Mudallas hadith（含糊圣训）与 Tadlis（隐瞒与诈称）

Mudallas hadith & Tadlis.

圣训传述者使用不同的传述用语，例如"他向我们叙述"、"他告知我们"、"我听他说"以及"从某人处"。前三种表明传述者亲耳从其师长处听闻，而第四种"从某人处"则既可能表示亲自听闻，也可能表示经由另一位传述者转述。 Mudallas（"隐匿"）的圣训，是指因存在隐匿（tadlis）所造成的不确定性而被视为弱的圣训。Tadlis（隐匿）是指在某条传述链（isnad）中，传述者隐瞒了其师长的身份。伊本·萨拉赫将隐匿分为两种。

Different ways of reporting, e.g. (he narrated to us), (he informed us), (I heard), and (on the authority of) are used by the reporters of hadith. The first three indicate that the reporter personally heard from his shaikh, whereas the fourth mode can denote either hearing in person or through another reporter. A mudallas ("concealed") hadith is one which is weak due to the uncertainty caused by tadlis. Tadlis (concealing) refers to an isnad where a reporter has concealed the identity of his shaikh. Ibn al-Salah describes two types of tadlis:

1. 隐蔽传述链的讹略（tadlīs al-isnād）。即一人从他曾经见过的shaykh那里转述，但实际上并未从其本人听闻的内容；或从他同时代却未曾谋面的人那里转述，从而造成他亲自听闻该圣训的印象。行讹略者（mudallis）在此通常使用“عن”（“据……传述”）或“قال”（“他说”）这类表述，以掩盖传述链的真实情况。

1. tadlis al-isnad. A person reports from his shaikh whom he met, what he did not hear from him, or from a contemporary of his whom he did not meet, in such a way as to create the impression that he heard the hadith in person. A mudallis (one who practises tadlis) here usually uses the mode ("on the authority of") or ("he said") to conceal the truth about the isnad.

2. 隐瞒师承（Tadlis al-Shuyukh）。叙述者确实提到了他的老师，但使用的是一个不太为人所知的名字、别称或绰号，以此来隐瞒其老师的身份。38

2. tadlis al-shuyukh. The reporter does mention his shaikh by name, but uses a less well-known name, by-name, nickname etc., in order not to disclose his shaikh's identity.38

阿拉奇（卒于806年）在其对伊本·al-萨拉赫《导论》的注释中，又增补了第三种类型的诠释性隐匿（tadlis）。

Al-'Iraqi (d. 806), in his notes on Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah, adds a third type of tadlis:

3. تدليس التسوية. ولتوضيح ذلك، لنفترض إسنادًا يشتمل على شيخ ثقة يروي عن راوٍ ضعيف، وهذا بدوره يروي عن شيخ ثقة آخر. ثم يُسقط راوي هذا الإسناد الراوي الضعيف الوسيط، فيبدو الإسناد وكأنه مكون من رواة ثقات. وهو يبيّن بوضوح أنه سمع الحديث من شيخه، لكنه يستخدم صيغة «عن» للربط بين شيخه المباشر والشيخ الثقة التالي. فيبدو هذا الإسناد لطالب العلم العادي خاليًا من أي شك أو اضطراب. وقد عُرف أن هذا الفعل صدر عن بقية بن الوليد، والوليد بن مسلم، والأعمش، والثوري. ويقال إنه أسوأ أنواع التدليس الثلاثة.

3. tadlis al-taswiyyah. To explain it, let us assume an isnad which contains a trustworthy shaikh reporting from a weak authority, who in turn reports from another trustworthy shaikh. Now, the reporter of this isnad omits the intermediate weak authority, leaving it apparently consisting of reliable authorities. He plainly shows that he heard it from his shaikh but he uses the mode "on the authority of" to link his immediate shaikh with the next trustworthy one. To an average student, this isnad seems free of any doubt or discrepancy. This is known to have been practised by Baqiyyah b. al-Walid, Walid b. Muslim, al-A'mash and al- Thauri. It is said to be the worst among the three kinds of tadlis.39.

Ibn Hajar 在他的论文《Tabaqat al-Mudallisin》中，将实施 tadlis（隐蔽传述）的人分为五类： • 那些被认为偶尔这样做的人，例如 Yahya b. Sa'id al-Ansari。

Ibn Hajar classifies those who practised tadlis into five categories in his essay Tabaqat al- Mudallisin: • Those who are known to do it occasionally, such as Yahya b. Sa'id al-Ansari.

• 被圣训学者接受的人，或因声誉良好、tadlis（隐瞒传述来源的行为）的情况相对较少，例如Sufyan al-Thauri（卒于161年）；或因只从可靠的传述者处传述，例如Sufyan Ibn 'Uyainah（卒于198年）。

• Those who are accepted by the traditionists, either because of their good reputation and relatively few cases of tadlis, e.g. Sufyan al-Thauri (d. 161), or because they reported from authentic authorities only, e.g. Sufyan Ibn 'Uyainah (d. 198).

• 那些大量从事此道的人，以及圣训学者所接受的那些传闻，是他们中间明确提到亲耳听闻的圣训。其中包括艾布·祖拜尔·麦克奇（Abu 'l-Zubair al-Makki），他从圣门弟子嘉比尔·本·阿卜杜拉（Jabir b. 'Abdullah）处传述的圣训已被收录于《萨希赫·穆斯林》中。关于这些圣训是否可以采信，学者们的意见存在分歧。

• Those who practised it a great deal, and the traditionists have accepted such ahadith from them which were reported with a clear mention of hearing directly. Among these are Abu 'l- Zubair al Makki, whose ahadith narrated from the Companion Jabir b. 'Abdullah have been collected in Sahih Muslim. Opinions differ regarding whether they are acceptable or not.

• 与前一类相似，但圣训学者们一致认为，除非他们明确表示自己听闻过该圣训，例如说"我听到了"，否则其圣训应予拒绝；这一类的例子是巴基叶·本·瓦利德（Baqiyyah b. al-Walid）。

• Similar to the previous category, but the traditionists agree that their ahadith are to be rejected unless they clearly admit of their hearing, such as by saying "I heard"; an example of this category is Baqiyyah b. al- Walid.

• 那些因tadlis以外的其他原因而受到贬损的传述者，即使他们承认是亲耳听闻其圣训，其圣训仍被拒绝。不过，有些传述者被排除在外，例如埃及著名的法官伊本·拉希阿（Ibn Lahi'ah），他的弱点被认为程度较轻。伊本·哈哲尔列举了152位此类传述者。40。

• Those who are disparaged due to another reason apart from tadlis; their ahadith are rejected, even though they admit of hearing them directly. Exempted from them are reporters such as Ibn Lahi'ah, the famous Egyptian judge, whose weakness is found to be of a lesser degree. Ibn Hajar gives the names of 152 such reporters.40.

"Tadlis"(تدليس)的情形,尤其是后三类,是如此令人厌恶,以至于Shu'bah(卒于170年)说:"Tadlis是谎言的兄弟。"又说:"通奸对我而言比以Tadlis的方式传述更可取。"41

Tadlis, especially of those in the last three categories, is so disliked that Shu'bah (d. 170) said, "Tadlis is the brother of lying" and "To commit adultery is more favourable to me than to report by way of Tadlis."41.

Musalsal.

Musalsal.

一条"musalsal"(连贯)的isnad,是指所有传述人以及先知ﷺ在传述中都使用相同的传授方式,例如"'an"(从……)、"haddathana"(某某告诉我们)等,或者在叙述圣训时重复某种额外的言语或陈述,或以特定方式行事。阿尔-哈基姆列举了八个此类isnad的例子,每个都有一种不同的重复特征:一、使用"sami'tu"(我听到)一语。

A musalsal (uniformly-linked) isnad is one in which all the reporters, as well as the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), use the same mode of transmission such as 'an, haddathana, etc., repeat any other additional statement or remark, or act in a particular manner while narrating the hadith. Al-Hakim gives eight examples of such isnads, each having a different characteristic repeated feature: l use of the phrase sami'tu (I heard):

"站起来为我倒水，以便我演示我的师长是如何进行小净的"。

• the expression "stand and pour water for me so that I may illustrate the way my shaikh performed ablution".

• 哈达萨纳（他向我们叙述）。

• haddathana (he narrated to us).

• amarani（他命令我）。

• amarani (he commanded me).

• 握住自己的胡须。

• holding one's beard.

• 用五根手指来计数作说明。

• illustrating by counting on five fingers.

"我作证……"；以及。

• the expression "I testify that ..."; and.

十指交叉。42.

•interlocking the fingers.42.

知道"无间断传述链"（musalsal）有助于排除"隐瞒"（tadlis）的可能性。

Knowledge of musalsal helps in discounting the possibility of tadlis.