每个国家都会采用某一特定的计量单位，将其作为货物与劳动相互关联并据以衡量的基准。国家以特定的形式和样式铸造这一单位，并赋予其固定的重量和价值。自古以来，各社会都以具有内在价值的物品来制作这一计量单位。他们采用黄金和白银作为衡量一切货物与劳动的标准，因为黄金和白银在全世界都具有内在价值。他们以特定的形式和样式，并以特定且固定的重量和价值，用它们铸造货币。

Each State adopts a specific unit of something, making it the basis to which goods and labour are related and by which they are measured. It coins the unit in a specific form and fashion which are specific to it along with a fixed weight and value. Societies have, from the earliest times, made this measuring unit from things with intrinsic value. They adopted gold and silver as a measure to which all goods and labour are related, because gold and silver have intrinsic value in the whole world. They coined currency pieces from them with a specific form and fashion as well as a specific and fixed weight and value.

采用金本位或银本位作为货币基础的国家,实行金属本位制。若该国以金单位为基础,并以之铸造为本国货币,则实行金本位制,即金本位或金标准。若以银单位为基础并以之铸造为本国货币,则实行银本位制,即银标准。若该国以金单位和银单位并存为基础,并以二者铸造为本国货币,则实行金银复本位制,即双金属本位或复本位制。

The State which adopts gold or silver units as the basis for its currency follows the metallic system. If it makes the gold unit the basis for its currency which it coins as currency for itself, then it follows the gold principle or gold Standard. If it makes the silver unit the basis of its currency which it coins as its currency, then it follows the silver standard. If it makes the gold unit and silver unit-beside each other-as the basis for its currency which it coins as its currency, then it follows the gold and silver principle or the bimetallic standard.

至于那些采用纸币作为货币、并以此与商品和劳动进行交换的国家,它遵循纸币本位制。若其所印制并作为货币流通的纸币代表黄金或白银,则该国遵循代表性纸币本位制。若其所印制并作为货币使用的纸币以黄金或白银作为担保,且担保量等于其面值的某一特定比例,则该国遵循有担保类型的纸币本位制。

As for the State which adopts paper currency as its currency such that goods and labour are exchanged with it, it follows the paper currency standard. If the paper it prints, as money and currency is representative of gold or silver, the State follows the representative paper currency standard. If the paper it prints and makes as its currency has gold or silver backing equal to a specific proportion of its value, it follows the paper currency standard of the secured type.

如果一国所印制、发行并作为其货币和通货的纸币，既不能代替黄金或白银，也不以黄金或白银为担保，那么该国被视为实行强制性纸币本位制。

If the currency it prints, issues and makes as its money and currency is not a substitute for gold or silver, nor backed by gold or silver, the State is considered to be following the compulsory paper currency standard.

罗马国家采用了具有确定重量和价值的固定单位黄金作为其货币的基础。以此为基础，它铸造了特定形状和样式、刻有特定铭文的黄金货币单位。它将这种金币作为其货币和通货，并投入流通，从而在发行货币时采用了黄金本位原则。因此，它遵循了金本位制度。

The Roman State adopted the fixed unit of gold with defined weight and value as the basis of its currency. It coined on this basis a unit piece of gold currency in a specific form and fashion, engraved with a specific inscription. It made this gold coined piece its money and currency, and submitted it for circulation, thereby adopting the gold principle in issuing its currency. It thus followed the golden ingots standard.

至于萨珊王朝，它以白银单位作为货币的基础。它制定了三种衡重标准，依据这些标准铸造了形制特定、刻有特定铭文的银质迪拉姆。它以这些银质铸币作为其货币和通货，并投入流通，从而采用了白银本位制。因此，它遵循的是银锭标准。

As for the Sassanid State, it adopted the silver unit as the basis of its currency. It made it of three weights, coining upon the basis of these weights silver Dirhams of specific form and fashion engraved with specific inscriptions. It made these silver coined pieces its money and currency, submitted them for circulation, thereby adopting the silver principle. It thus followed the silver ingots standard.

至于穆斯林，他们以黄金单位和白银单位作为其货币和通货的基础。两者并用，但从先知（愿主赐福并使其平安）及其之后的哈里发时期，直到阿卜杜勒·马立克·本·麦尔旺的时代，他们都是采用拜占庭第纳尔和波斯萨珊王朝的迪拉姆作为货币，而未铸造属于自己的特定货币。在阿卜杜勒·马立克·本·麦尔旺的时代，他铸造了专属的伊斯兰货币，使其具有特定的形式与样式，并在上面刻上特定的铭文，依照沙里亚第纳尔和迪拉姆的重量，将其确立在黄金和白银单位之上。穆斯林由此遵行金银本位制，即双金属原则。在阿拔斯王朝末期以及埃及的阿塔比卡时期，穆斯林除了金币和银币之外，还铸造了铜币，用来购买零碎小物，因为铜的内在价值较低。它并不代表金银，而是依其作为铜的价值独立存在。由于阿塔比卡时期金银变得稀缺，他们开始用铜币购买一切商品，无论昂贵还是便宜。

As for Muslims, they adopted the gold unit and silver unit as the basis for their money and currency. They utilised them together, except that they took Byzantine Dinars and Chosroes Dirhams as their money without coining their own specific money from the time of the Messenger (saw) and the Khulafa’a after him until the period of Abdul Malik bin Marwan. In his time, Abdul Malik bin Marwan minted specific Islamic currency, making it in specific form and fashion. He engraved it with a specific inscription and established it upon the gold and silver unit according to the weights of the Shari’ah Dinar and Dirham. The Muslims thereby proceeded on the gold and silver standard i.e. the bi-metallic principle. In the last days of the Abbassids, and the period of the Attabika in Egypt, Muslims coined, beside the gold and silver, copper currency to buy trivial things because copper’s intrinsic value is low. It was not representative of gold and silver; rather it stood on its own depending upon its value as copper. Since gold and silver became scarce in the Attabika period, they began buying all goods, whether expensive or cheap, with copper currency.

直到20世纪初,世界各国仍沿用以金银为本位的货币制度。各国都以自己特定的形式和样式铸造本国的金币或银币,并规定固定的价值或重量。直至第一次世界大战前夕,主要的殖民主义国家才放弃金银本位,转而采用强制流通的纸币作为本国货币。

The world continued following the gold and silver principle based on the standard of ingots until the beginning of the 20th century. Each State would coin its own gold or silver currency in its own specific form and fashion, with specific fixed value or weight, until the major colonialist States abandoned the gold and silver principle just before World War I and adopted the compulsory paper money as their currency.

这就是发行货币的实际情况，穆斯林在采用和发行货币方面所遵循的实际做法，以及伊斯兰教法关于其发行的规定的实际情况。

This is the reality of issuing currency, the reality of what Muslims followed in adopting and issuing currency and the reality of the Shari’ah rule regarding its issuing.

因此,穆斯林必须以金和银作为货币,哈里发国家也必须以金和银铸造其货币。它必须遵循金银原则,即双金属本位制,正如先知穆罕默德ﷺ和他之后的哈里发们的时代所实行的那样。它必须用纯金和纯银材料铸造具有高价值的金第纳尔和银迪拉姆。它必须以哈里发国家特有的特定形式和伊斯兰风格制作第纳尔和迪拉姆,使金第纳尔的重量与伊斯兰教法规定的重量相同,即米斯古尔(Mithqal)的重量。因此,它应当将一枚第纳尔铸造为4.25克,这就是第纳尔的重量。它应当使银迪拉姆的重量为伊斯兰教法规定的迪拉姆重量,即被称为"七之重量"的标准,也就是10枚迪拉姆重7个米斯古尔,因此每枚迪拉姆铸造为2.975克。

Therefore, Muslims must have gold and silver as their currency and the Khilafah State must make its currency of gold and silver. It must follow the gold and silver principle i.e. bi-metallic standard, as was the case in the days of the Messenger of Allah (saw) and the Khulafa’a after him. It must coin golden Dinars and silver Dirhams from the pure gold and silver material and with high value. It must make Dinars and Dirhams in a specific form and Islamic fashion unique to the Khilafah State, making the gold Dinar’s weight as that of the Shari’ah i.e. the Mithqal’s weight. Hence it should coin the Dinar as 4.25 grams for one Dinar which is the Dinar’s weight. It should make the silver Dirham’s weight the weight of the Shari’ah Dirham which is known as the weight of seven, i.e. 10 Dirhams weigh 7 Mithqals, and so it coins Dirhams as 2.975 grams for one Dirham.

国家可以按以下形式铸造金第纳尔及其分数单位和倍数单位：

It is possible for the State to coin gold Dinars, its parts and multiples in the following form:

用这种形制，可以铸造出与天课的尼萨布等重的金币、以黄金衡量的基准第纳尔（Dinar）之重的金币、作为天课尼萨布中应缴部分的半第纳尔之重的金币，以及四分之一第纳尔之重的金币，而窃贼的手正是因偷窃达到这一数额而被截断。

Using this form, it can coin pieces in the weight of the Nisab of Zakat, the Dinar’s weight which is the basis of weight in gold, the weight of one-half Dinar which is the obligatory amount taken from the Nisab of Zakat, and a quarter-Dinar piece which is the amount for which the thief ’s hand is cut.

国家也可以铸造银质的迪拉姆（Dirham）及其分数和倍数，形式如下： 硬币　　重量（克） 1. 二分之一迪拉姆　1.4875 克 2. 一迪拉姆　2.975 克 3. 五迪拉姆　14.675 克，即银的天课起征额（Nisab）中所应缴纳的应付数额 4. 十迪拉姆　29.75 克 5. 二十迪拉姆　59.5 克

The State can also coin silver Dirhams, its parts and multiples in the following form: Coins Weight in Grams 1. One-half Dirham 1.4875 g 2. Dirham 2.975 g 3. 5 Dirhams 14.675 g, the obligatory amount taken from the Nisab of silver 4. 10 Dirhams 29.75 g 5. 20 Dirhams 59.5 g

国家也可以铸造比银币更小的面额，以便用于购买零碎的小件物品。由于这些银质小额货币所含的银量很少，若单纯以纯银铸币流通，使用起来颇为不便，因此可以在其中掺入一定比例的不具价值的其他金属。然而，这些铸币中银的重量比例必须加以明确标示，以免使人产生任何混淆。

The State can also coin units smaller than that of silver to help obtaining trivial things. Since the silver contained in these silver units is little and it is difficult to deal with them as they are pure coins, specific portions of different valueless metals can be added to them. However, the proportion of silver in weight used in these coined units must be clarified in a manner preventing any confusion over it.

哈里发国家必须努力促使世界重新以黄金和白银进行交易，以防止像美国这样的国家主导世界货币，从而使其按照自身特定的利益操纵货币。

The Khilafah State must endeavour to bring the world back to deal with gold and silver to prevent a state like America from dominating world currency such that she plays with it according to her specific interests.

伊斯兰国家在其历年之中始终维护金银的标准衡量，使其不受任何杂质的污染。它确保金银保持完全纯净，从而符合高标准的衡量。它禁止掺假金银，并对所有掺假第纳尔和迪拉姆的人施以惩罚。

The Islamic State throughout its years preserved the standard measure of gold and silver so that they remained free of any impurity. It ensured it was kept completely pure so that they were of high standard measure. It used to prevent adulteration of gold and silver, implementing punishment on all who adulterated Dinars and Dirhams.

因此,金第纳尔和银迪拉姆必须保持纯净,不得掺杂任何其他金属,并且必须防止掺假。凡掺入任何其他金属者都必须受到惩罚,因为这是欺诈,而欺诈是被禁止的。安拉的使者ﷺ说:“欺骗我们的人不是我们中的一员。”在另一段圣训中他说:“欺骗我们的人不是我们中的一员。”

Therefore, gold Dinars and silver Dirhams must be pure without mixing them with any other metal and its adulteration must be prevented. Punishment must befall all who mix it with any other metals as this is fraud and fraud is prohibited. The Messenger of Allah (saw) said: “He is not one of us who deceives” and in another narration: “He who deceives us is not one of us.”

伊斯兰哈里发国必须对黄金与白银之间的兑换比率不加任何限制。黄金应按照当前市场价格、依据供求关系与白银兑换，白银亦然，正如在先知穆罕默德ﷺ及其之后的哈里发时代的情形。先知穆罕默德ﷺ并未规定黄金与白银之间的特定比率，也未强制规定二者之间的特定兑换价格。他允许穆斯林按其意愿以黄金购买白银、以白银购买黄金，即时交割，而不对二者之间施加特定比率。他说：“黄金与白银的交易，你们可以随意进行，但须当场交割。”伊本·欧麦尔说：“我过去在baqi'市场卖骆驼。我用第纳尔卖，收取迪拉姆；我用迪拉姆卖，收取第纳尔，以此换彼，以彼换此。我来到先知穆罕默德ﷺ那里，当时他在哈福萨的房中，我说：‘真主的使者啊，请您稍等，让我问您一下。我在baqi'市场做骆驼生意，用第纳尔交易，收取迪拉姆；用迪拉姆交易，收取第纳尔，以此换彼，以彼换此。’真主的使者ﷺ说：‘只要你们在分开之前，双方之间仍有未结清的部分，那么按当日的价格收取，并无不妥。’”

The Khilafah State must leave the exchange ratio between gold and silver without any restriction. Gold should be exchanged with silver, and silver with gold at the current market price according to supply and demand as was the case at the time of the Messenger of Allah (saw) and the Khulafa’a after him. The Messenger of Allah (saw) did not determine a specific ratio between gold and silver nor obliged a specific exchange price between them. He left Muslims to buy silver with gold and gold with silver as they wished, hand to hand, without imposing a specific ratio between them. He said: “Trade gold with silver as you wish, hand to hand.” Ibn ‘Umar said: “I used to sell camels in Baqi’. I sold with Dinars and took Dirhams and I sold with Dirhams and took Dinars, taking this for that and giving this for that. I came to the Prophet (saw) when he was at Hafsa’s house and said: ‘O Messenger of Allah (saw), Will you please wait so that I ask you. I trade camels in Baqi’, I trade with Dinars and take Dirhams and I trade with Dirhams and take Dinars, taking this for that and giving this for that.’ The Messenger of Allah (saw) said: ‘There is nothing wrong if you take its price of the day as long as you do not depart from each other where something is still left between you.’”.

这不是金换金、银换银的交易。这种交易要求等量相换，并且即时交收（“等量对等”、“当场交割”）。先知ﷺ说：“金换金，银换银，麦换麦，大麦换大麦，枣换枣，盐换盐，等量相换，当场交割。谁多给或多取，谁就是行了利息（里巴），授受双方都同样有罪。”由穆斯林辑录。

This is not buying gold for gold and silver for silver, a trade in which equivalence is obliged. “like for like” and “hand to hand.” He said: “Gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, dates for dates and salt for salt, like for like and hand to hand. Whoever increases or asks for increase has taken riba in which the taker and giver are the same (in sin)” narrated by Muslim.

金与银之间的比率并不固定，会随着金属本身的丰缺以及供求关系而变化。在先知(saw)时代，这一比率约为10:1；在欧麦尔时代，先是12:1，后来变为14:1；而到1971年，比率曾达到45:1，几个月之后又降至16:1。由此可见，二者之间的比率并非固定不变。因此，以某个特定的固定比率来限定金与银的兑换是有害的：如果金银的兑换价格被一个受限的法定比例所固定，那么它就会与市场价值产生差异。一旦这种差异出现，无论是在国内还是在国际市场上，都会导致人们藏匿价格上涨的货币，并在国外市场价值高于国内法定价值时将其走私到海外。

The ratio between gold and silver changes and is not fixed, depending upon the abundance or scarcity of gold and silver metals and upon supply and demand. The ratio in the days of the Messenger (saw) was around 10:1, in the days of ‘Umar 12:1 then 14:1, and in 1971 it reached 45:1 then, a few months afterwards, 16:1. So the ratio between them is not fixed. Therefore restricting the exchange between gold and silver with a specific and fixed ratio is harmful because if the exchange price between gold and silver is fixed by a restricted statutory proportion, then it will be subject to difference between the statutory value and market value. If this difference occurs, within the State or in foreign markets, it will lead to hiding the currency whose price has risen and smuggling it overseas in case the external market value is higher than the internal statutory value.

当世界上流通的货币是金币和银币时，根本不存在货币问题。货币问题只是在世界抛弃金银本位制之后才出现的，那时殖民主义国家发明了殖民主义的经济和金融模式，以巩固它们对世界的统治。它们把货币当作殖民的工具，抛弃了金银本位，转而采用其他本位制，把银行存款和不以金银为基础的强制性纸币视为货币。它们开始根据自身利益操纵世界货币，从而制造了货币危机和经济问题。它们大量发行强制性纸币，造成货币的严重通货膨胀，从而导致货币购买力下降。这一切都是因为抛弃了金银本位。

When gold and silver were the currency circulating in the world, there were no currency problems at all. Currency problems did not arise except after the world abandoned the gold and silver system when the colonialist states invented colonialist economic and financial styles to consolidate their dominance over the world. They took currency as a means of colonisation and abandoned the gold and silver standard. They changed currency to other standards in which they gave consideration to bank deposits and compulsory currency that does not depend on gold and silver as currencies. They started to play with world currency according to their interests thus creating currency crises and economic problems. They increased the issuing of compulsory currency which created great inflation in currency, thus leading to decline in the purchasing power of currency. All this is due to abandoning the gold and silver standard.

金本位与银本位是消除当前货币问题以及席卷全球的严重通货膨胀的唯一可靠原则。它将带来货币稳定，使汇率保持稳定，并推动国际贸易的发展。这是因为金银本位具有诸多经济优势，例如：

The gold and silver is the only standard principle of eliminating this currency problems and the severe inflation which has spread throughout the world. It would create currency stability and steadiness in the currency exchange prices and advance of international trade. This is because the gold and silver standard bears numerous economic advantages such as:

1. 黄金和白银作为商品，其世界产量取决于勘探和开采的成本，以及人们对它们的需求与对其他商品和服务的需求之比较。这并不会像纸币（货币）本位制那样，使世界的货币供应听凭殖民主义国家摆布。在纸币本位制下，各国可以随心所欲地将货币投放到市场上，每当想要改善与其他国家的货币和收支平衡时，便通过增印（货币）的方式来实现。

1. The world production of gold and silver as commodities depends on the costs of exploration and mining, and the demand for them against the demand for other goods and services. This does not make the providing of currency to the world at the mercy of the colonialist states as is the case in the paper (currency) standard, a matter which enables states to place currency in the markets as they wish through the method of printing more (currency) whenever they wished to improve the currency and payments balance with other states.

2. 黄金和白银不会像纸币那样使世界面临流通货币意外增加的风险，因而赋予货币稳定和平稳的特性，并增强人们对货币的信心。

2. The gold and silver does not expose the world to unexpected increase in the circulating currency as it happens with paper currency, thereby giving currency the attributes of steadiness and stability, and increasing confidence in it.

3. 金银本位制包含一种机制，能够在无需中央银行干预的情况下自发地调节国与国之间支付的失衡，这与今天世界货币之间汇率出现失衡时的情形相似。一国进口超过出口，会使另一国收到的该国货币增多，同时黄金和白银流向国外。这将导致国内物价下降，使国内商品比进口商品更便宜，最终使进口减少。此外，如果支付失衡持续下去，该国将担心其黄金和白银储备流失。 而在纸币制度下，每当国家的支付平衡受到扰乱时，国家便会诉诸印刷纸币，因为对这种发行并没有任何限制，从而导致通货膨胀加剧，货币购买力下降。至于金银本位制，只要纸币能够按特定价格兑换成黄金和白银，国家就无法随意增加纸币的发行量。这是因为国家担心发行增加会导致对黄金的需求增长，以至于其无法满足这一需求，或者黄金外流，从而使国家失去其储备。

金本位是防止政府发行缺乏储备的纸币、从而导致通货膨胀的正确标准。金本位为国际贸易往来提供了固定的计价单位，从而鼓励国际贸易。然而，世界上现存的黄金是否足以让世界像过去那样重新实行金本位？它是否足以提供贸易交易所需的货币？哈里发国家是否有足够的黄金使其能够回归金本位？对此我们的回答是：是的。世界上现存的黄金足以让世界回归金本位，并且它有足够的弹性来产生覆盖世界贸易交易和经济需求所需的货币，理由如下：

The gold standard is the correct standard preventing governments from issuing quantities of paper currency which has no reserves, thus leading to inflation. The gold system provides a fixed unit for international trade relations which encourage international trade. Is, however, the gold existing in the world sufficient to bring the world back to following the gold standard as in the past? Is it sufficient to provide the money required for trade dealings? Is there enough gold in the Khilafah State to enable it to return to the gold standard? In response to these questions, we say, Yes. The gold existing in the world is enough to return the world to the gold standard and it has sufficient flexibility to produce the money required to cover trade transactions and economic needs in the world, for the following reasons:

1. 纵观人类历史，没有任何金属曾像黄金那样引起如此持久的兴趣。人类开采出的全部黄金，尽管有些是在数千年前开采的，至今仍在被使用，因为黄金不会腐坏消失。所发生的只是它以货币或首饰的形式被交换，或被用于某种制造业，或被重新熔炼。

1. Throughout human history, no metal has ever enjoyed an interest similar to gold. All that man has mined of gold is being used until today despite having been mined thousands of years ago, since it does not perish leading to its disappearance. Rather, all that occurs is its exchange in the form of currency or jewellery, or using it into some form of manufacturing or re-melting it.

2. 在直到19世纪末的所有以往时代，黄金足以满足所有贸易活动和各时代世界经济的全部需求，而不曾出现经济或金融问题。在19世纪，经济增长达到了很高的水平，世界见证了经济的巨大增长、物价的大幅下降以及工资的提高；尽管商品和服务有所增加，用于流通的黄金货币数量却并不短缺。

2. Gold in all previous times, up to the end of the 19th century, was sufficient for all trade activities and covering all world economic needs throughout all eras without the occurrence of economic or financial problems. Throughout the 19th century, in which economic growth increased to a great level, the world witnessed a great economic increase and a great reduction of prices and increase in wages without shortage in the quantity of gold currency displayed for use, despite the increased goods and services.

3. 与民众真正相关的，并不是货币数量的实际增加，而是货币的购买力。金本位的购买力很强，带来稳定与安定，促成繁荣与兴旺。而印刷不以实物为保证的纸币并大量增发，则造成了巨大的经济和金融问题，通货膨胀加剧，纸币的购买力随之下降。

3. That which concerns people is not the real increase in currencies, but rather their purchasing ability. The purchasing ability of gold unit was great, creating steadiness and stability and causing prosperity and bloom. Whereas, the expansion in printing non-representative paper currency was a cause of huge economic and financial problems and the inflation increased resulting in decrease of the purchasing power of paper currency.

回归金本位需要消除导致放弃金本位的原因，并消除导致其衰落的各种因素。这需要以下几个方面：

The return to the gold standard requires the removal of the reasons that lead to abandoning it and the removal of the factors that lead to its decline. This requires the following:

1. 停止印刷纸币。

1. Stopping the printing of paper currency.

2. 恢复黄金货币交易

2. Restoring the dealings with gold currency.

3. 取消黄金的关税，并解除对黄金进出口的一切限制。

3. Removing custom duties in front of gold and all restrictions against its import and export.

4. 解除对拥有、持有、买卖黄金的限制，以及在合同中处置黄金的限制。

4. Removing restrictions against owning, possessing, buying and selling of gold, and dealing with it in contracts.

5. 取消对持有主要世界货币的限制，使这些货币之间相互竞争，在彼此之间以及与黄金的比价上形成固定价格，而无需国家通过贬值或浮动汇率进行干预。

5. Removing restrictions against the possession of the major world currencies and making competition free between them such that they take a fixed price in relation to each other and in relation to gold, without State intervention by reducing or floating their currencies.

每当黄金处于自由流通状态时，不久之后就会形成公开的市场，相应地，所有国际货币都会相对于黄金确立一个稳定的兑换价格。当以黄金计价的货物合同价款得以用黄金支付时，黄金的国际交易也将随之发展起来。

Whenever gold is left free, it will have an open market in a short period, and accordingly all international currencies will take a steady exchange price in relation to gold. The international dealings with gold will develop where the payment of the prices of goods contracts estimated by gold, takes place.

如果这些步骤由一个强大的国家来执行，那么它的成功将激励其他国家效仿，从而推动世界再次回归金本位制。

If these steps are carried out by one strong State, then its success will encourage other countries to follow it, which will lead to advancing towards returning the world to the gold standard once again.

没有哪个国家比哈里发国家更有资格去做这件事，因为在它看来，回归金银本位是一项沙里亚法规，而且哈里发国家对世界负有引导和照管事务的责任。

No State is more worthy to do this than the Khilafah State, since returning to the gold and silver standard in her view is a Shari’ah rule, and also because the Khilafah State is responsible for the world in terms of guidance and looking after the affairs.