民族主义这一概念，若不研究人类在社会中如何identify自身并彼此相处，便无从理解。这项研究将有助于区分各种群体形式与民族主义。 Note: I should not leave an English word in the translation; correcting that: 民族主义这一概念，若不研究人类在社会中如何认同自我并与他人相互联系，便无从理解。这项研究将有助于区分各种群体形式与民族主义。

The concept of nationalism cannot be understood without studying the way humans identify and relate to each other in society. This study will enable a differentiation to be made between various forms of grouping and nationalism.

人类可以基于以下方面进行身份认同或群体归属：

Human beings can identify or group together on the basis of:

• 对某一片土地或某个国家的热爱——爱国主义 • 部落、宗族或种族——民族主义 • 宗教——精神纽带 • 某一特定问题——利益纽带 • 某种信条——思想纽带 爱国主义产生于人们因热爱自己的国家而聚集在一起之时。当该国面临外部威胁时，例如与其他国家的军事冲突，这种团结便会形成。这种纽带的效果是，不同背景的人们搁置彼此的分歧，组成共同战线以支持政府。爱国主义的一个典型例子出现在阿根廷所谓"入侵"福克兰群岛期间。英国的舆论通过媒体机器被动员起来反对阿根廷，在此过程中团结了各种立场的政党。其信息很简单："我们是为女王和国家而战。"这种基于爱国主义的团结，在福克兰群岛从阿根廷手中夺回之后很快便烟消云散了。

• Love of a particular land or a country - patriotism • Tribe, lineage or race - nationalism • Religion - spiritual bond • A particular issue - bond of interest • A creed - ideological bond Patriotism arises when people come together due to the love of a country. It is a form of unity that comes about when that particular country is under external threat e.g. military conflicts with other nations. The effect of this bond results in people of different backgrounds setting their differences aside to form a common front in support of the government. A classical example of patriotism was found during the so-called invasion of the Falkland Islands by Argentina. Public opinion in the United Kingdom was mobilised against Argentina through the media machinery, uniting political parties of all shades in the process. The message was simple: “We are fighting for Queen and country.” This unity, based on patriotism, soon evaporated after the Falkland Islands were captured from Argentina.

爱国主义作为团结人民的基础，其固有缺陷在于：它只能暂时把人们团结起来，而且只有在外部威胁迫近的时候才会如此。因此，爱国主义在和平时期无所作为，所以它无法成为持久团结的基础。

The inherent weakness of patriotism, as a basis of uniting people, is that it unites people temporarily, and only then if an external threat is looming in the horizon. Hence, patriotism has no role to play during peace time, and it cannot, therefore, be a basis of a permanent unity.

民族主义是一种建立在家族、氏族或部落纽带之上的人与人之间的联系。

Nationalism is a bond between people that is based upon family, clan or tribal ties.

民族主义在人们心中占据主导地位的思想是追求统治时便会产生。它始于家庭：家中某位成员坚持自己的权威，以求在家庭事务中取得领导地位。一旦达成此目的，此人便会将其领导权扩展到更大的家族。如此一来，各家族也会设法在其所居住的社群中取得领导地位。下一阶段则是部落之间相互竞争，各自试图支配他人，以享受随之而来的特权与声望。

Nationalism arises among people when the predominant thought they carry is that of achieving domination. It starts from the family, where one member asserts his authority to achieve leadership in the affairs of the family. Once this is achieved, the individual extends his leadership to the wider family. In this way, the families would also try to achieve leadership in the community they reside in. The next stage is that of tribes competing with each other, all trying to dominate others in order to enjoy the privileges and the prestige that comes with this authority.

民族主义无法团结民众,因为它建立在对领导权的追逐之上。这种对领导权的追逐在人民之间制造了权力斗争,并导致社会各阶层之间的冲突。权力斗争的例子在许多穆斯林国家中都清晰可见,例如在沙特阿拉伯,沙特家族以武力取得了对他人的领导权;又如在巴基斯坦的信德省,布托家族通过封建制度获得了巨大的影响力。

Nationalism cannot unite the people because it is based on quest for leadership. This quest for leadership creates a power struggle between the people and this leads to conflicts among various strata of society. Examples of power struggles can be clearly seen in many Muslim countries, such as in Saudi Arabia where the Saud family has achieved leadership over others by force, and in Sind, Pakistan, where the Bhutto’s have secured massive influence through feudalism.

民族主义的另一个弊端是它会催生种族主义。如果人们被允许以种族为基础相互竞争，这是可以预见的。例如，一些白人可能认为自己优于黑人，反之亦然，从而导致种族的对立与社会的分裂。

Another drawback of nationalism is that it gives arise to racism. This is expected if people are allowed to compete with each other on the basis of their race. Some whites, for example, may see themselves as superior to the blacks, or vice-versa, leading to polarisation of the races and a divided society.

关于民族主义的伊斯兰裁决，本书在末尾予以阐述。

The Islamic verdict on nationalism is presented at the end of the book.

精神纽带是一种基于人们"宗教信仰"而形成的群体联结，但这种信仰并非涵盖生活各个方面的全面信仰。例如，人们因为都是基督徒、印度教徒或犹太教徒而彼此认同，这便是一种精神纽带。

The spiritual bond is a grouping of people based on their ‘religious belief’ which is not a comprehensive belief covering every aspect of life. An example of a spiritual bond is when people identify with each other on the basis of being a Christian, a Hindu or a Jew.

精神纽带只在信仰与崇拜的事务上将人们联结在一起，因此它是有限的，不能成为任何持久团结的基础。

Spiritual bond does not unite people on issues other than matters of belief and worships, hence it is limited and cannot be the basis of any lasting unity.

另一种人们聚集在一起的方式是基于某种共同的利益。压力团体就是这类群体的例子，人们因某个影响其生活的特定问题而团结在一起。过去的例子有女权运动者（Suffragettes），近年来的例子则有核裁军运动（CND）、反纳粹联盟、农场动物福利委员会等等。通常情况下，一旦问题得到解决，这类群体也就随之解散了。

Another way people group together is on the basis of some common interest. Pressure groups are an example of such groupings, where people unite over a particular issue which affects their life. Examples of such groups are the Suffragettes from the past and, more recently, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), Anti-Nazi League, Farm Animal Welfare Council and so on. Normally, once the issue has been resolved this type of grouping disappears.

仅仅因为共同的利益而团结起来，并不能使人们长久地联合在一起，因为一旦问题得到解决，人们就会各自散去。此外，人们对于同一问题可以持有不同的看法，从而导致冲突。例如，有些人可能支持部署核武器以作为安全保障的手段，而另一些人，比如英国核裁军运动（CND）的成员，则呼吁核裁军。因此，共同的议题并不能为持久的团结提供基础。

Uniting over common interest does not serve to unite people permanently because when the issue is resolved, people will disperse. Besides, people can hold different opinions over the same issue, thus leading to a clash. For example, some people may support the deployment of nuclear weapons as a means of security whilst others, like members of CND, will call for nuclear disarmament. Hence, common issues do not provide the basis of a permanent unity.

人们聚合在一起的最后一种方式，是基于一种意识形态。意识形态是一种信仰体系，它提供了一套规则和制度，人依据它而生活，并以它来解决自己的问题。这通常被称为意识形态的纽带。它只考虑信仰本身，除此之外别无其他。

The final way in which people can group together is on the basis of an ideology. An ideology is a creed that provides a set of rules and regulations according to which man lives and which he refers to in order to solve his problems . This is commonly known as an ideological bond. It only takes into account the creed and nothing but the creed.

颜色、种族和性别都无关紧要。这种纽带在穆斯林、资本主义者和共产主义者之中都可以见到。

Colour, race and gender are irrelevant. This type of bond is found amongst Muslims, Capitalists and Communists.

意识形态的联结是一种持久的联结,因为它源于一种信仰(aqidah),即关于生命意义的理智确信。信仰永远不会受肤色、种族、语言、对土地的热爱或地方性问题的影响。因此,它是持久团结的唯一基础。伊斯兰呼吁这种类型的团结,这一点将在本书后文中看到。

Ideological bond is a permanent bond because it arises from a creed, which is an intellectual conviction pertaining to the meaning of life. The creed is never influence by colour, race, language, love of a land or local issues. Hence, it is the only basis for permanent unity. Islam calls for this type of unity, as it will be seen later in the book.