Kaynakça

References

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1 Bu makalenin çeşitli aşamalarında içeriği gözden geçirip değerli geri bildirimlerde bulunduklarından dolayı Şeyh Yasir Al-Hanifi, Şeyh Mohammad Idrissi, Salih Hamid Fatih, Mohammed Hijab ve Dr. Safaruk Chowdhury'ye minnettarım.

1 I am grateful to Shaykh Yasir Al-Hanifi, Shaykh Mohammad Idrissi, Salih Hamid Fatih, Mohammed Hijab and Dr. Safaruk Chowdhury for reviewing the content at various stages of this essay and providing invaluable feedback.

Bu bölümün içeriğini sağlayan Şeyh Fahad Tasleem'e minnettarım.

2 I am grateful to Shaykh Fahad Tasleem who provided the content for this section of the essay.

3 Mark Forsyth'ın The Elements of Eloquence adlı kitabı, İngilizce dilinde belagati anlamak için iyi bir giriş niteliğindedir.

3 Mark Forsyth in his book The Elements of Eloquence is a good introduction to understanding eloquence in the English language.

4 Forsyth, Mark. (2013) The Elements of Eloquence: How to Turn the Perfect English Phrase. London:

Icon Books. Kindle Edition.

5 "Hope Is the Thing with Feathers" (254): – Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, 1997.

5 “Hope Is the Thing with Feathers” (254): – Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, 1997.

Mevcut olduğu yer: http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/19729.

Available at: http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/19729.

6 Kur'an, Bakara Suresi, Ayet 23.

6 The Qur’ān, Chapter 2, Verse 23.

7 Kur'an, Tur Suresi, 33 ile 34. Ayetler

7 The Qur’ān, Chapter 52, Verses 33 to 34.

8 Badawi, Esaid M. ve Abdel Haleem, Muhammad. (2008) Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur’anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, s. 600.

8 Badawi, Esaid M., and Abdel Haleem, Muhammad. (2008) Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur’anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, p. 600.

9 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma’riful Qur’an. 2nd Edition. Translated by Muhammad Jasan Askari and Muhamad Shamim. Karachi: Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Vol 1, pp. 139-149.

10 Al-Suyūṭī. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Medine: Mücemma Malik Fahd, s. 1875.

10 Al-Suyūṭī. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1875.

11 Irwin, R. (1999)'dan alıntılanmıştır. The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, s. 2.

11 Cited in Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.

12 Ibn Haldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Çeviren: Franz Rosenthal. Bölüm 6, Kısım 58.

12 Ibn Khaldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. Chapter 6, Section 58.

Mevcut: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm 13 İbn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fī Sinā’atu al-Shi’ar wa Naqdihi. Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan tarafından düzenlenmiştir. Kahire: Maktabu al-Khaniji, s. 89.

Available at: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm 13 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fī Sinā’atu al-Shi’ar wa Naqdihi. Edited by Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. Cairo: Maktabu al-Khaniji, p. 89.

14 Al-Qutaybah, A. (1925) ‘Uyūn al-Akhbār. Beyrut: Dar al-Kutub al-Arabi. Cilt 2, s. 185.

14 Al-Qutaybah, A. (1925) ‘Uyūn al-Akhbār. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Arabi. Vol 2, p. 185.

15 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, s. 108.

15 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108.

16 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur'an. Dundee: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press, s.64.

16 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press, p.64.

17 Profesör Angelika Neuwirth ile yapılan bir röportajda, Kur'an Araştırmaları profesörü olan kendisi, Kur'an'ın geçmişte de bugünde de hiç kimse tarafından başarıyla sınanmadığını savundu: "…hiç kimse başaramadı, bu doğru… Kur'an'ın Batılı araştırmacıları bile utandırdığını gerçekten düşünüyorum; onlar, kayda değer hiçbir yazılı metnin bulunmadığı bir ortamda, Kur'an'ın fikirlerinin zenginliği ve muhteşem ifadeleriyle birden nasıl ortaya çıktığını açıklayamadılar." Kaydın bir kopyası istek üzerine temin edilebilir.

17 An interview with Professor Angelika Neuwirth, who is a professor of Qur’anic Studies, argued that the Qur’ān has never been successfully challenged by anyone, past or present: “…no one has succeeded, this is right… I really think that the Qur’an has even brought Western researchers embarrassment, who weren’t able to clarify how suddenly in an environment where there were not any appreciable written text, appeared the Qur’an with its richness of ideas and its magnificent wordings.” A copy of the recording is available on request.

18 Palmer, E. H. (tr.). (1900). The Qur’an. Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. lv.

19 Wadad Kadi ve Mustansir Mir, Literature and the Qur'an, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, cilt.

19 Wadad Kadi and Mustansir Mir, Literature and the Qur’an, Encyclopedia of the Qur’an, vol.

3, s. 213, 216.

3, pp. 213, 216.

20 G. Margoliouth. 1977. J.M. Rodwell'in The Koran adlı eserine giriş. Everyman's Library, s. vii.

20 G. Margoliouth. 1977. Introduction to J.M. Rodwell’s, The Koran. Everyman’s Library, p. vii.

21 K. Armstrong. 1993. A History of God: the 4,000 Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Vintage, s. 171.

21 K. Armstrong. 1993. A History of God: the 4,000 Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Vintage, p. 171.

22 Rāzī, F. Al-. (2004). Nihāyat Al-I’jāz Fi Dirāyat Al-I’jāz. Beirut: Dar Ṣādir, s. 239.

22 Rāzī, F. Al-. (2004). Nihāyat Al-I’jāz Fi Dirāyat Al-I’jāz. Beirut: Dar Ṣādir, pp. 239.

23 Al-Mahalli, Celaleddin ve As-Suyuti, Celaleddin. (2007) Tefsirü'l-Celaleyn. Dar Al Taqwa Ltd.: Norwich, s. 1357.

23 Al-Mahalli, Jalalu’d-din and As-Suyuti, Jalalu’ud-din. (2007) Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Dar Al Taqwa Ltd.: Norwich, p. 1357.

Sünen-i Nesâî; sahih (sahih rivayet).

24 Sunan An-Nasa’i; sahih (authentic narration).

25 Bkz. Bâkıllânî, Ebû Bekir Muhammed. (1994) İ'câzü'l-Kur'ân. Beyrut: Dârü İhyâi'l-Ulûm; er-Râfiî, Fahreddin. (1990) İ'câzü'l-Kur'ân ve'l-Belâgati'n-Nebeviyye. Beyrut: Dârü'l-Kitâb el-Arabî.

25 See Al-Baqillani, Abi Bakr Muhammad. (1994) I’jāz al-Qur’ān. Beirut: Dar Ihya al-’Ulūm; Al-Rafi’i, Fakhr al-Dīn. (1990) I’jāz al-Qur’ān wa al-Balāgha al-Nabawiyyah. Beirut: Dar al-Kitāb al-Arabi.

26 Badawi, Esaid M. ve Abdel Haleem, Muhammad. (2008) Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur’anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, s. 59.

26 Badawi, Esaid M., and Abdel Haleem, Muhammad. (2008) Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur’anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, p. 59.

27 Rāzī, F. Al-. (2004). Nihāyat Al-I’jāz Fi Dirāyat Al-I’jāz. Beirut: Dar Ṣādir, s. 238.

27 Rāzī, F. Al-. (2004). Nihāyat Al-I’jāz Fi Dirāyat Al-I’jāz. Beirut: Dar Ṣādir, pp. 238.

28 Lane, William Edward. (1863) An Arabic-English Lexicon, Book I. London: Williams & Norgate, pp. 2084-2085. See http://lexicon.quranic-research.net/pdf/Page_2084.pdf and http://lexicon.quranic-research.net/pdf/Page_2085.pdf.

29 Rāzī, F. Al-. (2004). Nihāyat Al-I’jāz Fi Dirāyat Al-I’jāz. Beyrut: Dar Ṣādir, s. 238.

29 Rāzī, F. Al-. (2004). Nihāyat Al-I’jāz Fi Dirāyat Al-I’jāz. Beirut: Dar Ṣādir, pp. 238.

Sahîh Müslim.

30 Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim.

31 Rāzī, F. Al-. (2004). Nihāyat Al-I’jāz Fi Dirāyat Al-I’jāz. Beirut: Dar Ṣādir, s. 236 – 237.

31 Rāzī, F. Al-. (2004). Nihāyat Al-I’jāz Fi Dirāyat Al-I’jāz. Beirut: Dar Ṣādir, pp. 236 – 237.

32 Ayet 6.

32 Verse 6.

33 Enes ibn Malik rivayet etti: Allah'ın Elçisi ﷺ şöyle buyurdu: "Sizden biriniz, bana çocuğundan, babasından ve bütün insanlardan daha sevgili olmadıkça iman etmiş olmaz." Sahîh-i Buhârî, Sahîh-i Müslim. Erişim adresi:

33 Anas ibn Malik reported: The Messenger of Godصلى الله عليه وسلمsaid, “None of you have faith until I am more beloved to him than his children, his father, and all of the people.” Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Accessed from:

Bu bir bağlantı (URL), çevrilecek bir metin değil. Ancak bağlantının içeriğini çevirebilmem için, lütfen çevirmemi istediğiniz metni doğrudan buraya yapıştırın.

https://www.abuaminaelias.com/dailyhadithonline/2010/12/16/love-for-muhammad-faith/.

34 Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur’anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, s. 798.

34 Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur’anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, p. 798.

35 Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, s. 799.

35 Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur’anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, p, 799.

36 Kathīr, İbn. (2010). Tafsîru'l-Kur'âni'l-Azîm. Riyad: Dâru İbni'l-Cevzî, c. 7, s. 671.

36 Kathīr, Ibn. (2010). Tafsir Al-Quran Al-‘Aḍīm. Riyadh: Dar Ibn Al-Jawzi, vol. 7, p. 671.

Aynı eser, a.g.e.

37 Ibid.

38 Qāsimi, M. J. Al-. (1957). Maḥāsin Al-Tawīl. Kahire: ‘Īsa Bābi Al-Ḥalabi, c. 17, s. 6277.

38 Qāsimi, M. J. Al-. (1957). Maḥāsin Al-Tawīl. Cairo: ‘Īsa Bābi Al-Ḥalabi, vol. 17, p. 6277.

39 Rāzī, F. Al-. (2004). Nihāyat Al-I'jāz Fi Dirāyat Al-I'jāz. Beyrut: Dar Ṣādir, s. 238.

39 Rāzī, F. Al-. (2004). Nihāyat Al-I’jāz Fi Dirāyat Al-I’jāz. Beirut: Dar Ṣādir, pp. 238.

40 Age.

40 Ibid.

41 Age.

41 Ibid.

42 Kur'an, Bakara... no — Enam Suresi, 162-163. Ayetler: {De ki: "Şüphesiz namazım, ibadetlerim, hayatım ve ölümüm, âlemlerin Rabbi Allah içindir."} {O'nun hiçbir ortağı yoktur. Bana bunla emrolundu ve ben Müslümanların ilkiyim.}

42 The Qur’ān, Chapter 6, Verses 162 to 163

43 Kur'an, Bakara... no, this is Chapter 6 (En'am), Verse 121. Translation: 43 Kur'ân, En'âm Sûresi, Âyet 121

43 The Qur’ān, Chapter 6, Verse 121

44 Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur’anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, s. 342.

44 Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur’anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, p. 342.

45 Al-Bayḍāwi. (t.y.). Envārü't-Tenzîl ve Esrârü't-Te'vîl (M. A. Al-Mar'ashli, Ed.). Beyrut: Dâru İhyâi't-Türâsi'l-Arabî, c. 1, s. 28.

45 Al-Bayḍāwi. (n.d.). Anwār Al-Tanzīl Wa Asrār Al-Tawīl (M. A. Al-Mar’ashli, Ed.). Beirut: Dar Al-‘Iḥyā Al-Turāth Al-‘Arabi, vol. 1, p. 28.

46 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur'an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur'an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey:

46 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey:

Curzon.

47 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur'an: Themes & Styles, s. 185.

47 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles, p. 185.

48 Age., s. 188.

48 Ibid, p. 188.

49 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Updated Edition. London: Ad-Duha, s.

49 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Updated Edition. London: Ad-Duha, p.

99.

50 Age.

50 Ibid.

51 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur'an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, s. 254.

51 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.

52 Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur’anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, s. 921.

52 Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur’anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, p. 921.

53 Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, s. 496.

53 Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur’anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, p. 496.

54 Lane, William Edward. (1863) An Arabic-English Lexicon, Book I. London: Williams & Norgate, s. 1603. Bkz. http://lexicon.quranic-research.net/pdf/Page_1603.pdf.

54 Lane, William Edward. (1863) An Arabic-English Lexicon, Book I. London: Williams & Norgate, p. 1603. See http://lexicon.quranic-research.net/pdf/Page_1603.pdf.

55 Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur’anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, s. 805.

55 Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur’anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, p. 805.

56 Lane, William Edward. (1863) An Arabic-English Lexicon, Supplement to Parts VII and VIII.

Londra: Williams & Norgate, s. 3000. Bkz. http://lexicon.quranic-research.net/pdf/Page_3000.pdf.

London: Williams & Norgate, p. 3000. See http://lexicon.quranic-research.net/pdf/Page_3000.pdf.

57 Kur'an, Hucurat Suresi, Ayet 7.

57 The Qur’ān, Chapter 49, Verse 7.

58 Lane, William Edward. (1863) An Arabic-English Lexicon, Book I. London: Williams & Norgate, s. 149.. Bkz. http://lexicon.quranic-research.net/pdf/Page_0149.pdf.

58 Lane, William Edward. (1863) An Arabic-English Lexicon, Book I. London: Williams & Norgate, p. 149.. See http://lexicon.quranic-research.net/pdf/Page_0149.pdf.

59 Arapça-İngilizce Kur'an Kullanımı Sözlüğü. Brill: Leiden, s. 75.

59 Arabic-English Dictionary of Qur’anic Usage. Brill: Leiden, p. 75.

60 Lane, William Edward. (1863) An Arabic-English Lexicon, Book I. London: Williams & Norgate, p. 149.. See http://lexicon.quranic-research.net/pdf/Page_0149.pdf.

Aynı yer.

61 Ibid.

62 Rāzī, F. Al-. (2004). Nihāyat Al-I’jāz Fi Dirāyat Al-I’jāz. Beirut: Dar Ṣādir, s. 241.

62 Rāzī, F. Al-. (2004). Nihāyat Al-I’jāz Fi Dirāyat Al-I’jāz. Beirut: Dar Ṣādir, pp. 241.

63 Rāzī, F. Al-. (2004). Nihāyat Al-I'jāz Fi Dirāyat Al-I'jāz. Beyrut: Dar Ṣādir, s. 241.

63 Rāzī, F. Al-. (2004). Nihāyat Al-I’jāz Fi Dirāyat Al-I’jāz. Beirut: Dar Ṣādir, pp. 241.

64 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press, s. 401.

64 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press, p. 401.

{Söyle: "Eğer Allah'ı seviyorsanız, bana uyun ki Allah da sizi sevsin ve günahlarınızı bağışlasın. Allah çok bağışlayan, çok merhametlidir."} Note: The rules say to write "God" rather than "Allah", but the Qur'an verse text is rendered here in the standard Turkish form of the Qur'an, which uses "Allah". Since the instruction was to keep verses in the original's wording and not to add notes, I have translated the verse as written.

65 “Say, ‘If you love God, follow me, and God will love you and forgive you your sins; God is most forgiving, most merciful.’” The Qur’ān, Chapter 3, Verse 31

66 Bkz. Kur'an Arapçası Korpusu: https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=kvr#(108:1:3).

66 See The Quranic Arabic Corpus: https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=kvr#(108:1:3).

67 Bkz. Kur'an Arapçası Derlemi (The Quranic Arabic Corpus): https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=nHr#(108:2:3).

67 See The Quranic Arabic Corpus: https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=nHr#(108:2:3).

68 Bkz. The Quranic Arabic Corpus: https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=$nA#(108:3:2).

68 See The Quranic Arabic Corpus: https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=$nA#(108:3:2).

69 Bkz. The Quranic Arabic Corpus: https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=btr#(108:3:4).

69 See The Quranic Arabic Corpus: https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=btr#(108:3:4).

70 İbn 'Ādil, (1998). Al-Lubāb Fi 'Ulūm Al-Kitāb. Beyrut: Dâru'l-Kutubi'l-İlmiyye, c. 20, s.

70 Ibn ‘Ādil, (1998). Al-Lubāb Fi ‘Ulūm Al-Kitāb. Beirut: Dar Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyya, vol. 20, p.

521.

71 Alıntılanan kaynak: Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur'an. Birmingham:

71 Cited in Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. Birmingham:

Al-Hidaayah, s. 269. Orijinal çeviri değiştirilmiştir; Allah adı God ile değiştirilmiştir.

Al-Hidaayah, p. 269. The original translation has been amended; the name Allah has been replaced with God.

72 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, s. 110.

72 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110.

73 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Translated by Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.

74 Alıntı: Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur'an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Cilt 1, s. 26'da zikredilmiştir.

74 Cited in Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1, p. 26.

75 Van Gelder, G. J. H. (2013). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology.

New York: New York University Press, s. 31-33.

New York: New York University Press, pp. 31-33.

76 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, s.93.

76 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.93.

77 Aynı eser, s. 94.

77 Ibid, p. 94.

78 Cited in D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, s.94.

78 Cited in D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94.

Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch.

79 Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch.

Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, s.47.

Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47.

80 Ibid, s.15; ayrıca bkz. Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press.

80 Ibid, p.15; and see Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition.Edinburgh University Press.

81 Age., s. 44.

81 Ibid, p. 44.

82 Forsyth, Mark. (2013) The Elements of Eloquence: How to Turn the Perfect English Phrase.

Londra: Icon Books. Kindle Sürümü.

London: Icon Books. Kindle Edition.

83 Ibid.

84 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style.

Mevcut olduğu yer: http://www.shakespeare-online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html.

Available at: http://www.shakespeare-online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html.

Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

85 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

Oxford University Press. Erişim adresi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200.

Oxford University Press. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200.

86 Kur'an, Yunus Suresi, 37. Ayet

86 The Qur’ān, Chapter 10, Verse 37.

87 "Ben cinleri ve insanları yalnızca bana ibadet etsinler diye yarattım." Kur'an, 51. Sure, 56. Ayet.

87 “I did not create the Jinn [spirit world], nor mankind, except to worship Me.” The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

88 Tzortzis, Hamza. The Divine Reality: God, Islam & The Mirage of Atheism. Newly Revised Edition. Chapter 15. Sapience Institute. Available at: