A cikin tarihin China na shekaru 5000, ba ta taɓa zama babbar ƙasa ba, kuma ba ta taɓa yin tasiri a kan daidaiton ƙarfin duniya ba. Ko da lokacin da ta karɓi Gurguzanci, ba ta taɓa kai shi bayan iyakokinta ba, kuma ba ta taɓa yin tasiri a kan kowane yanki na duniya ba. Yawancin tarihin China na shekaru 5000 an haɗa shi da yaƙe-yaƙe da gwagwarmayar cikin gida domin haɗa ƙasar ta. Manufar harkokin wajen China tana kan ci gaban tattalin arziƙin cikin gida da samun dukkan kayan masarufi da ake buƙata domin cimma irin waɗannan manufofi. China ta ƙalubalanci manufar daƙile tasirin Amurka ta hanyar ƙoƙarin raunana ƙasashen da Amurka ke amfani da su wajen daƙile China. Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar amfani da kasuwanci da bunƙasa dangantakar ƙasashe biyu domin sassauta alaƙar Amurka da irin su Australia, India, Japan da Koriya ta Kudu.
In China’s 5000 year history it has never been a superpower and has never influenced the global balance of power. Even when it adopted Communism it never carried this beyond its borders and never influenced any of the regions of the world. Much of China's 5000 year history is composed of internal wars and struggles in order to unify the homeland. China’s foreign policy is centred on domestic economic development and procuring all the necessary raw materials to achieve such aims. China has challenged America’s containment policy by attempting to weaken the nations the US is attempting to use to contain China. This is through using trade and developing bilateral ties to loosen US relations with the likes of Australia, India, Japan and South Korea.
Saboda wannan gaskiyar, China ta mayar da hankali kan yankinta kuma har yanzu ba ta nuna wata burin fiye da yankin ba. Manufar "Sarkar Lu'u-lu'u" ta China ita ce tafiyarta ta farko zuwa wajen yankinta. Gwamnatin Amurka ta bayyana manufar kamar haka: "'Sarkar Lu'u-lu'u' na nuna yadda tasirin siyasar China ke karuwa ta hanyar kokarin samun damar shiga tashoshin jiragen ruwa da filayen jirgin sama, kulla dangantakar diflomasiyya ta musamman, da zamanantar da sojojinta, wadanda ke miƙewa daga Tekun Kudancin China ta mashigar Malacca, ta cikin Tekun Indiya, har zuwa Tekun Fasha."10 Layukan teku suna ratsa ta mahimman mashigai na Mandab, Malacca, Hormuz da Lombok, da sauran muradun sojojin ruwa a gabar Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives da Somalia. Duk wadannan hanyoyi ne masu muhimmanci na man fetur da iskar gas, kuma babu makawa hakan zai kai ga rikici da Amurka.
Due to this reality China has focussed on its region and as of yet has shown little ambition beyond the region. China’s string of pearls policy is its first venture beyond the region. The policy was described by the US government as follows: “The “String of Pearls” describes the manifestation of China’s rising geopolitical influence through efforts to increase access to ports and airfields, develop special diplomatic relationships, and modernize military forces that extend from the South China Sea through the Strait of Malacca, across the Indian Ocean, and on to the Persian Gulf.”10 The sea lines run through the strategic choke points of Strait of Mandab, Strait of Malacca, Strait of Hormuz and Strait of Lombok as well as other strategic naval interests along Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Somalia. All of these are key strategic routes for oil and gas and will inevitably lead to a clash with the US.
A yanzu kasar Sin ba ta nuna manufa mai girma a duniya ta gina tsarin duniya madadin wanda yake akwai ba. Hakika ta shiga cikin tsarin cinikayyar duniya na Amurka - WTO, tsaro - Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da kuma kudi - IMF da Bankin Duniya. Kasar Sin ta bayyana tana aiki ne don cimma muradunta daga cikin tsarin da yake akwai, maimakon neman maye gurbinsa. Da wannan kallo mai kunkuntar, kasar Sin ba za ta taba iya kalubalantar Amurka ta fuskar siyasa ba. Idan kasar Sin tana da shirin zama babbar kasa a duniya, to ba za ta iya kalubalantar Amurka kawai ba, dole ne ta warware matsaloli da dama na cikin gida, wadanda in ba haka ba za su haifar da babbar rarrabuwa a cikin kasar. Wadannan sun hada da:
China currently has shown little global ambition in constructing an alternative global system. It has in fact amalgamated into America’s global system of trade - WTO, security – United Nations and finance – IMF and the World Bank. China appears to be working to achieve its interests from the existing system rather than attempting to replace it. With such a narrow view China will politically never be able to challenge the US. If China has any plans to become the world superpower then it will not just need to challenge the US, but solve a number of domestic issues which would otherwise cause a massive fracture domestically, these include:
- Ci gaban China ya samo asali ne daga ƙoƙarin Deng Xiaoping na kafa yankunan tattalin arziki na musamman (SEZ), waɗanda suka ba da damar saka hannun jarin ƙasashen waje da fasaha, kuma suka zama sabuwar hanyar samun arziki. A yau China tattalin arziki ne da ya dogara da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa waje, kuma yana dogara ga ƙasashen waje don su ci gaba da sayen kayayyakinsa. Saboda haka, komai girman ajiyar kuɗin China, komai arhan ma'aikatanta, ko ci gaban fasaharsa, China tana dogara ga sauran ƙasashe don sayen kayayyakinta da jigilar su ta teku. Toshe hanyoyin teku zai iya durƙusar da China. Duniya tana sayen kayayyaki daga China ne duk da cewa hakan yana sa ta rufe masana'antunta, kuma muddin babu wata ƙasa da ke samar da kayayyakin duniya da arha fiye da China, China za ta ci gaba da zama masana'antar duniya. A yau China ita ce masana'antar duniya, kuma tana dogara gaba ɗaya ga duniya wajen ci gaba da sayen kayayyakinta maimakon na wasu, wannan tsarin ci gaba ne mai rauni ƙwarai.
- China’s development is rooted in Deng Xiaoping’s attempts at creating special economic zones (SEZ) which allowed foreign investment and technology and became a new source of wealth. China today is an export oriented economy and dependent on foreign countries to continue importing from it. Therefore whatever the size of China’s currency reserves, no matter how cheap its labour force or its technological developments, China relies on foreign nations to import from it and physically ship them – A naval blockade would cripple China. The world imports from China at the cost of closing down their own factories, as long as no other nation produces the worlds goods cheaper than China, China will remain the world’s workshop. China today is the world’s industrial workshop; it remains totally dependent on the world to continue buying from it rather than anyone else, this is a very fragile model of development.
Kasancewa masana'antar duniya ta masana'antu ya kai ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da samar da dukiya mai yawa. Duk da haka, wannan kadai ba ya mayar da kasa ta zama babbar kasa a duniya. Yayin da China ta zama masana'antar duniya, wannan duka yana a kasan matakin fasaha.
Marubucin mujallar Atlantic James Fallows ya shafe shekara guda a China, yana kallon injin masana'antun kasar daga kusa. Ya kwatanta karfin masana'antar China a yanzu da murmushin fuska mai farin ciki mai siffar U, ya kuma misalta yadda ake samar da kaya, tun daga tunanin farko har zuwa sayarwa ta karshe. A saman hagun lankwasa akwai tunanin farko da zane na masana'antu, cikakkun bayanan kayan da yadda zai kasance da yin aiki. A kasa kadan a kan lankwasa akwai cikakken shirin injiniya. A kasan lankwasa akwai kera kaya, hadawa da jigilar su. Sannan a hawa sama a gefen dama na lankwasa akwai rarraba kaya, talla, dillanci, sayarwa, kwangilar hidima, kayayyakin gyara da na'urorin haɗi.
Fallows ya lura cewa a kusan dukkan masana'antun kera kaya a China, China ce ke kula da kasan lankwasa, Amurka kuma ta kula da saman. "Hanya mafi sauki ta fada ita ce cewa kudin gaske yana cikin sunan alama, tare da dillanci."
Iyakokin U din su ne inda kudi yake, kuma Amurka ce ke mamaye wannan fanni a duniya baki daya. China na saurin bin hanyar da Japan ta kare a kanta. A cikin shekarun 1980, an yi hasashen cewa Japan za ta wuce tattalin arzikin Amurka ta maye gurbinta a matsayin babbar kasa a duniya. Kamar China, ta zama masana'antar duniya, amma a karshe rikicin kudi na Asiya na 1997 ya nuna kuskuren abin da manufar bunkasa fitar da kaya ke haifarwa a zahiri.
- Being the world’s Industrial factory has lead to economic development and created immense wealth. However on its own this does not turn a nation into a world power. Whilst China has become the world’s factory, this is all at the lower end of the technology ladder. The Atlantic monthly writer James Fallows spent a year in China, watching the nation’s industrial machine up close. He compared China’s current manufacturing capability to the U shaped smile on a happy face , he illustrated the development of a product, from its initial conception to its eventual sale. At the top left of the curve there is the initial idea and industrial design, the products details and how it will eventually look and work. Lower down the on the curve is the detailed plan by an engineer. At the bottom of the curve is the manufacturing, assembly and shipping. Then rising up on the right of the curve is the distribution, marketing, retail, sale, service contracts, parts and accessories. Fallows observed that in almost all the manufacturing industry in China, China takes care of the bottom of the curve and the US the top. “The simple way to put this – that the real money is in the brand name, plus retail.”11 The ends of the U is where the money is and the US dominates this area globally. China is fast going down the road Japan ended in. Throughout the 1980’S Japan was meant to overtake the US economy and replace it as the world’s superpower, similar to China it became the worlds industrial factory, in the end the Asian financial crisis of 1997 proved the fallacy of what an export led policy actually leads to.
Ci gaban tattalin arzikin China cikin sauri bai kasance daidai ba ko kaɗan. An gina dukkan Yankunan Tattalin Arziki na Musamman (SEZ) a gabar Tekun Gabashin China, kuma duk abin da ya fito daga layin samarwa ana loda shi a jiragen ruwa a matsayin kaya, a fitar da shi zuwa duniya. Saboda haka, yankin gabar teku ya haɗu da tattalin arzikin duniya; shi ne ya ga yawancin ci gaban China cikin sauri, kuma ya arzutar da sabon nau'in 'yan kasuwa, duk a kan kuɗin sauran China. Yawancin China a yau har yanzu tana da yawan noma, tana da ɗan ababen more rayuwa, kuma tana rayuwa cikin talauci. Wannan ya haifar da babbar matsalar haɗin kai ta cikin gida a China.
China’s rapid economic development has been anything but equal. The Special Economic Zone’s (SEZ) were all constructed on China’s Eastern coast and everything that comes of the production line is placed on ships as cargo and exported to the world. The coastal region as a result is interlinked with the global economy; it has seen most of China’s rapid development and enriched a new breed of merchants, all at the expense of the rest of China. Most of China today remains largely agrarian, has little infrastructure and lives in poverty. This has created China’s massive internal cohesion problem.
