Glossary
Amnioblast: a cell derived from the ectoderm which forms the wall of the amniotic cavity, i.e. the amnion.
Amniotic cavity: the cavity surrounded by the amnion, filled with amniotic fluid, surrounding the foetus.
Blastocyst: the hollow sphere of cells derived from the morula consisting of the inner cell mass and outer trophoblast.
Cartiliginous plate: the growth plate in a developing long bone.
Chorion: the membrane that surrounds the foetus, consisting of trophoblast and extra-embryonic mesoderm.
Chorionic villi: the finger like protrusions of chorion and trophoblast which contain blood vessels, and are surrounded by maternal blood in the intervillous spaces.
Cytotrophoblast: the cellular part of the trophoblast, as distinguished from the syncytiotrophoblast.
Ectoderm: the outer germ cell layer that gives rise to the epidermis of the skin, the nervous system and sense organs.
Endoderm: the inner germ cell layer from which the lining of the gut tube and its associated glandular structures are derived.
Endometrium: the inner lining of the uterus in which implantation occurs.
Extra-embryonic coelom: the space between the layers of the extra-embryonic mesoderm; also known as the chorionic 60. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 75
61. Hans Wehr, page 912
62. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 5, page 411
63.Ibid, Volume 5, page 2134
64.http://www.elnaggarzr.com/en/main.php?id=94 retrieved 8 September 2011, 23:07
65. Muhammad Mohar Ali. A Word for Word Meaning of the Qur’an. Volume II. JIMAS. 2003, page 1044
66. Ibid 67. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 6.
68. Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. 7th Edition. Saunders. 2008, page 50
69. Corpus Medicorum Graecorum: Galeni de Semine (Galen: On Semen) (Greek text with English trans. Phillip de Lacy, Akademic Verlag, 1992) section I:9:1-10, pp. 92-95
70. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 5, page 2087.
71. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 20.
72. Ibid, page 23
73. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 147.
74. See here http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/023.qmt.html. Retrieved 8 August 2011, 09:48.
75. The Koran: Interpreted. Arthur J Arberry. Oxford University Press. 1998, page 343.
76. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page23
77. Ibid 78. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 147.
79. Hans Wehr, page 823
80. Ibid, page 861
81. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 7, page 2492
82. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 24.
83. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 148.
84. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. 4th Edition. Mosby. 2008, Page 333 85. Aristotle. On the Parts of Animals. Translated by William Ogle. New York: Garland Pub. 1987, page 40
86. Aristotle. Generation of Animals. Translated by A. L. Peck. Heinemann. 1942 edition.
87. Ibid 88. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 148.
89. Ibid 90. Bruce M Carlson. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. 4th Edition. Mosby. 2008, page 224 91. Hans Wehr, page 258
92. Ibid, page 8
93. Muhammad ibn Umar Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Tafsir al-Kabir 94. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 1
95. M. Z. Siddiqi. Studies in Arabic and Persian Medical Literature. Calcutta University. 1959, page 6 - 7
96. H. Bailey (ed). Cambridge History of Iran, vol 4. Cambridge University Press 1975 pages 414
97. A. A. Khairallah. Outline of Arabic Contributions to Medicine. American Press, Beirut. 1946, page 22
98. Martin Lings. Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. The Islamic Texts Society. 1983, page 34
99. Ibid, page 52
100. Ibid, pages 53 - 79
101. W. Montgomery Watt. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford. 1953, page 52
102. David C. Lindberg. The Beginnings of Western Science. University Of Chicago Press. 1992, pages, 164-165
103. Roy Porter. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. Fontana Press.1999, page,94.
104. M. Ullman. Die Medizin im Islam. Leiden ad Cologne. 1970, pages 19-20; F. Rosenthal, apud his translation of Ibn Muqaddima, II, 373.
105. The Islamic World: From Classic to Modern Times. Edited, C. E. Bosworth et al. Darwin. 1991, page 129
106. Plinio Prioreschi. A History of Medicine. 2001, page 369.
107. William Charles Brice. An Historical Atlas of Islam. Brill. 1981, page 355
108. Abubakr Asadulla. Islam vs. West: Fact or Fiction? A Brief Historical, Political, Theological, Philosophical, and Psychological Perspective. iUniverse. 2009 , page 76
109. See Ibn Athir’s Usud al-Ghabah fi Ma’rifat as-Sahabah 100. Tabari. Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk, ed. M. J. Goeje et al. (Leiden, 1879-1901), I, 2127-28, page 1116
111. This chapter is a Meccan which means that the verses were revealed before the migration (hijrah) to Medina. The conquest of Ta’if occurred after hijrah. The Qur’an: A New Translation. Oxford University Press. 2005, page 215
112. Ibid, page 137
113.http://islampapers.com/2011/10/02/was-al-harith-the-source-of-the-prophets-medical-knowledge/ retrieved 3 October 2011, 08:46.
114. http://quran.com/86 Retrieved 25 September 2011, 21:23
115. Hans Wehr, page 521
116. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 4, page 1712.
117. Ibid, volume 1, page 301.
118. Taj Al Arus Min Jawahir Al Qamus, or refer to Muhammad Asad’s footnote in his translation of the Qur’an, which can be found here http://arthursclassicnovels.com/koran/koran-asad10.html, retrieved 5 September 2011, 15:31.
119. Al-Bukhari and Muslim, narrated by Hudhayfa 120. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/assets/swf/1/how-sex-determined/how-sex-determined.swf retrieved 3 October 2011, 09:10.
60. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 75
61. Hans Wehr, page 912
62. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 5, page 411
63.Ibid, Volume 5, page 2134
64.http://www.elnaggarzr.com/en/main.php?id=94 retrieved 8 September 2011, 23:07
65. Muhammad Mohar Ali. A Word for Word Meaning of the Qur’an. Volume II. JIMAS. 2003, page 1044
66. Ibid 67. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 6.
68. Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. 7th Edition. Saunders. 2008, page 50
69. Corpus Medicorum Graecorum: Galeni de Semine (Galen: On Semen) (Greek text with English trans. Phillip de Lacy, Akademic Verlag, 1992) section I:9:1-10, pp. 92-95
70. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 5, page 2087.
71. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 20.
72. Ibid, page 23
73. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 147.
74. See here http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/023.qmt.html. Retrieved 8 August 2011, 09:48.
75. The Koran: Interpreted. Arthur J Arberry. Oxford University Press. 1998, page 343.
76. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page23
77. Ibid 78. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 147.
79. Hans Wehr, page 823
80. Ibid, page 861
81. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 7, page 2492
82. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 24.
83. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 148.
84. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. 4th Edition. Mosby. 2008, Page 333 85. Aristotle. On the Parts of Animals. Translated by William Ogle. New York: Garland Pub. 1987, page 40
86. Aristotle. Generation of Animals. Translated by A. L. Peck. Heinemann. 1942 edition.
87. Ibid 88. The Fundamentals of Human Embryology. 2nd Edition. Wits University Press. 2010, page 148.
89. Ibid 90. Bruce M Carlson. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. 4th Edition. Mosby. 2008, page 224 91. Hans Wehr, page 258
92. Ibid, page 8
93. Muhammad ibn Umar Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Tafsir al-Kabir 94. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. 2009, page 1
95. M. Z. Siddiqi. Studies in Arabic and Persian Medical Literature. Calcutta University. 1959, page 6 - 7
96. H. Bailey (ed). Cambridge History of Iran, vol 4. Cambridge University Press 1975 pages 414
97. A. A. Khairallah. Outline of Arabic Contributions to Medicine. American Press, Beirut. 1946, page 22
98. Martin Lings. Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. The Islamic Texts Society. 1983, page 34
99. Ibid, page 52
100. Ibid, pages 53 - 79
101. W. Montgomery Watt. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford. 1953, page 52
102. David C. Lindberg. The Beginnings of Western Science. University Of Chicago Press. 1992, pages, 164-165
103. Roy Porter. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. Fontana Press.1999, page,94.
104. M. Ullman. Die Medizin im Islam. Leiden ad Cologne. 1970, pages 19-20; F. Rosenthal, apud his translation of Ibn Muqaddima, II, 373.
105. The Islamic World: From Classic to Modern Times. Edited, C. E. Bosworth et al. Darwin. 1991, page 129
106. Plinio Prioreschi. A History of Medicine. 2001, page 369.
107. William Charles Brice. An Historical Atlas of Islam. Brill. 1981, page 355
108. Abubakr Asadulla. Islam vs. West: Fact or Fiction? A Brief Historical, Political, Theological, Philosophical, and Psychological Perspective. iUniverse. 2009 , page 76
109. See Ibn Athir’s Usud al-Ghabah fi Ma’rifat as-Sahabah 100. Tabari. Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk, ed. M. J. Goeje et al. (Leiden, 1879-1901), I, 2127-28, page 1116
111. This chapter is a Meccan which means that the verses were revealed before the migration (hijrah) to Medina. The conquest of Ta’if occurred after hijrah. The Qur’an: A New Translation. Oxford University Press. 2005, page 215
112. Ibid, page 137
113.http://islampapers.com/2011/10/02/was-al-harith-the-source-of-the-prophets-medical-knowledge/ retrieved 3 October 2011, 08:46.
114. http://quran.com/86 Retrieved 25 September 2011, 21:23
115. Hans Wehr, page 521
116. An Arabic-English Lexicon. Librairie Du Liban. 1968. Volume 4, page 1712.
117. Ibid, volume 1, page 301.
118. Taj Al Arus Min Jawahir Al Qamus, or refer to Muhammad Asad’s footnote in his translation of the Qur’an, which can be found here http://arthursclassicnovels.com/koran/koran-asad10.html, retrieved 5 September 2011, 15:31.
119. Al-Bukhari and Muslim, narrated by Hudhayfa 120. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/assets/swf/1/how-sex-determined/how-sex-determined.swf retrieved 3 October 2011, 09:10.
121. Al-Bukhari and Muslim, narrated by Ibn Mas’ud.
122. Narrated by Muslim, Kitab al-Qadar 123. Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Curzon Press. 2001, page 9
124. Ibid, page 5
125. Ibid, page 7
126. Ibid, page 65
127.The Qur’an: with Surah Introductions and Appendices. The Qur’an Project. Saheeh International Translation. 2011, page 345. Qur’an chapter 31 verse 27. www.quranproject.org.