14.1 The Mathal
Although the term mathal is commonly translated as simile or metaphor, in the context of the Qur’aan it includes proverbs, and even ideals. Hence, the definition of a mathal according to the Islaamic sciences is a concise but impressive and moving literary passage in which an idea is expressed, regardless of its construction. The mathal in the Qur’aan comes in three basic forms, the musarrah mathal (stated), the kaamin mathal (hidden), and the mursal mathal (formless).11
1. The Mathal Musarrah (Stated)
This form, as the name implies, contains an obvious comparison and is widely used in the Qur’aan.12 Such examples may be found in the fire and water similes and metaphors used in reference to the hypocrites who feign Islaam:
“They are like one who kindles a fire; then when it lights up what is around him, Allaah takes away his light and leaves him in total darkness in which he cannot see (anything). They are deaf, dumb, and blind; hence, they will never return to the path. Or like a dark rain cloud, thundering and flashing lightning in the sky, (during which) they stick their fingers in their ears from the thunderclap, fearing death. But Allaah surrounds the disbelievers. The lightning almost snatches away their sight, but every time it lights up (the area) for them, they walk, and when it becomes dark, they stand still. If Allaah had willed, He could have taken away their hearing and sight, for certainly Allaah is able to do all things.” 13