Mutawatir 与 Ahad

Mutawatir & Ahad.

根据传述链中每一代传述人的人数，圣训可大致分为两大类：段斯图（"连续传述"，即mutawatir）圣训和阿哈德（"单传"，即ahad）圣训。段斯图圣训是指由人数众多的人所传述的圣训，以至于他们不可能共同串通一致地编造谎言。29.

Depending on the number of the reporters of the hadith in each stage of the isnad, i.e. in each generation of reporters, it can be classified into the general categories of mutawatir ("consecutive") or ahad ("single") hadith. A mutawatir hadith is one which is reported by such a large number of people that they cannot be expected to agree upon a lie, all of them together.29.

阿勒·哥载利（卒于505年）规定，一则穆塔瓦特尔（mutawatir）传闻必须由数量庞大的传述者在开端、中段和末端都同样地予以知晓。 他的这一规定是正确的，因为有些传闻或观点，虽然在某些人群中被视为穆塔瓦特尔（无论是穆斯林还是非穆斯林），但其起初并无穆塔瓦特尔的性质。“庞大数量的传述者”并没有精确的定义；尽管四、五、七、十、十二、四十、七十等数字，以及其他一些数字，都曾被不同学者提出作为最低限度，但具体数目并不关键（某些传述者，例如圣训学者的伊玛目，本身就比其同时代的其他人更具分量）。重要的条件是：巧合或“有组织的虚构”的可能性必须明显可以忽略不计。

Al-Ghazali (d. 505) stipulates that a mutawatir narration be known by the sizeable number of its reporters equally in the beginning, in the middle and at the end.30 He is correct in this stipulation because some narrations or ideas, although known as mutawatir among some people, whether Muslims or non-Muslims, originally have no tawatur. There is no precise definition for a "large number of reporters"; although the numbers four, five, seven, ten, twelve, forty and seventy, among others, have all been variously suggested as a minimum, the exact number is irrelevant (some reporters, e.g. Imams of Hadith, carry more weight anyway than others who are their contemporaries): the important condition is that the possibility of coincidence or "organised falsehood" be obviously negligible.31.

以下是互相传承（mutawatir）的做法的例子：每日五次拜功、斋戒、天课、朝觐，以及诵读《古兰经》。在以言语形式互相传承（mutawatir）的圣训中，下面这段话由至少六十二位圣门弟子从先知穆罕默德ﷺ处转述，并且历代穆斯林都广为熟知："谁故意捏造谎言归于我，就让他预备好自己在火狱中的座位。"

Examples of mutawatir practices are the five daily prayers, fasting, zakat, the Hajj and recitation of the Qur'an. Among the verbal mutawatir ahadith, the following has been reported by at least sixty-two Companions from the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), and has been widely-known amongst the Muslims throughout the ages: "Whoever invents a lie and attributes it to me intentionally, let him prepare his seat in the Fire.".

以下是关于来世中“Haud Kauthar”（丰盈清池）的描述、礼拜中在特定姿势举手、洗小净时用湿手擦拭皮袜、《古兰经》以七种读法降示，以及禁止一切致醉物的圣训，这些都是言辞型穆塔瓦特尔圣训的例子。32.

Ahadith related to the description of the Haud Kauthar (the Basin of Abundant Goodness) in the Hereafter, raising the hands at certain postures during prayer, rubbing wet hands on the leather socks during ablution, revelation of the Qur'an in seven modes, and the prohibition of every intoxicant are further examples of verbal mutawatir ahadith.32.

《哈迪斯·阿哈德》或称《合巴尔·瓦希德》，是指其传述者人数未达到穆坦瓦提尔（Mutawatir）级别的圣训。阿哈德圣训又可进一步分为以下几类：

A hadith ahad or khabar wahid is one which is narrated by people whose number does not reach that of the mutawatir case. Ahad is further classified into:

Gharib（غريب）、'Aziz（عزيز）与 Mashhur（مشهور）

Gharib, 'Aziz & Mashhur.

一段圣训被称为“gharib”（稀有、奇特），是指在其传述链（isnad）的某一层级中，仅有一位传述人传述它。例如，先知（愿安拉赐福他并使他平安）所说的“旅行是一种惩罚的一部分”便是gharib圣训；该圣训的传述链在每一层级都只有一位传述人：马立克 —— 叶哈雅·本·阿布·萨利哈 —— 艾布·胡莱赖 —— 先知ﷺ。就其传述链而言，这段圣训是沙希（sahih）的，不过大多数gharib圣训都是弱的。艾哈迈德·本·罕百勒说：“不要记录这些gharib圣训，因为它们是不可接受的，而且其中大多数是弱的。”33。

A hadith is termed gharib ("scarce, strange") when only a single reporter is found relating it at some stage of the isnad. For example, the saying of the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), "Travel is a piece of punishment" is gharib; the isnad of this hadith contains only one reporter in each stage: Malik --- Yahya b. Abi Salih --- Abu Hurairah --- the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). With regard to its isnad, this hadith is sahih, although most gharib ahadith are weak; Ahmad b. Hanbal said, "Do not write these gharib ahadith because they are unacceptable, and most of them are weak."33.

一种与“gharib”（罕见）相似的圣训类型是“fard”（孤立）；它有三种情况。

A type of hadith similar to gharib is fard ("solitary"); it is known in three ways:

与“gharib”类似，即只有一个人被发现从某位知名的伊玛目处转述此段内容。

1. similar to gharib, i.e. a single person is found reporting it from a well-known Imam.

2. 只有某一地区的人被认为在传述这段圣训。

2. the people of one locality only are known to narrate the hadith.

3. 一个地区的传述者从另一个地区的传述者那里转述圣训，例如麦加人从麦地那人那里转述圣训。 34.

3. narrators from one locality report the hadith from narrators of another locality, such as the people of Makkah reporting from the people of Madinah.34.

如果在圣训传述链(isnad)的任何一个环节中，只有两位传述人讲述这段圣训，它就被称为"'Aziz"（意为"稀有、有力"）。例如，安那斯（Anas）传述：安拉的使者ﷺ说："你们中任何一人都不算真正信道，直到我在他心中比他的父亲、他的儿子和所有人更为可爱。"

If at any stage in the isnad, only two reporters are found to narrate the hadith, it is termed 'aziz ("rare, strong"). For example, Anas reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said, "None of you (truly) believes until I become more beloved to him than his father, his son, and all the people." .

两位传述人，卡塔达（Qatadah）和阿布杜勒·阿齐兹·本·舒艾卜（'Abdul 'Aziz b. Shu'aib），从安斯（Anas）传述这段圣训；又有两位传述人从他们每人处转述：舒അ鲍（Shu'bah）和赛义德（Sa'id）从卡塔达处转述，伊斯玛仪·本·乌莱耶（Isma'il b. Ulayyah）和阿布杜勒·瓦里斯（'Abd al-Warith）从阿布杜勒·阿齐兹处转述；然后有一群人从他们每人处转述。35

Two reporters, Qatadah and 'Abdul 'Aziz b. Shu'aib, report this hadith from Anas, and two more reporters narrate from each of them: Shu'bah and Sa'id report from Qatada, and Isma'il b. Ulayyah and 'Abd al-Warith from 'Abd al-'Aziz; then a group of people report from each of them.35

一条由超过两位传述人转述的圣训称为“马什胡尔”（即“著名的”）。据一些学者所言，凡是广为人知的传述，无论其来源是否可靠，都被称为“马什胡尔”。一条马什胡尔圣训在初期可能只由一两位传述人转述，但后来才广为人知；这与“迦立卜”或“阿齐兹”不同，后两者在初期由一两位传述人转述，并且即使到了再传弟子及其后的时代，传述人数仍然保持不变。例如，如果只有一两位传述人从圣训学中可靠的权威人士（如祖赫里和盖塔德）那里转述圣训，该圣训将始终是“迦立卜”或“阿齐兹”。反之，如果有一群人从他们那里转述，该圣训便被称为“马什胡尔”。36.

A hadith which is reported by more than two reporters is known as mashhur ("famous"). According to some scholars, every narrative which comes to be known widely, whether or not it has an authentic origin, is called mashhur. A mashhur hadith might be reported by only one or two reporters in the beginnning but become widely-known later, unlike gharib or 'aziz, which are reported by one or two reporters in the beginning and continue to have the same number even in the times of the Successors and those after them. For example, if only one or two reporters are found narrating hadith from a reliable authority in Hadith such as al-Zuhri and Qatadah, the hadith will remain either gharib or 'aziz. On the other hand, if a group of people narrate from them, it will be known as mashhur.36.

根据阿拉伊（Abu Sa'id Khalil Salah al-Din，卒于761年）的说法，一则圣训可以同时被称为“阿齐兹”和“马什胡尔”。他所指的是这样一则圣训：其传述系统（isnad）的某一层级只有两位传述人，而在其他层级则有大量传述人，例如先知ﷺ所说的：“我们是最后的，但在复活日将是最先的。”这则圣训在其第一层级是“阿齐兹”的，因为它只由胡宰法·本·叶迈尼和艾布·胡莱赖两人传述。此后它又变为“马什胡尔”，因为有七人从艾布·胡莱赖处传述它。37

According to al-'Ala'i (Abu Sa'id Khalil Salah al-Din, d. 761), a hadith may be known as 'aziz and mashhur at the same time. By this he means a hadith which is left with only two reporters in its isnad at any stage while it enjoys a host of reporters in other stages, such as the saying of the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), "We are the last but (will be) the foremost on the Day of Resurrection." This hadith is 'aziz in its first stage, as it is reported by Hudhaifah b. al-Yaman and Abu Hurairah only. It later becomes mashhur as seven people report it from Abu Hurairah.37