Hadisin Mudallas da Tadlis.

Mudallas hadith & Tadlis.

Hanyoyi daban-daban na ruwaya, misali (ya ruwaito mana), (ya sanar da mu), (na ji) da (daga), ana amfani da su ne a tsakanin masu ruwayar hadisi. Uku na farko suna nuna cewa mai ruwayar da kansa ya ji daga malaminsa, yayin da hanya ta huɗu za ta iya nuna ko dai ya ji ne da kansa ko kuma ta hannun wani mai ruwaya. Hadisi mudallas ("ɓoyayye") shi ne wanda yake da rauni saboda shakku da tadlis ya haifar. Tadlis (ɓoyewa) yana nufin isnadi wanda a cikinsa mai ruwaya ya ɓoye sunan malaminsa. Ibn al-Salah ya bayyana nau'i biyu na tadlis.

Different ways of reporting, e.g. (he narrated to us), (he informed us), (I heard), and (on the authority of) are used by the reporters of hadith. The first three indicate that the reporter personally heard from his shaikh, whereas the fourth mode can denote either hearing in person or through another reporter. A mudallas ("concealed") hadith is one which is weak due to the uncertainty caused by tadlis. Tadlis (concealing) refers to an isnad where a reporter has concealed the identity of his shaikh. Ibn al-Salah describes two types of tadlis:

1. Tadlis al-isnad: Mutum yana ruwaito daga shehinsa wanda ya haɗu da shi, amma bai ji hadisin daga gare shi ba, ko kuma daga wani wanda yake zamani da shi amma bai haɗu da shi ba, ta hanyar da za ta sa mutane su yi zaton ya ji hadisin da kansa. Mudallis (wanda yake aikata tadlis) a nan yakan yi amfani da kalmar "an ruwaito daga" ko "ya ce" domin ɓoye gaskiyar game da isnadi.

1. tadlis al-isnad. A person reports from his shaikh whom he met, what he did not hear from him, or from a contemporary of his whom he did not meet, in such a way as to create the impression that he heard the hadith in person. A mudallis (one who practises tadlis) here usually uses the mode ("on the authority of") or ("he said") to conceal the truth about the isnad.

2. Tadlis al-shuyukh. Mai ruwaya yana ambaton sunan shaikhinsa, amma yana amfani da sunan da ba a san shi sosai ba, ko laƙabi, ko kuma sunan da aka sani da shi, don kada a bayyana ainihin shaikhinsa.38

2. tadlis al-shuyukh. The reporter does mention his shaikh by name, but uses a less well-known name, by-name, nickname etc., in order not to disclose his shaikh's identity.38

Al-'Iraqi (d. 806), a cikin bayanansa a kan Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah, ya ƙara wani nau'i na uku na tadlis:

Al-'Iraqi (d. 806), in his notes on Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah, adds a third type of tadlis:

3. Tadlīs al-taswiyyah. Biyan wannan, bari mu ɗauka cewa wani isnad ya ƙunshi wani shaikh amintacce da ke ruwaito daga wata majiya mai rauni, wadda kuma take ruwaito daga wani shaikh amintacce. To, mai ruwaitowa a cikin wannan isnad yana cire majiyar rauni ta tsakiya, sai ya bar shi yana bayyana kamar ya ƙunshi majiyoyi amintattu kawai. Yana nuna a fili cewa ya ji hadisin daga shaikinsa, amma yana amfani da salon "daga wurin" wajen haɗa shaikinsa na kusa da amintaccen shaikin na gaba. Ga ɗalibi na al'ada, wannan isnad yana kama da wanda babu shakka ko saɓani a cikinsa. An san cewa Baqiyyah b. al-Walid, Walid b. Muslim, al-A'mash da al-Thauri sun yi wannan aiki. An ce shi ne mafi muni a cikin nau'o'in tadlīs guda uku.39.

3. tadlis al-taswiyyah. To explain it, let us assume an isnad which contains a trustworthy shaikh reporting from a weak authority, who in turn reports from another trustworthy shaikh. Now, the reporter of this isnad omits the intermediate weak authority, leaving it apparently consisting of reliable authorities. He plainly shows that he heard it from his shaikh but he uses the mode "on the authority of" to link his immediate shaikh with the next trustworthy one. To an average student, this isnad seems free of any doubt or discrepancy. This is known to have been practised by Baqiyyah b. al-Walid, Walid b. Muslim, al-A'mash and al- Thauri. It is said to be the worst among the three kinds of tadlis.39.

Ibn Hajar ya raba waɗanda suka aikata tadlis zuwa nau'o'i biyar a cikin littafinsa Tabaqat al-Mudallisin: • Waɗanda aka sani da yin shi lokaci-lokaci, kamar Yahya b. Sa'id al-Ansari.

Ibn Hajar classifies those who practised tadlis into five categories in his essay Tabaqat al- Mudallisin: • Those who are known to do it occasionally, such as Yahya b. Sa'id al-Ansari.

• Waɗanda malaman hadisi suka karɓa, ko dai saboda kyakkyawan suna da kuma ƙarancin lamuran tadlis, misali Sufyan al-Thauri (d. 161), ko kuma saboda sun ruwaito daga amintattun majiyoyi kawai, misali Sufyan Ibn 'Uyainah (d. 198).

• Those who are accepted by the traditionists, either because of their good reputation and relatively few cases of tadlis, e.g. Sufyan al-Thauri (d. 161), or because they reported from authentic authorities only, e.g. Sufyan Ibn 'Uyainah (d. 198).

• Waɗanda suka yi aiki da shi sosai, kuma malaman hadisi sun karɓi irin waɗannan hadisai daga gare su waɗanda aka ruwaito su da bayyanannen ambaton jin kai tsaye. Daga cikinsu akwai Abu 'l-Zubair al-Makki, wanda hadisansa da ya ruwaito daga sahabi Jabir b. 'Abdullah aka tattara a cikin Sahih Muslim. Akwai sabani game da ko ana karɓar hadisansa ko a'a.

• Those who practised it a great deal, and the traditionists have accepted such ahadith from them which were reported with a clear mention of hearing directly. Among these are Abu 'l- Zubair al Makki, whose ahadith narrated from the Companion Jabir b. 'Abdullah have been collected in Sahih Muslim. Opinions differ regarding whether they are acceptable or not.

• Irin wannan rukunin da ya gabata ne, sai dai malaman hadisi sun yarda cewa hadisansu za a ƙi su sai dai idan sun bayyana sarai cewa sun ji hadisin, kamar da cewa "Na ji"; misali na wannan rukunin shi ne Baqiyyah b. al-Walid.

• Similar to the previous category, but the traditionists agree that their ahadith are to be rejected unless they clearly admit of their hearing, such as by saying "I heard"; an example of this category is Baqiyyah b. al- Walid.

• Waɗanda aka soki su saboda wata dalili banda tadlis; hadisansu ana ƙin karɓa, koda kuwa sun yarda cewa sun ji su kai tsaye. Ban da su akwai masu ruwaito irin su Ibn Lahi'ah, alƙalin Masar sanannen nan, wanda raunin sa ya zama ƙasa da na sauran. Ibn Hajar ya ambaci sunayen masu ruwaito irin wannan guda 152.40.

• Those who are disparaged due to another reason apart from tadlis; their ahadith are rejected, even though they admit of hearing them directly. Exempted from them are reporters such as Ibn Lahi'ah, the famous Egyptian judge, whose weakness is found to be of a lesser degree. Ibn Hajar gives the names of 152 such reporters.40.

Tadlis, musamman na nau'i-nau'i uku na ƙarshe, an ƙi shi ƙwarai har Shu'bah (d. 170) ya ce, "Tadlis ɗan'uwan ƙarya ne," kuma ya ce, "Yin zina ya fi zama abin so a gare ni fiye da ruwaito hadisi ta hanyar Tadlis."41.

Tadlis, especially of those in the last three categories, is so disliked that Shu'bah (d. 170) said, "Tadlis is the brother of lying" and "To commit adultery is more favourable to me than to report by way of Tadlis."41.

Musalsal.

Musalsal.

Isnadin musalsal (wanda aka haɗa shi a jere) shi ne isnadin da dukkan masu ruwaitawa, da kuma Manzon Allah ﷺ, suke amfani da irin hanyar ruwaya iri ɗaya, kamar 'an, haddathana, da sauransu, su maimaita wata magana ko sharhi, ko su yi wani aiki ta wata hanya ta musamman yayin ruwayar hadisin. Al-Hakim ya ba da misalai takwas na irin waɗannan isnadai, kowannensu yana da wani halayya daban da ake maimaitawa: na ɗaya shi ne amfani da kalmar sami'tu (na ji).

A musalsal (uniformly-linked) isnad is one in which all the reporters, as well as the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), use the same mode of transmission such as 'an, haddathana, etc., repeat any other additional statement or remark, or act in a particular manner while narrating the hadith. Al-Hakim gives eight examples of such isnads, each having a different characteristic repeated feature: l use of the phrase sami'tu (I heard):

"tsaya ka zuba min ruwa domin in nuna maka yadda shaikhina ya yi alwala"

• the expression "stand and pour water for me so that I may illustrate the way my shaikh performed ablution".

• haddathana (ya bada labari gare mu).

• haddathana (he narrated to us).

• ya umarce ni (ya ba ni umarni).

• amarani (he commanded me).

• riƙe gemu.

• holding one's beard.

• misalta ta hanyar ƙirga a kan yatsu biyar.

• illustrating by counting on five fingers.

"Ina shaida cewa ..."; da.

• the expression "I testify that ..."; and.

haɗa yatsu juna.42.

•interlocking the fingers.42.

Sanin musalsal yana taimakawa wajen kawar da yiwuwar tadlis.

Knowledge of musalsal helps in discounting the possibility of tadlis.