长期以来人们一直认为，非穆斯林社群对伊斯兰统治的态度是一个关键而敏感的问题，许多人因担心在穆斯林与非穆斯林之间引起纷争而不愿谈论。

It has always been said that the attitude of non-Muslim communities towards Islamic rule is a critical and delicate question which many people hesitate to discuss for fear of causing dissension between Muslims and non-Muslims.

让我们坦率地向伊斯兰东方的基督徒提出这些问题:

Let us be frank with the Christians of the Islamic East and put to them these questions:

他们害怕伊斯兰的统治什么?他们害怕的是伊斯兰的圣典本身,还是这些圣典的实际运用方式?

What do they fear from the rule of Islam? Are they afraid of the holy texts of Islam or of the manner of their application?

关于具体的规定，我们可以引用《古兰经》：“真主不禁止你们善待那些不因宗教而与你们作战、也不把你们逐出家园的人，并公平地对待他们，因为真主喜爱公平的人。”（60:8）；还有：“有经的人的食物，对你们是合法的；你们的食物，对他们也是合法的。”

As for the provisions, we may quote the Holy Qur'an: "God forbids you not, with regard to those who fight you not/or (your) Faith nor drive you out of your homes, from dealing kindly and justly with them: For God loveth those who are just" (Ix : 8); and "The food of the people of the Book is lawful unto you and yours is lawful unto them.

（“准许你们娶”）是（不仅）贞洁的信道女子，还有经典之人中的贞洁女子”（5:6）。

(Lawful unto you in marriage) are (not only) chaste women who are believers, but chaste women among the people of the Book" (vi: 6).

我们还应当参照伊斯兰教法学中的一般原则："他们与我们享有同样的义务和权利。"

We should also refer to the general principle in Islamic jurisprudence: "They shall have the same obligations and rights as we".

伊斯兰的神圣经典要求穆斯林以仁慈和公正的态度对待非穆斯林。除了与崇拜相关的权利和义务之外，非穆斯林在与社会生活和公民权利相关的所有其他权利和义务方面，与穆斯林一律平等。此外，伊斯兰信仰致力于加强与非穆斯林之间的联系，包括探望他们、与他们共进饮食，这正是亲密朋友之间的习惯。

The Islamic holy texts enjoin Muslims to treat non-Muslims in a kind and fair manner, Apart from the rights and obligations involving worship, they are equal to Muslims with respect to all other rights and obligations related to social life and the rights of citizens. In addition, Islamic faith strives to strengthen the links connecting the non- Muslims to visit them and to eat their food, which is the custom of close friends.

此外,伊斯兰通过允许穆斯林与非穆斯林之间的通婚来使彼此的关系更加紧密,而婚姻是最牢固的社会纽带。

Moreover, Islam tries to make the relationship grow closer by permitting intermarriage, the strongest social bond, between Muslims and non-Muslims.

关于伊斯兰圣典的实际运用，我们最好引用一位欧洲基督徒的话，他不会被指责有偏见或成见：托马斯·沃克·阿诺德爵士（Sir T. W. Arnold）在其著作《伊斯兰的传播》（"The Preaching of Islam"）中写道："那些皈依并非由武力决定，这一点可以从基督教阿拉伯人与穆斯林阿拉伯人之间的友好关系中看出。穆罕默德ﷺ本人曾与若干基督教部落订立条约，承诺给予他们保护，保障他们自由信奉其宗教，并保证其神职人员不受干扰地享有其旧有的权利与权威"（第页）。

As to the practical application of the Islamic holy texts we had better quote a European Christian, who cannot be accused of bias prejudice, Sir T. W. Arnold in his book "'The Preaching of Islam": "That force was not the determining factor in these conversions may be judged from the amicable relations that existed between the Christian and the Muslim Arabs. Muhammad himself had entered into treaty with several Christian tribes, promising them his protection and guaranteeing them the free exercise of their religion and to their clergy undisturbed enjoyment of their old rights and authority" (pp.

47-48).

47-48).

他接着说道：

He goes on to say:

“从上述第一个伊斯兰历世纪胜利的穆斯林对阿拉伯基督徒所施宽容的例子，以及此后各代所延续的这种宽容，我们当可推断：那些确实皈依伊斯兰的基督教部落，是出于自己的选择和自由意志而这样做的”（第51页）。

"From the examples given above of the toleration extended towards the Christian Arabs by the victorious Muslims of the first century of the Hijrah and continued by succeeding generations, we may surely infer that those Christian tribes that did embrace Islam, did so of their own choice and free will" (p.51).

当穆斯林军队抵达约旦河谷，艾布·欧拜代在费赫勒扎营时，该地的基督徒居民写信给阿拉伯人，说道："穆斯林们啊，我们宁愿你们统治，也不愿拜占庭人统治，尽管他们与我们信仰相同，因为你们对我们更守信约，对我们更加仁慈，不对我们行不义，你们的统治比他们的更好，因为他们掠夺了我们的财产和家园"（第55页）。

"When the Muslim army reached the valley of Jordan and Abu Ubaydah pitched his camp at Fihl, the Christian inhabitants of the country wrote to the Arabs, saying: "O Muslims, we prefer you to the Byzantines, though they are of our own faith because you keep better faith with us and are more merciful to us and refrain from doing us injustice and your rule over us is better than theirs, for they have robbed us of our goods and our homes" (p. 55).

他还告诉我们：

He also tells us:

在633至639年的这场战役中，叙利亚的民心大致如此：阿拉伯人逐步将罗马军队逐出该省。637年，大马士革率先与阿拉伯人议和，从而获得了免遭劫掠等有利条件，叙利亚其余各城也随即纷纷效仿，毫不迟疑。

"Such was the state of feeling in Syria during the campaign of 633-639 in which the Arabs gradually drove the Roman army out of the province. And when Damascus, in 637, set the example of making terms with the Arabs, and thus secured immunity from plunder and other favorable conditions, the rest of the cities of Syria were not slow to follow.

艾美萨、阿瑞图萨、希拉波利斯以及其他城镇与阿拉伯人签订了条约，从而成为向阿拉伯人纳贡的附庸。耶路撒冷的宗主教也以类似的条件献城投降。异端皇帝对宗教强制的恐惧，使穆斯林承诺的宽容显得比与罗马帝国及基督教政府的联系更具吸引力；在入侵军队经过所带来的最初恐慌之后，民众的情绪发生了深刻的转变，转而倾向于阿拉伯征服者。”（第55页）

Emessa, Arethusa, Hieropolis and other towns entered into treaties whereby they became tributary to the Arabs. Even the patriarch of Jerusalem surrendered the city on similar terms. The fear of religious compulsion on the part of the heretical emperor made the promise of Muslim toleration appear more attractive than the connection with the Roman Empire and a Christian government, and after the first terrors caused by the passage of an invading army, there succeeded a profound revulsion of feeling in favor of the Arab conquerors" (p. 55).

这是一位基督教学者对伊斯兰的论证。那么基督徒究竟害怕伊斯兰统治的什么呢？

This is the evidence given by a Christian scholar on Islam. What is it then that the Christians fear from Islamic rule?

也许基督徒是害怕穆斯林的狂热。如果这是真的，那么他们似乎并不了解什么是狂热。以下是几个狂热的例子。

It may be that the Christians are afraid of Muslim fanaticism. If this is true, it seems that they have no idea of what fanaticism is. Here are a few examples of fanaticism.

天主教会设立的宗教裁判所，主要目的是消灭西班牙的穆斯林。这些法庭以前所未有的残暴方式折磨穆斯林：有人被活活烧死，指甲被拔掉，双眼被挖去，四肢被截断。施行这些酷刑，是为了迫使人们改变信仰，接受某一特定的基督教教义。

Courts of inquisition set up by the Christian Church were primarily meant to exterminate the Muslims of Spain. The said courts tortured Muslims in a monstrous way which had never been experienced before. People were burnt alive, their finger nails were pulled off, their eyes were put out, and their limbs were amputated. This torture was inflicted in order to force the people to change their religion and adopt a particular Christian creed.

伊斯兰东方的基督徒是否曾遭受过这样的待遇?

Have the Christians of Islamic East ever suffered such treatment?

对穆斯林的大屠杀在欧洲各地和欧洲统治下的国家接连发生：南斯拉夫、阿尔巴尼亚、俄罗斯，以及北非、索马里、肯尼亚、桑给巴尔等地，还有印度和马来亚。这些屠杀有时以“清除队伍”为借口，有时则以“维护和平与安全”为名义而被策划实施。

Massacres are carried out for the extermination of Muslims in Europe: Yugoslavia, Albania, Russia or countries under European rule such as North Africa, Somalia, Kenya, Zanzibar or in other countries: India and Malaya. Such massacres are staged sometimes on the pretext of the purgation of ranks and sometimes for the maintenance of peace and security.

另一个重要的例子是埃塞俄比亚穆斯林的处境。埃塞俄比亚与埃及有着悠久的历史、地理、文化和宗教联系。该国人口构成多元，既有穆斯林也有基督徒。尽管穆斯林约占总人口的35%至65%，但全国竟没有一所学校教授伊斯兰信仰或阿拉伯语。

Another significant example is the treatment of Muslims in Ethiopia which has ancient historical, geographical, cultural and religious links with Egypt. It has a mixed population of Muslims and Christians. Although Muslims account for 35 %-65 % of the total population there is not a single school where Islamic faith or Arabic is taught.

由穆斯林出资自办的私立学校，却要承受高昂的税负和种种不便，致使学校关闭，也使那些有意开办新学校的人心灰意冷。如此一来，伊斯兰教育便被局限于一种落后的教学方式之中。

Private schools which the Muslims open at their own expense are subjected to exorbitant taxes and inconveniences which lead to their closing and disheartening those who may think of opening new schools. In this way, Islamic teaching is confined to a primitive way of teaching.

直到不久之前——就在意大利入侵之前——一位无力偿还基督徒债主债务的穆斯林，竟被埃塞俄比亚的基督徒掳为奴隶。这名穆斯林被抓获、被售卖，并在政府眼皮底下遭受酷刑。

Until very recently-just before the Italian invasion-a Muslim who could not -pay a debt to his Christian creditor was taken in slavery by the Ethiopian Christians. The Muslim was caught, sold and tortured under the governments sight.

不言而喻，内阁以及任何关键职位上，没有一位穆斯林来代表占人口三分之一的群体。

It goes without saying that there is not a single Muslim in the cabinet or in any key post to represent the one-third of the population.

基督徒在伊斯兰世界是否曾遭受过这样的待遇？他们是否会接受对等的对待？

Have the Christians of the Islamic world ever experienced such a treatment? Would they accept reciprocal treatment?

这才是真正的狂热。

That is real fanaticism.

共产主义者认为，人的真实存在本质上是经济性的存在。如果是这样，那么生活在伊斯兰国家的基督徒是否曾被剥夺取得和处置财产、积累财富的权利？他们是否曾因宗教信仰而被剥夺接受教育、参加公共服务或晋升更高公职的权利？

The communists believe that the real existence of man is essentially an economic existence. If so, have the Christians living in Islamic countries ever been denied the right to acquire and dispose of property or to amass wealth? Have they ever been denied, on account of their religious belief, the right to have education, to join public service or promotion to higher public posts?

至于道德和精神层面的存在，必须强调的是，生活在伊斯兰统治之下的基督徒从未遭受任何形式的宗教迫害，唯一的例外是英国殖民者为了制造纷争、转移视线而挑起的极少数事件。有人声称，对非穆斯林征收人头税是宗教歧视的结果。驳斥这一毫无根据的指控，最有力的证据莫过于T. W. 阿诺德的话。他说："另一方面，埃及农民虽然信奉伊斯兰教，却被免除兵役，取而代之的是，他们和基督徒一样被征收一种税。"1

As for the moral and spiritual existence, it should be stressed that the Christians living under Islamic rule have never been subjected to any form of religious persecution with the exception of the very rare incidents engendered by the British Colonialists for the purpose of sowing dissension and diversion. It is alleged that the imposition of tribute on non-Muslims is the result of religious discrimination. The best refutation of this baseless accusation lies in the words of T. W. Arnold, who says:- "On the other hand, when the Egyptian peasants, although Muslim in faith, were made exempt from military service, a tax was imposed upon them as on the Christians in lieu thereof".1

如上所述,人头税(jizyah)是向成年男子征收的,用以替代他们若是穆斯林便须承担的军事义务。值得注意的是,凡有基督教民族在穆斯林军队中服役,便可免缴此税。阿勒-朱拉吉玛赫部落的情况即是如此。该部落是安条克附近的一个基督教部落,他们与穆斯林议和,承诺与穆斯林结盟,并在战斗中站在穆斯林一边,条件是不被要求缴纳人头税,并应获得其应得的战利品份额。2

"As stated above, the jizyah was levied on the able-bodied males, in lieu of the military service they would have been called upon to perform had they been Musalmans; and it is very noticeable that when any Christian people served ill the Muslim army, they were exempted from the payment of this tax. Such was the case with the tribe of al- Jurajimah, a Christian tribe in the neighborhood of Antioch, who made peace with the Muslims, promising them to be their allies and fight on their side in battle, on condition that they should not be called upon to pay jizyah and should receive their proper share of the booty".2

由此可见,征收人头税并非出于任何宗教歧视。事实是,无论信仰何种宗教,凡不参加兵役者都要缴纳此税。在这方面,援引以下经文颇有助益:

From this it is clear that the imposition of tribute is not the result of any religious discrimination. The truth is that the tribute was imposed on all those who did not take part in military service regardless of their religious belief. It would be useful to refer in this respect to the following Holy verse:

"你们应当与那些不信真主、不信末日、不以真主和使者所禁止的为禁、不遵奉真理之教的人作战，即使他们是有经典的人，直到他们心甘情愿地缴纳人头税，并且顺服受制。"（第九章第二十九节）

"Fight those who believe not in God nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by God and His Apostle, nor acknowledge the Religion of Truth (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizyah with willing submission and feel themselves subdued" (ix : 29).

需要指出的是，这节经文指的是那些向伊斯兰发动战争的非穆斯林，并不适用于生活在伊斯兰国家中的非穆斯林。

It should be pointed out that this verse refers to non-Muslims who wage war against Islam. It does not apply to the non-Muslims living in Islamic countries.

最后，我要提醒大家：伊斯兰国家中穆斯林与非穆斯林之间的纷争种子，是殖民主义者和共产主义者播下的。共产主义这些魔鬼会根据各个群体的特殊愿望去向他们喊话。他们对工人阶级说："如果你们接受共产主义，我们就把所有工厂交给你们。"对农民，他们许诺把土地分给他们。对失业的大学毕业生，他们说："如果你们成为共产主义者，你们就能得到符合你们资历的工作。"

In conclusion, I should like to warn that the seeds of dissension between Muslims and non-Muslims living in Islamic countries are sown by colonialists as well as by communists. The communist devils address each community in accordance with its particular aspirations. They address the working classes saying, "If you adopt Communism we shall hand over all factories to you" while speaking to peasants, they promise to give them the lands. On talking to unemployed graduates they say, "If you become communists you will get the jobs that fit in with your qualifications".

至于那些遭受性压抑之苦的青年，共产主义者向他们许诺一个自由的社会，在那里每个人都可以随心所欲地行事，不受法律的干预，也不受传统的束缚。

As for the youth suffering from sexual repression, the communists promise them a free society, where every one can act as one likes without intervention by law or subjection to traditions.

共产主义者这样对基督徒说:"如果你们接受共产主义,我们就要消灭伊斯兰教,这是一种因人的宗教而歧视人的宗教。"但是"他们口中说出的话多么严重,他们所说的无非是谎言"(十八章5节)。

The communists address Christians in the following manner: "If you adopt communism we shall destroy Islam, the religion that discriminates among people on account of their religion." But "it is a grievous thing that comes from their mouths as a saying, for, what they say is nothing but falsehood" (xviii: 5).

不能说伊斯兰教因人的宗教信仰不同而区别对待他们，因为伊斯兰教将基本权利赋予所有人，不做任何区分。伊斯兰教以纯粹的人类基础将所有人聚集在一起，同时在其自身的照顾和保护之下，保障他们拥有选择自己所信宗教的绝对自由。

It cannot be said that Islam distinguishes among people on account of their religion because Islam confers the essential rights on all people without any distinction. Islam brings all people together on a purely human basis and at the same time guarantees them absolute freedom to adopt the religion of their choice, under its own care and protection.

此外,东方的基督徒也渴望保持与穆斯林的历史联系并维护彼此的共同利益,因此让我们希望他们不要听信这些宣传者或异见者的话。

Besides, as the Christians of the East are also anxious to retain their historical links with Muslims and protect their mutual interests, let us hope that they would not listen to these propagandists or dissenters.