The Arkaan (pillars) of Al-Qiyaas
Al-Asl (origin), Al-Far’u (branch), Hukm ul-Asl (original Hukm) and Al-‘Illah (reason)
The Arkaan (pillars) of Qiyaas are taken from the following meaning of Qiyaas:
‘The attachment (or joining) of a branch (Far’un) with and origin (Asl) in respect to a Hukm Shar’iy due to the unifying ‘Illah between them’.
As such Qiyaas requires Arkaan (pillars) without which it will not be fulfilled and these are:
The Far’u (branch) that is intended to be analogised to.
The Asl (origin) that the analogy is intended to be made upon.
The specific Hukm Ash-Shar’iy of the origin that is intended to be applied upon the branch.
The ‘Illah that joins the origin to the branch.
Example:
Allah Ta’Aalaa says:
And prepare for them all that you are able of force and of steeds of war by which you may terrify the enemy of Allah and your enemy (Al-Anfaal 60).
The Asl (origin): Preparing or making ready the necessary power or force and the steeds of war were included within this at the time of the descent of the Aayah.
The Far’u (branch): Preparing or making ready the necessary power of force today which would include within it missiles and nuclear bombs.
The Hukm: Al-Wujoob (obligation).
The ‘Illah (reason): Striking terror (fear) into the enemy.
Another example:
Allah Ta’Aalaa says:
O you who have believed, when [the Adhaan] is called for the prayer on the day of Jumu'ah [Friday], then proceed to the remembrance of Allah and leave trade (AlJumu’ah 9)
Al-Asl: Trade.
Al-Far’u: Ijaarah (hiring/leasing) or swimming.
Al-Hukm: Tahreem (the prohibition) of conducting trade at the time of the Adhaan of the Jumu’ah prayer which then also applies upon the Far’u (branch).
Al-‘Illah (reasoning for the legislation): Ilhaa’ (distraction) from Salaat ul-Jumu’ah.