Nakala za awali za Qur'ani kwa kawaida ziliandikwa juu ya ngozi ya wanyama. Tunajua kwamba wakati wa uhai wa Mtume ﷺ, sehemu za wahyi ziliandikwa juu ya vifaa vya aina mbalimbali, kama vile mfupa, ngozi ya wanyama, mapande ya mitende, n.k. Wino ulitengenezwa kutokana na masizi.

Early manuscripts of the Qur'an were typically written on animal skin. We know that in the lifetime of the Prophet, parts of the revelation were written on all kinds of materials, such as bone, animal skin, palm risps, etc. The ink was prepared from soot.

Maandishi yote ya zamani ya Qur'ani hayana alama zozote za nukta au ishara za vokali kama ilivyoelezwa hapo juu. Pia hakuna vichwa vya habari wala mgawanyo kati ya sūrah, wala mgawanyo mwingine wowote, wala alama rasmi ya mwisho wa aya. Wanazuoni hutofautisha aina mbili za uandishi wa mwanzo:

All old Qur'anic script is completely without any diacritical points or vowel signs as explained above. Also there are no headings or separations between the sSras nor any other kind of division, nor even any formal indication of the end of a verse. Scholars distinguish between two types of early writing:

Kufi, ambayo ni nzito kiasi na si mnene sana.

 Kufi, which is fairly heavy and not very dense.

Hijazi, ambayo ni nyepesi zaidi, mnene zaidi, na yenye mwelekeo kidogo upande wa kulia.

 Hijazi, which is lighter, more dense and slightly inclined towards the right.

Baadhi ya watu wanaamini kwamba maandishi ya Hijazi ni ya kale zaidi kuliko ya Kufi, wakati wengine husema kwamba yote mawili yalitumika kwa wakati mmoja, lakini kwamba Hijazi ilikuwa mtindo usio rasmi sana. [Huu ni mtazamo wa N. Abbott: 'Hatuwezi tena kuchora mstari wa kimpangilio wa wakati unaotenganisha kile kinachoitwa kwa kawaida maandishi ya Kufi na ya Naskhi, wala hatuwezi kuyachukulia la mwisho kuwa maendeleo ya la kwanza. Hili ... sasa linahitaji kutambuliwa kwa upana zaidi. Vifaa vyetu vinaonyesha kwamba mielekeo miwili ilifanya kazi kwa wakati mmoja, yote ikiwa ya kiasili' (Abbott, op. cit., uk. 16)]

Some believe that the Hijazi is older than the Kufi, while others say that both were in use at the same time, but that Hijazi was the less formal style. [This is the view of N. Abbott: 'We can no longer draw a chronological demarcation line between what are commonly termed the Kufi and the Naskhi scripts, nor can we consider the latter as a development of the former. This ... now demands a more general recognition. Our materials show that there were two tendencies at work simultaneously, both of them natural ones' (Abbott, op. cit., p.16)]

Nakala nyingi za Qur'ani zilitengenezwa baada ya zama za Mtume Muhammad ﷺ na Makhalifa Waongofu, na waandishi wa nakala hizi walifuata kwa ukali tahajia ya Qur'ani ya 'Uthmaniyya. Ikilinganishwa na tahajia ya kawaida ya Kiarabu, zipo baadhi ya pekee zake. Hizi ni chache, zinazohusu herufi alif, yti, WtiW tu, kama mifano: [Kwa mifano zaidi angalia Kamal, op. cit., kur. 47-9; orodha ya mambo haya ya pekee imetolewa na M.

Numerous copies of the Qur'an were made after the time of the Prophet Muhammad and the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, and the writers of these manuscripts strictly observed the autography of the 'Uthmanic Qur'an. There are, compared to the usual Arabic spelling, some peculiarities. Here are a few of them, only concerning the letters alif, yti, WtiW, by way of examples: [For more examples see Kamal, op. cit., pp.47-9; a list of these peculiarities has been provided by M.

Hamidullah: 'Orthographical Peculiarities in the text of the Qur'an, katika: Islamic Order, 3 (4), 1981, kurasa 72-86.].

Hamidullah: 'Orthographical Peculiarities in the text of the Qur'an, in: Islamic Order, 3 (4), 1981, pp.72-86.].

Herufi alif mara nyingi huandikwa juu ya herufi badala ya baada yake.

 The letter alif is often written on top of a letter instead of afterit.

Herufi ya (au alif) ya neno hilo imeachwa.

 The letter ya (or alif) of the word is omitted.

I'm happy to translate, but I don't see any text yet. Please paste the passage you'd like translated into Swahili, and I'll translate it following the rules you've set out.

 Some words have the letter waw in place of alif.