* cha Imam al-Shafi'i kwa nafasi ya mamlaka ya Sunnah (tafsiri ya Kiingereza, kurasa 109-116).

1. Ar. Sunnah: Way, Path, Tradition, Example. See An Introduction to the Sunnah by Suhaib Hasan (Understanding Islam Series no. 5, published by Al-Quran Society), for Qur'anic proofs of revelation besides the Qur'an, the importance of the Sunnah, and a brief history of the collections of Hadith. See also Imam al- Shafi'i's al-Risalah for the authoritative position of the Sunnah (Eng. trans., pp. 109- 116).

2. imepokewa na Imam Muslim katika Utangulizi wa Sahih yake - angalia Sahih Muslim (ed. M.F. 'Abdul Baqi, juzuu 5, Cairo, 1374/1955), 1:15 na Sahih Muslim bi Sharh an-Nawawi (juzuu 18 katika juzuu 6, Cairo, 1349), 1:87. Tafsiri ya Kiingereza iliyopo ya Sahih Muslim, ya Abdul Hamid Siddiqi, haina Utangulizi huu wenye thamani kubwa sana.

2. related by Imam Muslim in the Introduction to his Sahih - see Sahih Muslim (ed. M.F. 'Abdul Baqi, 5 vols., Cairo, 1374/1955), 1:15 & Sahih Muslim bi Sharh an-Nawawi (18 vols. in 6, Cairo, 1349), 1:87. The existing English translation of Sahih Muslim, by Abdul Hamid Siddiqi, does not contain this extremely valuable Introduction.

3. Ibn Abi Hatim al-Razi, Al-Jarh wa l-Ta'dil (juzuu 8, Hyderabad, 1360-1373), 1:20.

3. Ibn Abi Hatim al-Razi, Al-Jarh wa l-Ta'dil (8 vols., Hyderabad, 1360-1373), 1:20.

4. Sahih Muslim, 1:15. Angalia Suhaib Hasan, Criticism of Hadith among Muslims with reference to Sunan Ibn Maja (Ta Ha publishers / Al-Quran Society, London, 1407/1986), kurasa 15-17 kwa majadiliano ya kauli hii ya Ibn Sirin.

4. Sahih Muslim, 1:15. See Suhaib Hasan, Criticism of Hadith among Muslims with reference to Sunan Ibn Maja (Ta Ha publishers / Al-Quran Society, London, 1407/1986), pp. 15-17 for discussion of this statement of Ibn Sirin.

5. Maneno kama haya ni tofauti na katazo la msingi la Kiislamu la ghiba (ghiibah) dhidi ya Muislamu mwenzake, hata kama kauli hiyo ni ya kweli. Tofauti kama hizi zinaruhusiwa, na katika baadhi ya hali ni wajibu, pale ambapo kuna maslahi ya jumla kwa umma wa Kiislamu, kama vile kujua ni hadith zipi ni sahihi. Tazama, kwa mfano, Riyad al-Salihin ya al-Nawawi, Sura ya Ghiba, kwa hoja za aina fulani za ghiba kutoka Qur'an na Sunnah.

5. Remarks like these are exceptions from the basic Islamic prohibition of backbiting (ghibah) another Muslim, even if the statement is true. Such exceptions are allowed, even obligatory in some cases, where general benefit to the Muslim public is at stake, such as knowing which ahadith are authentic. See e.g. Riyad al- Salihin of al-Nawawi, Chapter on Backbiting, for the justification for certain types of backbiting from the Qur'an and Sunnah.

6. Muhammad Adib Salih, Lamahat fi Usul al-Hadith (toleo la 2, al-Maktab al-Islami, Beirut, 1389), uk. 143.

6. Muhammad Adib Salih, Lamahat fi Usul al-Hadith (2nd ed., al-Maktab al-Islami, Beirut, 1389), p. 143.

7. Tahir b. Ahmad al-Jaza'iri, Taujih al-Nazar ila Usul al-Nazar (Maktaba 'Ilmiyyah, Madinah, N.D.), uk. 68.

7. Tahir b. Ahmad al-Jaza'iri, Taujih al-Nazar ila Usul al-Nazar (Maktaba 'Ilmiyyah, Madinah, N.D.), p. 68.

8. Muhammad b. 'Abdullah al-Hakim, Ma'rifah 'Ulum al-Hadith (ed. Mu'azzam Husain, Cairo, 1937), p. 17.

9. ibid.

10. Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, Tadrib al-Rawi (ed. A.A. Latif, toleo la kwanza, Cairo, 1379/1959), 1:197.

10. Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, Tadrib al-Rawi (ed. A.A. Latif, 1st ed., Cairo, 1379/1959), 1:197.

1. Al-Dhahabi, Talkhis al-Mustadrak (imechapishwa pamoja na Mustadrak al-Hakim, juzuu 4, Hyderabad), 3:176.

11. Al-Dhahabi, Talkhis al-Mustadrak (printed with Mustadrak al-Hakim, 4 vols., Hyderabad), 3:176.

12. Abu 'l-Fida' 'Imad al-Din Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim (juzuu 4, Cairo, N.D.), 1:80.

12. Abu 'l-Fida' 'Imad al-Din Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim (4 vols., Cairo, N.D.), 1:80.

13. Yusuf b. 'Abdullah Ibn 'Abdul Barr, Tajrid al-Tamhid lima fi l-Muwatta' min al-Asanid (Cairo, 1350), 1:2.

13. Yusuf b. 'Abdullah Ibn 'Abdul Barr, Tajrid al- Tamhid lima fi l-Muwatta' min al-Asanid (Cairo, 1350), 1:2.

14. ibid.

15. al-Suyuti, 1:198.

16. Kwa majadiliano ya kina, angalia al-Shafi'i, al-Risalah (ed. Ahmad Shakir, Cairo, 1358/1940, pp.

16. For the discussion in detail, see al-Shafi'i, al-Risalah (ed. Ahmad Shakir, Cairo, 1358/1940, pp.

461-470; Tafsiri ya Kiingereza: M. Khadduri, toleo la pili, Islamic Texts Society, Cambridge, 1987, kur. 279-284, ambako hadith mursal imetafsiriwa kama "interrupted tradition".

461-470; English translation: M. Khadduri, 2nd ed., Islamic Texts Society, Cambridge, 1987, pp. 279-284, where the mursal hadith has been translated as "interrupted tradition").

17. al-Suyuti, 1:199; Muhammad b. Mustafa al-Ghadamsi, Al-Mursal min al-Hadith (Darif Ltd., London, N.D.), p.71.

17. al-Suyuti, 1:199; Muhammad b. Mustafa al- Ghadamsi, Al-Mursal min al-Hadith (Darif Ltd., London, N.D.), p.71.

18. Ibn al-Qayyim, I'lam al-Muwaqqi'in (toleo la pili, juzuu 4 katika 2, Dar al-Fikr, Beirut, 1397/1977), 1:31.

18. Ibn al-Qayyim, I'lam al-Muwaqqi'in (2nd ed., 4 vols. in 2, Dar al-Fikr, Beirut, 1397/1977), 1:31.

19. Ibn Hazm, Al-Ihkam fi Usul al-Ahkam (Matba'ah al-Sa'adah, Cairo, 1345), 2:135.

20. Al-Hazimi, Shurut al-A'immah al-Khamsah (ed. M.Z. al-Kauthari, Cairo, N.D.), uk. 45.

20. Al-Hazimi, Shurut al-A'immah al-Khamsah (ed. M.Z. al-Kauthari, Cairo, N.D.), p. 45.

21. Kulingana na tafsiri tofauti za aya hii, "wao" hapa wanaweza kurejelea wale wanaobaki nyuma, au wale wanaotoka kwenda.

21. According to the different interpretations of this verse, "they" here could refer to those who stay behind, or those who go forth.

22. al-Hakim, uk. 26.

22. al-Hakim, p. 26.

23. ibid.

24. Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Al-Kifayah fi 'Ilm al- Riwayah (Hyderabad, 1357), uk. 387.

24. Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Al-Kifayah fi 'Ilm al- Riwayah (Hyderabad, 1357), p. 387.

25. ibid., uk. 411-413.

25. ibid., pp. 411-413.

26. Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi, Al-Taqyid wa 'l-Idah Sharh Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah (al-Maktabah al-Salafiyyahh, Madinah, 1389/1969), uk. 72.

26. Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi, Al-Taqyid wa 'l-Idah Sharh Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah (al-Maktabah al-Salafiyyahh, Madinah, 1389/1969), p. 72.

27. Ibn Taymiyyah, Minhaj al-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah fi Naqd Kalam al-Shi'ah wa 'l-Qadariyyah (al-Maktabah al-Amiriyyah, Bulaq, 1322), 4:117.

28. Al-Dhahabi, Al-Muqizah (Maktab al-Matbu'at al-Islamiyyah, Halab, 1405), uk. 40.

28. Al-Dhahabi, Al-Muqizah (Maktab al-Matbu'at al- Islamiyyah, Halab, 1405), p. 40.

29. al-Jaza'iri, uk. 33.

29. al-Jaza'iri, p. 33.

30. ibid.

31. Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, Sharh Nukhbah al-Fikr (ed. M. 'Aud & M.G. Sabbagh, Damascus, 1410/1990), kurasa 8-9.

31. Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, Sharh Nukhbah al-Fikr (ed. M. 'Aud & M.G. Sabbagh, Damascus, 1410/1990), pp. 8-9.

32. al-Jaza'iri, uk. 49; Muhammad b. Isma'il al-Amir al-San'ani, Taudih al-Afkar (juzuu 2, ed. M.M. 'Abdul Hamid, Cairo, 1366), 2:405.

32. al-Jaza'iri, p. 49; Muhammad b. Isma'il al- Amir al-San'ani, Taudih al-Afkar (2 vols. ed. M.M. 'Abdul Hamid, Cairo, 1366), 2:405.

33. al-San'ani, 2:409.

34. al-Hakim, kur. 96-102.

34. al-Hakim, pp. 96-102.

35. al-San'ani, 2:455.

36. al-'Iraqi, uk. 268.

36. al-'Iraqi, p. 268.

37. al-San'ani, 2:406.

38. al-'Iraqi, uk. 96.

38. al-'Iraqi, p. 96.

39. ibid.

40. Ibn Hajar, Tabaqat al-Mudallisin (Cairo, 1322), uk. 7f.

40. Ibn Hajar, Tabaqat al-Mudallisin (Cairo, 1322), p. 7f.

41. al-'Iraqi, uk. 98.

41. al-'Iraqi, p. 98.

42. al-Hakim, kur. 30-34.

42. al-Hakim, pp. 30-34.

43. ibid., uk. 119.

43. ibid., p. 119.

44. Ibn Kathir, Ikhtisar 'Ulum al-Hadith (ed. Ahmad Shakir, toleo la pili, Cairo, 1951), uk. 57.

44. Ibn Kathir, Ikhtisar 'Ulum al-Hadith (ed. Ahmad Shakir, 2nd imp., Cairo, 1951), p. 57.

45. al-Suyuti, 1:235; M. A. Salih, uk. 260.

45. al-Suyuti, 1:235; M. A. Salih, p. 260.

46. al-San'ani, 2:3.

47. ibid., 2:6.

48. al-Khatib, uk. 431.

48. al-Khatib, p. 431.

49. Ibn Kathir, Tafsir, 4:349.

50. Ibn Kathir, Ikhtisar, uk. 62.

50. Ibn Kathir, Ikhtisar, p. 62.

51. al-Suyuti, 1:248.

52. al-Hakim, uk. 39.

52. al-Hakim, p. 39.

53. al-'Iraqi, uk. 129f.

53. al-'Iraqi, p. 129f.

54. al-Suyuti, 1:274.

55. Ibn Kathir, Ikhtisar, uk. 72.

55. Ibn Kathir, Ikhtisar, p. 72.

56. ibid.

57. Ibn 'Abdul Barr, Al-Tamhid, 3:32, kama alivyonukuliwa na Luqman al-Salafi, Ihtimam al-Muhaddithin bi Naqd al-Hadith, uk. 381f.

57. Ibn 'Abdul Barr, Al-Tamhid, 3:32, as quoted by Luqman al-Salafi, Ihtimam al-Muhaddithin bi Naqd al-Hadith, p. 381f.

58. Ibn Kathir, Ikhtisar, uk. 88.

58. Ibn Kathir, Ikhtisar, p. 88.

59. ibid., uk. 87.

59. ibid., p. 87.

60. Shams al-Din Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Sakhawi, Fath al-Mughith Sharh Alfiyyah al-Hadith li 'l-'Iraqi (Lucknow, N.D.), 1:278.

60. Shams al-Din Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahman al- Sakhawi, Fath al-Mughith Sharh Alfiyyah al-Hadith li 'l-'Iraqi (Lucknow, N.D.), 1:278.

61. 'Uthman b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Dimashqi Ibn al-Salah, 'Ulum al-Hadith (inayojulikana kwa jina la Muqaddimah, mhariri al-Tabbakh, Halab, 1350), uk. 116.

61. 'Uthman b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Dimashqi Ibn al- Salah, 'Ulum al-Hadith (commonly known as Muqaddimah, ed. al-Tabbakh, Halab, 1350), p. 116.

62. 'Ali b. 'Abdullah b. Ja'far Ibn al-Madini, Kitab al-'Ilal, uk. 58. Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani anataja kwamba Maimamu wa Hadithi wamekubaliana kwamba al-Hasan al-Basri hakusikia hata neno moja kutoka kwa 'Ali.

62. 'Ali b. 'Abdullah b. Ja'far Ibn al-Madini, Kitab al-'Ilal, p. 58. Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani mentions that the Imams of Hadith have agreed that al-Hasan al-Basri did not hear a single word from 'Ali.

63. Sahih Muslim, 4:2149 (tafsiri ya Kiingereza, IV:1462, Sharh Nawawi, 17:133).

63. Sahih Muslim, 4:2149 (English transl., IV:1462, Sharh Nawawi, 17:133).

64. Ibn Taimiyyah, Majmu' Fatawa (juzuu 37, ed. 'Abd al-Rahman b. Qasim na mwanawe Muhammad, Riyadh, 1398), 18:18f. Ibn Taimiyyah anataja kwamba uthibitisho wa Imam Muslim wa hadithi hii unaungwa mkono na Abu Bakr al-Anbari na Ibn al-Jauzi, ilhali al-Baihaqi anaunga mkono wale waliolidharau. Al-Albani anasema kwamba aliyeikosoa hadithi hii ni Ibn al-Madini, wakati Ibn Ma'in hakuikosoa (huyu alijulikana kuwa mkali sana; wote wawili walikuwa masheikh wa al-Bukhari). Anaongeza kwamba hadithi hii ni sahihi, na haipingani na Qur'an, tofauti na maoni yenye uwezekano mkubwa ya wanazuoni waliokosoa hadithi hii, kwa kuwa kinachotajwa katika Qur'an ni kuumbwa kwa mbingu na ardhi katika siku sita, ambazo kila moja inaweza kuwa kama miaka elfu moja, ilhali hadithi inahusu uumbaji wa ardhi pekee, katika siku ambazo ni fupi kuliko zile zinazotajwa katika Qur'an (Silsilah al-Ahadith as-Sahihah, na. 1833).

64. Ibn Taimiyyah, Majmu' Fatawa (37 vols., ed. 'Abd al-Rahman b. Qasim & his son Muhammad, Riyad, 1398), 18:18f. Ibn Taimiyyah mentions that Imam Muslim's authentication of this hadith is supported by Abu Bakr al-Anbari & Ibn al- Jauzi, whereas al-Baihaqi supports those who disparaged it. Al-Albani says that it was Ibn al-Madini who criticised it, whereas Ibn Ma'in did not (the latter was known to be very strict, both of them were shaikhs of al-Bukhari). He further says that the hadith is sahih, and does not contradict the Qur'an, contrary to the probable view of the scholars who criticised the hadith, since what is mentioned in the Qur'an is the creation of the heavens and the earth in six days, each of which may be like a thousand years, whereas the hadith refers to the creation of the earth only, in days which are shorter than those referred to in the Qur'an (Silsilah al-Ahadith as-Sahihah, no. 1833).

65. al-Dhahabi, uk. 27.

65. al-Dhahabi, p. 27.

66. al-Shafi'i, uk. 370f (tafsiri ya Kiingereza, uk. 239-240).

66. al-Shafi'i, p. 370f (Eng. trans., pp. 239- 240).

67. al-Dhahabi, uk. 24.

67. al-Dhahabi, p. 24.

68. al-Nawawi, Muqaddimah, uk. 14.

68. al-Nawawi, Muqaddimah, p. 14.

69. al-Tibi, al-Husain b. 'Abdullah, al-Khulasah fi Usul al-Hadith (ed. Subhi al-Samarra'i, Baghdad, 1391), uk. 36.

69. al-Tibi, al-Husain b. 'Abdullah, al-Khulasah fi Usul al-Hadith (ed. Subhi al-Samarra'i, Baghdad, 1391), p. 36.

70. ibid., uk. 38.

70. ibid., p. 38.

71. al-Nawawi, Muqaddimah, uk. 43.

71. al-Nawawi, Muqaddimah, p. 43.

72. al-Dhahabi, uk. 26.

72. al-Dhahabi, p. 26.

73. ibid., kur. 32-33.

73. ibid., pp. 32-33.

74. al-Albani, Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Sahihah, no. 62.

75. al-Jaza'iri, uk. 149.

75. al-Jaza'iri, p. 149.

76. al-Sakhawi, 1:99.

77. al-Dhahabi, kur. 33-34.

77. al-Dhahabi, pp. 33-34.

78. ibid., uk. 36.

78. ibid., p. 36.

79. al-Sakhawi, 1:264.

80. ibid., 1:275.

81. al-Nawawi, Taqrib, 1:275.

82. Angalia Ibn al-Qayyim, al-Manar al-Munif fi 'l-Sahih wa 'l-Da'if (ed. A.F. Abu Ghuddah, Lahore, 1402/1982), kurasa 102-105 kwa majadiliano kamili zaidi. Ibn al-Qayyim anataja zaidi ya dalili kumi zilizo wazi za kughushiwa kwa hati hiyo, ambayo Mayahudi walijaribu mara kwa mara kuitumia kuwadanganya Waislamu kwa karne nyingi, lakini kila mara mwanachuoni wa Hadith aliingilia kati kuonyesha kughushi huko. Matukio kama hayo yalitokea kwa Ibn Jarir al-Tabari (d. 310), al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (d. 463) na Ibn Taimiyyah (d. 728), ambaye alitema mate juu ya hati hiyo wakati ilipofunuliwa kutoka chini ya vifuniko vyake vya hariri.

82. see Ibn al-Qayyim, al-Manar al-Munif fi 'l- Sahih wa 'l-Da'if (ed. A.F. Abu Ghuddah, Lahore, 1402/1982), pp. 102-105 for a fuller discussion. Ibn al-Qayyim mentions more than ten clear indications of the forgery of the document, which the Jews repeatedly attempted to use to deceive the Muslims over the centuries, but each time a scholar of Hadith intervened to point out the forgery - such incidents occurred with Ibn Jarir al-Tabari (d. 310), al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (d. 463) and Ibn Taimiyyah (d. 728), who spat on the document as it was unfolded from beneath its silken covers.

83. Suhaib Hasan, Criticism of Hadith, pp. 35-44.

84. Mtume (ﷺ) aliruhusu simulizi za aina hii, lakini hazipaswi kuthibitishwa wala kukanushwa, isipokuwa kile kinachothibitishwa au kukanushwa na Qur'ani na Sunnah. Ona, kwa mfano, An Introduction to the Principles of Tafseer of Ibn Taimiyyah (tafsiri ya M.A.H. Ansari, Al-Hidaayah, Birmingham, 1414/1993), kurasa 56-58.

84. The Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) allowed such narrations, but they are not to be confirmed nor denied, except for what is confirmed or denied by the Qur'an and Sunnah. See e.g. An Introduction to the Principles of Tafseer of Ibn Taimiyyah (trans. M.A.H. Ansari, Al- Hidaayah, Birmingham, 1414/1993), pp. 56-58.

85. ibid., uk. 156.

85. ibid., p. 156.

86. tazama Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah.

86. see Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah.

87. Fatawa Ibn Taimiyyah, 6:379-382.

88. Isma'il b. Muhammad al-'Ijlouni, Kashf al-Khafa' (juzuu 2 katika 1, Cairo/Aleppo, bila tarehe), nambari 2016.

88. Isma'il b. Muhammad al-'Ijlouni, Kashf al- Khafa' (2 vols. in 1, Cairo/Aleppo, N.D.), no. 2016.

89. Al-Albani, Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Da'ifah, no. 282.

90. Kashf al-Khafa', na. 2256.

90. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 2256.

91. Sahih al-Jami' al-Saghir, na. 2163; Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Sahihah, na. 1691.

91. Sahih al-Jami' al-Saghir, no. 2163; Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Sahihah, no. 1691.

92. Kashf al-Khafa', na. 2532; Al-Da'ifah, na. 66.

92. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 2532; Al-Da'ifah, no. 66.

93. Al-Da'ifah, no. 58.

94. Kashf al-Khafa', na. 1102; Al-Da'ifah, na. 36.

94. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 1102; Al-Da'ifah, no. 36.

95. Al-Sahihah, na. 1761. 96. Kashf al-Khafa', na. 2130.

95. Al-Sahihah, no. 1761. 96. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 2130.

97. Kashf al-Khafa', nambari 618. 98. Da'if al-Jami' al-Saghir, nambari 1410, 1416. 99. Kashf al-Khafa', nambari 1078; Al-Da'ifah, nambari 593. 100. Kashf al-Khafa', nambari 1665; Sahih al-Jami' al-Saghir, nambari 3913-4.

97. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 618. 98. Da'if al-Jami' al-Saghir, nos. 1410, 1416. 99. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 1078; Al-Da'ifah, no. 593. 100. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 1665; Sahih al-Jami' al- Saghir, nos. 3913-4.

101. Al-Da'ifah, na. 416; Da'if al-Jami' al-Saghir, nos. 1005-6. 102. Kashf al-Khafa', na. 2276.

101. Al-Da'ifah, no. 416; Da'if al-Jami' al- Saghir, nos. 1005-6. 102. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 2276.

103. Kashf al-Khafa', na. 1362.

103. Kashf al-Khafa', no. 1362.