Imom Bukhoriy va Muslim Ibn Umardan rivoyat qilishadi: "Alloh elchisi (ﷺ) fitr sadaqasini Hayit namozidan oldin to'lashni buyurdilar."
Ikrima aytadi: "Namozdan oldin zakot berish kerak. Alloh taolo aytadi: "Darhaqiqat, poklangan kishi najot topadi, Robbisining nomini eslab, namoz o'qiydi" (Qur'on, 87:14–15)."
Ibn Xuzayma Kasirdan, u otasidan, u bobosidan rivoyat qiladi: Alloh elchisi (ﷺ) ushbu oyat haqida so'ralganda, javob berdilar: "U fitr sadaqasi haqida nozil bo'lgan."
Ammo bu rivoyat zaifdir, chunki Kasir juda ishonchsizdir. Bundan tashqari, bu oyat Makkada nozil bo'lgan, fitr sadaqasi esa Madinada Ramazon ro'zasi farz qilinganidan keyin joriy etilgan. Boshqa tomondan, Imom Bukhoriy va Muslim Abu Sa'iddan rivoyat qiladilar: "Alloh elchisi (ﷺ) hayotligida biz ro'za hayiti kuni sadaqani to'lardik..." Bu esa to'lov uchun butun kun vaqt ekanligini bildiradi.
Al Bukhari and Muslim report from Ibn 'Umar "The Messenger of God (p) ordered zakah of al fitr paid prior to 'Id prayers." 'Ikrimah says "One should pay zakah before making the prayers. God says, 'But those will prosper who pay zakah, and gloriy the name of their Lord, and then pray.'"3 Ibn Khuzaimah reports from Kathir, from his father from his grandfather, that the Messenger of God (p) was asked about this verse and answered, "It was sent down in regard to zakah of al fitr."4 But this saying is weak because Kathir is very unreliable.5 Moreover, the verse is Makkan, while zakah of al fitr was imposed after the fasting of Ramadan was prescribed in Madinah. On the other hand, al Bukhari and Muslim report from Abu Sa'id, "We used to pay, during the lifetime of the Messenger of God (p) on the day of breaking the fast . . . .," I implying that all the day is time for payment.
Imom ash-Shofi'iy bu zakotning butun Hayit kuni davomida to'lanishi mumkinligini aytadi, ammo to'lash uchun eng afzal vaqt Hayit namozidan oldin, ertalab erta paytdir. Imom ash-Shofi'iy bilan rozi bo'lgan ulamolarning aksariyati Hayit namozi vaqti o'tguncha to'lovni kechiktirishni makruh deb hisoblaydi, chunki fitr zakoti o'sha kuni kambag'allarni boyitish uchun berilgan, shuning uchun ularga o'sha kunning o'zida undan foydalanish uchun vaqt berilishi kerak.
Al Shafi'i suggests that this zakah can be paid during the whole day of 'Id, although the best time for payment is early morning before 'Id prayers. Agreeing with al Shafi'i the majority of scholars believe delaying payment until the time for 'Id prayers passes is undesirable, since zakah of al fitr is meant to enrich the poor on that day, so they must be given time to use it during the day itself.
Ibn Hazm aytadiki, namozdan keyin to'lashni kechiktirish man etilgan, va agar zakot namozdan oldin berilmagan bo'lsa, u baribir keyinroq to'lanishi kerak, chunki yoqsillarga bo'lgan haqqi ado etilishi shart, garchi namozdan oldin to'lash haqida Alloh taologa bo'lgan haqning buzilgan bo'lsa ham.6 Al-Shavkoniy esa, Ibn Abbosdan rivoyat qilingan so'z asosida namozdan oldin to'lashni vojib deb hisoblaydi: "Kim uni namozdan oldin bersa, u uchun u zakot sifatida qabul qilinadi, kim uni namozdan keyin bersa, u boshqa sadaqalar kabi oddiy sadaqadir."
Fitr sadaqasini 'Id kunining oxirigacha kechiktirish gunoh ekani hech kim tomonidan ixtilof qilinmagan, garchi uni baribir to'lash lozim bo'lsa ham.7
Ibn Hazm says it is prohibited to delay payment until after the time of prayers, and that if zakah is not paid before prayers, it must nevertheless be paid later, because the due right to the poor must be fulfilled, despite the violation of God's right to payment before prayers.6 Al Shawkani argues that timing the payment before prayers is obligatory on the basis of the saying from Ibn 'Abbas, "He who pays it before prayers, for him it is acceptable as zakah, and for him who pays it after prayers it is a charity like other charities." Delaying zakah of al fitr until after the day of 'Id ends is unanimously considered sinful, in spite of the fact that it must be paid anyway.7
Fitr zakotini ro'za ayti kuni oldidan berish mumkinmi, degan masala ham kelib chiqadi.
The question of whether zakah of al fitr can be paid before the day of 'Id also arises.
Ibn Hazm'ning javobi mutlaq "yo'q"dir.8 Ahmad esa uni 'Iddan bir yoki ikki kun oldin berish joiz deb hisoblaydi, chunki al-Buxoriy Ibn 'Umardan rivoyat qilgan hadisga tayanadi: "Sahobalar uni 'Iddan bir yoki ikki kun oldin berar edilar." Bu fikr ham Molikiylarning qarashidir.9 Ba'zi Hanbaliylar esa uni Ramazonning o'rtasidayoq berish mumkin, deydilar. Al-Shofe'iy uni Ramazonning boshidanoq berish mumkin, deb ruxsat beradi, chunki uning fikricha, bu sadaqaning vojib bo'lishining sababi ro'za tutish yoki ro'zani ochish bo'lib, bularning ikkalasidan biri mavjud bo'lsa, fitr zakotini berish mumkin.10 Abu Hanifa esa, mol zakoti kabi, fitr zakotini ham yil boshidanoq berish mumkin, deb ta'kidlaydi.
Ibn Hazm's answer is an absolute no.8 Ahmad argues that it is permissible to pay it one or two days before 'Id, on the grounds of the saying reported by al Bukhari from Ibn 'Umar that "The Companions used to give it away one or two days before 'Id." This is also the Malikite view.9 Some Hanbalites say it can be paid as early as the middle of the month of Ramadan. Al Shafi'i allows it to be paid as early as the beginning of Ramadan, since, according to him, the reason for its obligation is either fasting or breaking the fast, and ones either of these exists, zakah of al fitr can be paid.10 Abu Hanifah argues that, like zakah on wealth, zakah of al fitr can be paid as early as the beginning of the year.
Oxirida, Zaydiylar ikki yil oldindan to'lovga ruxsat beradilar.11
Lastly, Zaidis allow payment two years in advance.11
Shuni sezish mumkinki, Ahmad va Molik qarashi zakot al-fitrning maqsadini amalga oshirishga yaqinroq ko'rinadi, ammo shuni tan olish kerakki, zakotni yig'ish va taqsimlash jarayonini oy o'rtasida boshlash, ayniqsa bu mas'uliyatni davlat yoki ijtimoiy tashkilot o'z zimmasiga olsa, osonroq va qulayroqdir.
It is noticeable that the view of Ahmad and Malik seems closer to fulfilling the objective of zakah of al fitr, although one must confess that starting the collection and distribution process in the middle of the month is easier and more convenient, especially if the state or a social organization takes this responsibility.