“النَّقْد” في اللغة يُطلق على تمييز الدراهم وإخراج الزَّيف منها، ويُطلق أيضًا على دفع الدراهم وأخذها. ومثال ذلك في المعنى الأخير حديث جابر في جمله الذي اشتراه منه رسول الله ﷺ، فقال: «فَنَقَدَنِي ثَمَنَهُ»، أي أعطاني الثمن نقدًا حالًّا. ويُطلق أيضًا على العملة نفسها.

An-naqd is used in the language to mean the distinguishing of Dirhams and removing the counterfeit from them. It is also used for giving and taking Dirhams. An example for the latter meaning is the Hadith of Jabir regarding his camel which the Messenger of Allah (saw) purchased from him and he said: “He (Naqada) paid me its price” i.e. gave to me as Naqd immediately. It is also used for currency itself.

货币被定义为人们习惯上约定用作商品价格、劳动和服务报酬的那种东西，无论是金属还是非金属，所有商品、劳动和服务都以它来衡量。

Currencies are known as that thing which people traditionally agreed to use as prices for goods and wages for labour and services, whether metallic or not, such that all goods, labour and services are measured with it.

在人们认识货币之前，他们以物物交换的方式买卖商品和提供服务。然而，物物交换充满诸多困难，导致交易受到诸多限制，于是各个社会便考虑选择一种具有内在价值、且易于交换的主要商品作为标准（Miqyas），用以衡量一切商品和服务。于是他们开始使用货币，货币便成为唯一的衡量标准。由于金和银自古以来就是对人类具有内在价值的珍贵矿物，它们被用作货币，并由此铸造出第纳尔和迪拉姆。这是因为它们尤其具有相对稀缺的特性，正如黄金以其经久不变而著称一样。

People used to trade and exchange goods and services by barter before they knew currencies. However, because exchanging goods and services by barter is surrounded by many difficulties resulting in restrictions in trading transactions, societies thought of choosing a principal good with an intrinsic value that is easily exchanged to become a standard (Miqyas) to measure all goods and services. So they initiated currencies which became the sole measurement. As gold and silver are valuable minerals with intrinsic value from ancient times for human beings, they were taken as currency, and Dinars and Dirhams were coined from them. This was because they are especially characterised by relative scarcity just like gold is distinguished by durability over time.

罗马国家及其附属国家以黄金作为货币的基础,并由此铸造具有特定形状和重量的赫拉克利安第纳尔。波斯国家及其附属国家则以白银作为货币的基础,铸造了具有特定形状和重量的迪拉姆。罗马第纳尔只有一种形状和重量,而波斯迪拉姆则有多种形状和重量。

The Roman State and the countries subordinate to it adopted gold as the basis of their currency such that they coined from it Heraclian Dinars that has a specific shape and weight. The Persian State and countries subordinate to it adopted silver as the basis of its currency such that it coined Dirhams of a specific shape and weight. Roman Dinars were of only one shape and weight, whereas Persian Dirhams had numerous shapes and weights.

前伊斯兰时期的阿拉伯人，尤其是古莱什部落，过去常与周边的国家和地区进行贸易。安拉(SWT)说：

Pre-Islamic Arabs, particularly the Quraysh, used to trade with neighbouring countries and regions. Allah (swt) says:

“为了使古莱什人安宁，使他们的商队冬夏两季都能安全出行” [At-Takathur: 1-2]

“For the taming of Quraysh such that the (Quraysh) caravans set forth safe in winter and in summer” [At-Takathur: 1-2]

They would return from Ash-Sham bearing golden Caesarean Dinars, and silver Chosroes Dirhams from Iraq, and, less often, Humayri Dirhams from Yemen. They would bring Heraclian gold and Sassanid silver to the Hijaz. However, they did not deal with these Dinars and Dirhams by number but by weight, considering them as ore (Tibr), i.e. (pure) material of gold and silver, not coined money. They ignored taking them as coined currency due to the various types of Dirhams and their different weights, and the probability of Dinars being reduced (in weight) due to their frequent exchange, even though they had a fixed weight at that time. They depended on weight to prevent fraud, and they had specific weights used for weighing, which were the pound, ounce, Nush, seed (Nuwat), Mithqal, Dirham, Daniq, carat and grain (Hubbat). The Mithqal, the basis of weight, had a known weight. Its weight was 22 carats less one grain, and their ten Dirhams weighed seven Mithqal.

They would return from Ash-Sham bearing golden Caesarean Dinars, and silver Chosroes Dirhams from Iraq, and, less often Humayri Dirhams from Yemen. They would bring Heraclian gold and Sassanid silver to the Hijaz. However, they did not deal with these Dinars and Dirhams by number but by weight considering them as ore (Tibr) i.e. (pure) material of gold and silver not coined money. They ignored taking them as coined currency due to the various types of Dirhams and their different weights, and the probability of Dinars being reduced (in weight) due to their frequent exchange even though they had a fixed weight at that time. They depended on weight to prevent fraud and they had specific weights used for weighing which were the pound, ounce, Nush, seed (Nuwat), Mithqal, Dirham, Daniq, carat and grain (Hubbat). The Mithqal the basis of weight-had a known weight. Its weight was 22 carats less one grain, and their ten Dirhams weighed seven Mithqal.

伊斯兰教到来后,使者穆罕默德ﷺ认可了人们对这些第纳尔和迪拉姆的交易,也认可将它们视为货币,正如他认可古莱什人称量这些第纳尔和迪拉姆所用的重量一样。Tawus传述自Ibn ‘Umar,他说:“使者穆罕默德ﷺ说:‘重量以麦加人的重量为准,度量以麦地那人的度量为准。’”Al-Baladhri传述自Abdullah bin Th’alaba bin Sa’eer,他说:“在贾希利耶时期,赫拉克利乌斯的第纳尔和波斯的Bughliyya(波斯人)迪拉姆传入麦加人之中,他们与之交易时只将其视为金属原料。米斯喀勒有一个为人所熟知的重量,即二十二克拉略多一点的重量。十个迪拉姆重七个米斯喀勒,一磅为十二盎司,每盎司为四十个迪拉姆。使者穆罕默德ﷺ认可了这一做法,艾布·伯克尔、欧麦尔、奥斯曼和阿里也都认可。”

When Islam came, the Messenger of Allah (saw) consented to dealing with these Dinars and Dirhams. He also consented to considering them as currency, as he consented to the weight with which the Quraysh weighed these Dinars and Dirhams. Tawus narrated from Ibn ‘Umar who said: “The Messenger of Allah (saw) said: “The weight is the weight of the people of Makka, and the measure is the measure of the people of Madinah.’” Al-Baladhri narrated from Abdullah bin Th’alaba bin Sa’eer who said: “Heraclian Dinars came to the people of Makkah in Jahiliyyah as came Dirhams of al-Furs al- Bughliyya (Persians), and when they traded with them they considered them only as ore. The Mithqal had a well-known weight for them, a weight of 22 carats less a fraction. Ten Dirhams weighed seven Mithqal and the pound was 12 ounces with each ounce being 40 Dirhams. The Messenger of Allah (saw) consented to this, as did Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, Uthman and Ali.”.

在先知穆罕默德ﷺ在世时、艾布·伯克尔·绥季格的哈里发时期以及欧麦尔哈里发统治的最初几年，穆斯林仍沿用拜占庭的第纳尔和萨珊的迪拉姆，在其形制、铸造和图案上都保持原样。希吉拉历第20年，即欧麦尔哈里发统治的第8年，欧麦尔铸造了仿萨珊风格的新迪拉姆，保留了帕拉维（Pahlavi）的人像和文字，同时加入了一些用库法体阿拉伯文书写的词句，例如“奉安拉之名（swt）”和“奉我主安拉之名（swt）”。直到阿卜杜勒·马利克·本·marwan时期，穆斯林仍在使用拜占庭风格的第纳尔和萨珊风格的迪拉姆，并在其上用阿拉伯文字书写某些伊斯兰词语。第75年，或可能是第76年，阿卜杜勒·马利克放弃萨珊风格，铸造了具有特定伊斯兰风格的迪拉姆，上面以库法体文字刻有伊斯兰经文。第77年，他又铸造了具有特定伊斯兰风格的第纳尔，上面以库法体阿拉伯文刻有伊斯兰经文，并摒弃了此前的拜占庭风格。阿卜杜勒·马利克铸造出具有特定伊斯兰风格的迪拉姆和第纳尔之后，穆斯林便拥有了自己独特的、具有伊斯兰风格的货币，并弃用了他人的货币。

The Muslims continued using Heraclian Dinars and Chosroes Dirhams in their shape, coinage and pictures throughout the life of the Messenger of Allah (saw) , the Khilafah of Abu Bakr as-Siddiq and the first years of ‘Umar’s Khilafah. In the 20th year of the Hijra, which was the 8th year of ‘Umar’s Khilafah, ‘Umar coined new Dirhams in the Sassanid style and retained the Pahlavi faces and writing while adding some words in Kufic Arabic letters such as “In the name of Allah (swt)” and “In the name of Allah (swt), my Lord.” Muslims continued using Dinars in Byzantine style and Dirhams in Sassanid style together with writing certain Islamic words in Arabic letters until the time of Abdul Malik bin Marwan. In the 75th year, or possibly in the 76th year, Abdul Malik coined Dirhams in specific Islamic style carrying Islamic texts engraved upon the Dirhams in Kufic script after abandoning the Sassanid style. In the 77th year, he coined Dinars in a specific Islamic style and engraved upon them Islamic texts with Kufic Arabic script while abandoning the previous Byzantine style. After Abdul Malik had coined Dirhams and Dinars in a specific Islamic style, Muslims had their distinct currency in a unique Islamic style and they abandoned other people’s currency.

第斯纳尔的重量在蒙昧时代与伊斯兰时期都没有不同，它有固定的重量。拜占庭第斯纳尔在蒙昧时代、真主的使者ﷺ在世时以及其后的哈里发时期都被使用。之后，阿卜杜勒·马立克铸造了重量相同的伊斯兰第斯纳尔。拜占庭第斯纳尔的重量为一个米萨戈勒，而米萨戈勒等于8个达瓦尼格，8个达瓦尼格的重量为20克拉，或略少于22克拉，两者重量相同，因为这两种克拉的重量存在差异。米萨戈勒的重量以72粒普通大麦种子的重量计算，这种大麦种子的两端细小部分被切去；它也可以估算为6000粒普通大小的野芥菜籽的重量。

The weight of the Dinar did not differ either in Jahiliyyah or Islam; it has a fixed weight. Byzantine Dinars were used in the time of Jahiliyyah, the time of the Messenger of Allah (saw) and the Khulafa’a after him. Then Abdul Malik coined Islamic Dinars of the same weight. The Byzantine Dinar weighed a Mithqal, where the Mithqal was 8 Dawaniq which weighed 20 carats or a fraction less than 22 carats, both weights being the same as there is a difference in the weight of the two types of carats. The Mithqal is measured as 72 grains of an average barley seed whose two tiny edges are cut off, and it is also estimated as 6,000 grains of average-sized wild mustard.

先知ﷺ认可了这一第纳尔的重量，并将天课、血钱以及窃盗的断手之刑的规定与之相连。因此它成为第纳尔的沙里尔重量标准，也正是阿卜杜勒·马立克在铸造伊斯兰第纳尔并将其定为米斯卡勒时所依据的同一重量。

The Messenger of Allah (saw) consented to this Dinar weight and linked with it the rules of Zakat, blood-money and the cutting for theft. So it became the Shari’ah weight for Dinars, and it is the same weight that Abdul Malik depended upon when he coined the Islamic Dinar and made it a Mithqal.

至于德拉姆（Dirham），其重量各不相同，原因在于波斯人有三种德拉姆：大的一种重量等于一个米斯嗑勒（Mithqal），即20克拉；小的一种重量为半个米斯嗑勒，即10克拉；中等的一种，十枚的重量相当于6个米斯嗑勒，即12克拉。 Al-Balathari（Al-Balādhurī）引述Al-Hassan bin Salih的话说："非阿拉伯人所铸的德拉姆重量各异，有重有轻。他们从中铸出一种重一米斯嗑勒的，即20克拉；另一种为12克拉；还有一种为10克拉，即中等米斯嗑勒。"他又引述了除Al-Hassan bin Salih之外的人的话，说："非阿拉伯人的德拉姆是这样的：十枚重十个米斯嗑勒，十枚重六个米斯嗑勒，十枚重五个米斯嗑勒。" 他们把大的德拉姆称为mulish（Bughliyya）德拉姆，或称为满黑（Sood Wafiya）德拉姆。德拉姆的基本重量以金的米斯嗑勒重量来衡量，即8个Dawaniq，每个Daniq为2.5克拉，因此共为20克拉。这一重量标准是在萨珊王朝、正统哈里发以及倭马亚王朝时期铸造的。

As for Dirhams, they had different weights because the Persians had three types of Dirhams; the large one whose weight was a Mithqal’s weight, that is 20 carats, the little one whose weight is one half Mithqal’s weight i.e. 10 carats, and the middle one ten of which weighed 6 Mithqal i.e. 12 carats. Al- Balathari narrated from Al-Hassan bin Salih who said: “Dirhams coined by non-Arabs had different weights, both heavy and light. They would coin a Mithqal from it which is 20 carats, another of 12 carats, and another of 10 carats which is of the median Mithqal.” He narrated from other than Al- Hassan bin Salih who said: “Dirhams of the non-Arabs were such that 10 of them weigh 10 Mithqal, 10 of them weigh 6 Mithqal and 10 of them weigh 5 Mithqal.” They used the term mulish (Bughliyya) Dirhams for large Dirhams or the full black (Sood Wafiya) for assessing the basic weight of the Dirham which is the weight of the Mithqal in gold i.e. 8 Dawaniq where a Daniq is two and a half carats, so it becomes 20 carats. This weight was coined at the time of the Sassanids, the righteous Khulafa’a and the Umayyads.