Ba za a iya fahimtar ra'ayin kishin kasa ba sai an yi nazari a kan yadda mutane ke gane kansu da kuma yadda suke dangantaka da juna a cikin al'umma. Wannan nazari zai ba da damar bambance tsakanin nau'o'in haɗuwa daban-daban da kuma kishin kasa.

The concept of nationalism cannot be understood without studying the way humans identify and relate to each other in society. This study will enable a differentiation to be made between various forms of grouping and nationalism.

Mutane na iya gane juna ko su haɗu bisa ga:

Human beings can identify or group together on the basis of:

• Soyayya ga wata ƙasa ko wani yanki - kishin ƙasa • Kabila, asali ko kabilanci - kishin kabilanci • Addini - haɗin ruhaniya • Wata al'amari ta musamman - haɗin sha'awa • Akida - haɗin akida Kishin ƙasa yana tasowa lokacin da mutane suka taru saboda soyayyar ƙasarsu. Irin wannan haɗin kai yana faruwa ne a lokacin da ƙasar take fuskantar barazana daga waje, misali rikicin soja da wasu ƙasashe. Sakamakon wannan haɗin shi ne mutane daga bangarori daban-daban suna barin bambance-bambancensu su haɗa kai wuri guda domin goyon bayan gwamnati. Wani misali na gargajiya na kishin ƙasa an gani a lokacin abin da ake kira mamayar Tsibirin Falkland da Argentina ta yi. Ra'ayin jama'a a Birtaniya ya tashi gaba da Argentina ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai, wanda ya haɗa jam'iyyun siyasa na kowane nau'i wuri guda. Saƙon ya kasance a sauƙaƙe: "Muna yaƙi saboda Sarauniya da ƙasa." Wannan haɗin kai, wanda ya dogara da kishin ƙasa, ya ɓace ba da jimawa ba bayan an ƙwace Tsibirin Falkland daga hannun Argentina.

• Love of a particular land or a country - patriotism • Tribe, lineage or race - nationalism • Religion - spiritual bond • A particular issue - bond of interest • A creed - ideological bond Patriotism arises when people come together due to the love of a country. It is a form of unity that comes about when that particular country is under external threat e.g. military conflicts with other nations. The effect of this bond results in people of different backgrounds setting their differences aside to form a common front in support of the government. A classical example of patriotism was found during the so-called invasion of the Falkland Islands by Argentina. Public opinion in the United Kingdom was mobilised against Argentina through the media machinery, uniting political parties of all shades in the process. The message was simple: “We are fighting for Queen and country.” This unity, based on patriotism, soon evaporated after the Falkland Islands were captured from Argentina.

Babban raunin kishin ƙasa, a matsayinsa na tushen haɗa kan mutane, shi ne cewa yana haɗa mutane na ɗan lokaci ne kawai, kuma hakan ma idan wata barazana ta waje tana bayyana a sararin sama. Saboda haka, kishin ƙasa ba shi da wata rawa da zai taka a lokacin zaman lafiya, don haka ba zai iya zama tushen haɗin kai na dindindin ba.

The inherent weakness of patriotism, as a basis of uniting people, is that it unites people temporarily, and only then if an external threat is looming in the horizon. Hence, patriotism has no role to play during peace time, and it cannot, therefore, be a basis of a permanent unity.

Kishin ƙasa (nationalism) dangantaka ce tsakanin mutane wadda ta dogara da zumunci, iyali, ko alaƙar kabila.

Nationalism is a bond between people that is based upon family, clan or tribal ties.

Kishin ƙasa yana tasowa a tsakanin mutane idan babban tunanin da suke ɗauke da shi shi ne na cimma mulki a kan wasu. Yana farawa daga cikin iyali, inda wani memba ya tabbatar da ikonsa domin ya kai ga jagoranci a al'amuran iyali. Idan ya cimma haka, mutumin zai miƙa jagorancinsa zuwa ga dangi baki ɗaya. Ta haka ma iyalai za su yi ƙoƙarin cimma jagoranci a cikin al'umma da suke zaune a cikinta. Mataki na gaba shi ne kabilu suna gogayya da juna, duk suna ƙoƙarin mamaye wasu domin su more fifiko da daraja da ke tare da wannan iko.

Nationalism arises among people when the predominant thought they carry is that of achieving domination. It starts from the family, where one member asserts his authority to achieve leadership in the affairs of the family. Once this is achieved, the individual extends his leadership to the wider family. In this way, the families would also try to achieve leadership in the community they reside in. The next stage is that of tribes competing with each other, all trying to dominate others in order to enjoy the privileges and the prestige that comes with this authority.

Kishin ƙasa ba zai iya haɗa kan mutane ba, domin an gina shi ne a kan neman shugabanci. Wannan neman shugabanci yana haifar da gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin mutane, kuma hakan yana jawo rikici tsakanin sassa daban-daban na al'umma. Ana iya ganin misalan gwagwarmayar iko a fili a ƙasashe da dama na Musulmi, kamar a Saudiyya inda gidan Sa'ud ya samu shugabanci a kan wasu ta hanyar ƙarfi, da kuma a Sind, Pakistan, inda gidan Bhutto suka samu tasiri mai yawa ta hanyar tsarin mallakar ƙasa na ubangida (feudalism).

Nationalism cannot unite the people because it is based on quest for leadership. This quest for leadership creates a power struggle between the people and this leads to conflicts among various strata of society. Examples of power struggles can be clearly seen in many Muslim countries, such as in Saudi Arabia where the Saud family has achieved leadership over others by force, and in Sind, Pakistan, where the Bhutto’s have secured massive influence through feudalism.

Wata illar kishin ƙasa kuma ita ce tana haifar da wariyar launin fata. Wannan abu ne da ake tsammani idan aka bari mutane su yi gogayya da juna bisa tushen launin fatarsu. Misali, wasu fararen fata na iya ganin kansu sun fi bakaken fata, ko kuma akasin haka, wanda hakan ke kai ga rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin launukan fata da kuma al'umma mai rarrabuwa.

Another drawback of nationalism is that it gives arise to racism. This is expected if people are allowed to compete with each other on the basis of their race. Some whites, for example, may see themselves as superior to the blacks, or vice-versa, leading to polarisation of the races and a divided society.

Hukuncin Musulunci game da kishin kasa an gabatar da shi a karshen littafin.

The Islamic verdict on nationalism is presented at the end of the book.

Haɗin ruhaniya gungun mutane ne da ke haɗuwa bisa "imanin addini", wanda ba imani ne cikakke wanda ya shafi kowane fanni na rayuwa ba. Misalin haɗin ruhaniya shi ne lokacin da mutane suke gane juna bisa kasancewarsu Kiristoci, Hindu ko Yahudawa.

The spiritual bond is a grouping of people based on their ‘religious belief’ which is not a comprehensive belief covering every aspect of life. An example of a spiritual bond is when people identify with each other on the basis of being a Christian, a Hindu or a Jew.

Rabitar ruhi ba ta haɗa mutane a kan batutuwan da ba su shafi akida da ibada ba, saboda haka tana da iyaka kuma ba za ta iya zama tushen wata haɗin kai mai ɗorewa ba.

Spiritual bond does not unite people on issues other than matters of belief and worships, hence it is limited and cannot be the basis of any lasting unity.

Wata hanyar kuma da mutane kan haɗu a waje guda ita ce bisa wata muradi ta bai ɗaya. Ƙungiyoyin matsa lamba misali ne na irin waɗannan haɗuwa, inda mutane ke haɗuwa kan wani al'amari da ya shafi rayuwarsu. Misalan irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da Suffragettes na zamanin baya, da kuma, a baya-bayan nan, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), Anti-Nazi League, Farm Animal Welfare Council da sauransu. Yawanci, da zarar an warware al'amarin, irin wannan haɗuwa takan ɓace.

Another way people group together is on the basis of some common interest. Pressure groups are an example of such groupings, where people unite over a particular issue which affects their life. Examples of such groups are the Suffragettes from the past and, more recently, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), Anti-Nazi League, Farm Animal Welfare Council and so on. Normally, once the issue has been resolved this type of grouping disappears.

Haɗuwa a kan wata manufa ta bai-ɗaya ba ta dorewa wajen haɗa mutane har abada, domin idan aka warware matsalar, mutane za su watse. Bugu da ƙari, mutane na iya samun ra'ayoyi dabam-dabam a kan batu ɗaya, wanda hakan ke kai ga rikici. Misali, wasu mutane na iya goyon bayan a girke makaman nukiliya a matsayin hanyar tsaro, yayin da wasu, kamar mambobin CND, za su yi kira da a kwance damarar makaman nukiliya. Saboda haka, batutuwan bai-ɗaya ba su zama tushen haɗin kai na dindindin ba.

Uniting over common interest does not serve to unite people permanently because when the issue is resolved, people will disperse. Besides, people can hold different opinions over the same issue, thus leading to a clash. For example, some people may support the deployment of nuclear weapons as a means of security whilst others, like members of CND, will call for nuclear disarmament. Hence, common issues do not provide the basis of a permanent unity.

A ƙarshe, hanyar ƙarshe da mutane za su iya haɗuwa a kanta ita ce bisa akida. Akida wata ƙa'ida ce ta imani wadda take samar da wani tsari na dokoki da ka'idoji da mutum yake rayuwa a kansu, kuma yake komawa zuwa gare su domin warware matsalolinsa. Wannan ana kiransa da haɗin kai na akida. Yana la'akari da imani kaɗai, ba komai ba sai imani.

The final way in which people can group together is on the basis of an ideology. An ideology is a creed that provides a set of rules and regulations according to which man lives and which he refers to in order to solve his problems . This is commonly known as an ideological bond. It only takes into account the creed and nothing but the creed.

Launi, kabila da jinsi ba su da muhimmanci. Irin wannan haɗin kai yana samuwa a tsakanin Musulmi, masu jari-hujja da 'yan gurguzu.

Colour, race and gender are irrelevant. This type of bond is found amongst Muslims, Capitalists and Communists.

Haɗin kai na akida haɗi ne na dindindin, domin yana tasowa ne daga akida, wato imani na hankali game da ma'anar rayuwa. Akida ba ta taɓa shafuwa da launi ba, ko kabila, ko harshe, ko son ƙasa, ko al'amuran yankin. Saboda haka, ita ce kaɗai tushen haɗin kai mai dorewa. Musulunci yana kira ga irin wannan haɗin kai, kamar yadda za a gani daga baya a cikin littafin.

Ideological bond is a permanent bond because it arises from a creed, which is an intellectual conviction pertaining to the meaning of life. The creed is never influence by colour, race, language, love of a land or local issues. Hence, it is the only basis for permanent unity. Islam calls for this type of unity, as it will be seen later in the book.