The Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم showed exemplary endurance and consistency throughout his life. Consider a man who never knew his father, lost his mother at a young age, then lost his grandfather, and then his uncle and wife simultaneously. Consider a man who lived to witness five of his six children die, and who was treated like a menace and fugitive after decades of building a flawless reputation among his people. Consider a man who experienced physical abuse until he would faint, was starved for years by his own people, and faced countless campaigns of character assassination. Consider a man who was driven out of his home, sent fleeing to Madinah for shelter, only to find hypocrites there awaiting every opportunity to betray him. Consider a man watching assassination attempts against his life unfold regularly, as well as the murder and mutilation of his relatives and Companions, and then the slander of his cherished wife ‘Āishah , the daughter of his most loyal comrade. Somehow, he صلى الله عليه وسلم still persevered with hope and persisted in matchless ethics. The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم rose from that abyss of negativity and not only survived but became a fountain of mercy and empathy for people, animals, and plants alike.

Should we not consider this miraculous? Does it not suggest that he صلى الله عليه وسلم must have been granted unique aid from the heavens?

Only God brings the dead out of the living, and produces a spring from a rock, and nourishes a rose in the desert. Only God could have kept him smiling throughout, playing with his grandchildren, maintaining his principles, and lifting the spirits of those who had suffered so much less than him. Only God could have empowered him صلى الله عليه وسلم to have compassion for the heartless, forgiveness for his enemies, and concern for the arrogant. Only God could have kept his heart grateful at times when others could not even be patient, and his heart merciful at times when others could not even be just.

Though the incidents reflecting his perseverance are innumerable, it suffices the honest person to simply familiarize himself with the boycott in the ravine of Abū Ṭālib. For an utterly brutal three years, the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم watched the lips of his Companions turn green from eating leaves and gnawing at animal hides, out of desperation for any nourishment. In fact, he صلى الله عليه وسلم watched his dearest family members slowly deteriorate in front of his eyes. Khadījah  and Abū Ṭālib were so debilitated by the embargo that they never recovered from it; they both died soon thereafter. And with the protection of Abū Ṭālib gone, the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم received in that year the most humiliating treatment of his life.

‘Āishah  reported that she once asked the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم, “Have you ever encountered a more difficult day than the Battle of Uḥud?” The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said, Your tribe (Quraysh) has troubled me a great deal, but nothing was worse than the day of ‘Aqabah when I presented myself to [the chief of Taif] ‘Abd Yālayl ibn ‘Abd Kulāl, and he did not respond as I had hoped. I eventually departed, overwhelmed with grief, and did not return to my senses until I found myself at a tree where I lifted my head towards the sky to see a cloud shading me. I looked up and saw Gabriel. He called out to me, saying, “Allah has heard your people’s statements to you and how they have replied, and Allah has sent the Angel of the Mountains so that you may order him to do whatever you wish to these people.” The Angel of the Mountains greeted me and said, “O Muhammad, order what you wish, and if you like, I will let the two mountains fall upon them.” I said, “No, rather I hope that Allah will bring from their descendants people who will worship Allah alone without associating partners with Him.”111

In other reports, he صلى الله عليه وسلم spent ten days in Taif after speaking to its leadership and calling its people to Islam, before the mobs gathered to drive him out. They then made two rows and forced him to walk through them, while they hurled obscenities and pelted stones until blood ran down his blessed legs. The head of Zayd ibn Ḥārithah , his adopted son, was also gashed in that assault as he attempted to shield him 112 .صلى الله عليه وسلم But even in that darkest hour, all this compounded anguish still did not break the Prophet’s صلى الله عليه وسلم perseverance.

It is equally remarkable how the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم never lost hope in the support and victory of Allah, regardless of how hopeless his situation would sometimes appear.113 This optimism tells of a heart filled with supreme faith. Upon leaving Mecca for the migration, the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم and Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq  were tracked to a cave. Mercenaries stood at the mouth of the cave, and simply had to bend over to look inside, and nothing would have prevented them from noticing and capturing the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم. In that unnerving moment, when despair would penetrate even the firmest of souls, the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم calmly said to his Companion, “O Abū Bakr, what do you think of two when Allah is their third?”114 The Qur’an later referenced this incident by saying, If you do not aid the Prophet, Allah has already aided him when those who disbelieved had driven him out [of Mecca] as one of two, when they were in the cave and he said to his Companion, ‘Do not grieve; indeed Allah is with us.’ And Allah sent down His tranquillity upon him and supported him with angels you did not see and made the word of those who disbelieved the lowest, while the word of Allah that is the highest. And Allah is Exalted in Might and Wise.115

A skeptic may wonder how we know that Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم did not fabricate this verse after the event, to portray a false image of his unwavering conviction in God? Such a suspicion not only ignores the established trustworthiness of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم, but also overlooks that Abū Bakr  personally witnessed how calm and collected the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم was in those terrifying moments and attested to it for years thereafter.

Thus was the conviction the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم had in his faith, whereby the promise of Allah that his heart saw overrode the hopelessness his eyes saw. This is identical to what occurred to Moses  at the shore: “And when the two companies (the Israelites and Pharaoh’s legions) saw one another, the companions of Moses said, ‘Indeed, we are to be overtaken!’ He (Moses) said, ‘No! Indeed, with me is my Lord; He will guide me.’”116

This degree of certitude was unique to the Prophets and Messengers; even if the world lost hope, they would never unravel.

The preceding provides a glimpse of the incredible personality of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. His truly great moral character was evident to those centuries and seas apart from his lifetime.

In the words of Stanley Lane-Pool (d. 1931), a British Orientalist, He was the most faithful protector of those he protected, the sweetest and most agreeable in conversation. Those who saw him were suddenly filled with reverence; those who came near him loved him; they who described him would say, ‘I have never seen his like either before or after.’ He was of great taciturnity, but when he spoke it was with emphasis and deliberation, and no one could forget what he said.117

While the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is the single most followed individual in human history (see Chapter 3), his greatest followers were undoubtedly his Companions, and this is what distinguishes their testimony for his character and the truth of his message. When evaluating the integrity of Muhammad’s character, one must not overlook how profoundly admired and emulated he was by his Companions, even in the most private and nuanced particularities of his demeanor. William Montgomery Watt (d. 2006), a Scottish historian and Emeritus Professor in Arabic and Islamic Studies, wrote, His readiness to undergo persecution for his beliefs, the high moral character of the men who believed in him and looked up to him as a leader, and the greatness of his ultimate achievement—all argue his fundamental integrity. To suppose Muhammad an imposter raises more problems than it solves. Moreover, none of the great figures of history is so poorly appreciated in the West as Muhammad… Thus, not merely must we credit Muhammad with essential honesty and integrity of purpose, if we are to understand him at all; if we are to correct the errors we have inherited from the past, we must in every particular case hold firmly to the belief in his sincerity until the opposite is conclusively proved; and we must not forget that conclusive proof is a much stricter requirement than a show of plausibility, and in a matter such as this only to be attained with difficulty.118

These Companions outdid one another in emulating his smile, his selflessness, his standing for truth, and his service of humanity. They were captivated for a lifetime by his loyalty, his, his clarity of thought, his balanced opinions, his gentleness in teaching, his determination, and his charismatic speech. In one of dozens of riveting narrations that have been reported from his first wave of followers, ‘Alī ibn ‘Abī Ṭālib  says, When he looked at someone, he looked them in the eyes. He was the most generous-hearted of men, the most truthful of them in speech, the mildest-tempered of them and the noblest of them in lineage. Anyone who would describe him would say I never saw before or after him the like of him.119

These Companions were not merely good people who prayed at night and devoted their lives to God. The genius of just ‘Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭ āb , for instance, has been recognized by many historians. In fact, the Columbia History of the World asserts how ‘Umar effected a superior bureaucracy than that of the juggernaut Roman Empire that preceded Muslim rule.120 When a tribal Arab can construct a federal government with centralized power, but also the flexibility to make the peripheries of this union sustainable—and through that change the course of history—one should concede that this was at least an exceptional mind. This is but one person who believed in the prophethood of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم, one who mimicked him with an deep admiration.

Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq  giving half his wealth for the sake of Islam, Bilāl ibn Rabāḥ  refusing to recant his beliefs despite unthinkable torture, and Sumayyah bint Khayyāṭ  being executed for refusing to pretend she did not believe in Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم, are not trivial events. As for those who survived, they undertook the momentous task of incorporating his spirit and message into their lives, making them fully deserving of God’s praise in the Qur’an: “You are the best nation produced [as an example] for mankind. You enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong and believe in Allah.”121 Being followed so ardently by this caliber of people, who experienced him before and after prophethood, and witnessed his daily behavior for decades, is a clear gauge as to how certain they were in him صلى الله عليه وسلم and his mission.