穆斯林在获得真主(SWT)许可可以作战之后,在先知穆罕默德ﷺ迁往麦地那、建立清真寺并一砖一瓦地开始建设伊斯兰国家之后,所获得的第一笔财富,是阿卜杜拉·本·贾赫什所属商队的战利品。这批战利品包括一些属于古莱什人的骆驼,驼背上载着皮革和贸易货物,是在希జ历二年的Jumada Al-Akhirah月中夺取的。同一年的斋月,爆发了白德尔战役。穆斯林在这场战役中获得了大量财富和武器,但在分配上产生了分歧,于是真主(SWT)降示了《战利品章》,经文说:

The first funds the Muslims gained –after permission was given to them by Allah (swt) to fight, following the Hijra of the Messenger of Allah (saw) to Madinah, and after he built his mosque and began building the Islamic State brick by brick –was the booty of the caravan belonging to Abdullah b. Jahsh. This booty was some of the camels belonging to Quraysh and loaded with leathers and trading goods, taken during Jumada Al-Akhirah in the second year of Hijra. In the same year, during Ramadhan, the battle of Badr took place, where the Muslims acquired much wealth and weaponry but disputed in its distribution, so Allah (swt) revealed Surah Al-Anfal, saying:

“他们会问你关于战利品的事。你说：‘这些战利品归真主（SWT）和使者ﷺ支配……’” [Al-Anfal:1]

“They ask you concerning (the) spoils of war. Say: “(Such) spoils are at the disposal of Allah (swt) and the Messenger (saw)...” [Al-Anfal:1]

因此,真主(SWT)将其分配的职责交给了真主的使者ﷺ,他对其进行了分配,但没有先提取五分之一。随后,穆斯林在违背盟约之后夺取了奈盖尔部落(Bani Qaynuqa')的战利品,真主的使者ﷺ将他们流放到沙姆的阿兹拉亚特(Azra'rat)。此事发生在白德尔战役之后一个月,因此他分配了战利品并提取了五分之一,这符合白德尔战役之后降示的关于战利品的经文:

Thus, Allah (swt) made it’s distribution the responsibility of the Messenger of Allah (saw) , who divided it, without taking out the fifth. Then the Muslims seized the booty of Bani Qaynuqa’, after having violated the covenant, and the Messenger of Allah (saw) banished them to Azra’rat in Ash-Sham. This followed Badr by one month, so he divided the booty and took out the fifth in accordance to the Ayah regarding the spoils of war, revealed after Badr:

“你们应当知道，凡你们所获的战利品，五分之一归真主（SWT）和使者（ﷺ），归近亲、孤儿、贫民和旅客所有。” [Al-Anfal: 41]

“And know that out of all the booty that you may acquire (in war), a fifth share is assigned to Allah (swt) and to the Messenger (saw), and to the close relatives, orphans, the needy, and the wayfarer.” [Al-Anfal: 41]

第一块被先知征服的土地是白奴住尔部落的土地,他们在乌侯德战役之后违背了盟约。于是他围困了他们十五个夜晚,之后与他们议和,条件是他们离开麦地那,只能带走骆驼所能驮载的东西,但不包括武器和各种军械。真主的使者ﷺ将他们的财产(不包括土地)分给了早期的迁士,没有分给辅士,只有赛亥勒·本·侯奈夫和阿布·达贾奈·萨迈克·本·海尔沙除外,因为他们提到了自己的贫困状况,于是他给了他们战利品。他留下了这些土地,从中提取一年的口粮供给他的家人,并将其余部分用于战争所需的牲畜和圣战所用的武器。在这场战役中,《放逐章》降示,真主(SWT)说:

The first land opened by the Messenger (saw) was the land of Bani Al- Nadheer, after having violated the covenant, following the battle of Uhud. So he besieged them for fifteen nights, then made peace with them on condition that they leave Madinah, taking only what they can load onto their camels, excluding the arms and the various weaponry. The Messenger of Allah (saw) divided their wealth, excluding their lands, between the early Muhajireen, giving none to the Ansar, except for Sahl b. Hunaif and Abu Dajana Samak b. Kharsha, since they mentioned their state of poverty, so he gave them of the booty. He reserved the lands, taking from it a year’s worth of sustenance to his family, dedicating what remained of that to the animals used for war and the weaponry used for Jihad. In this battle Surat Al- Hashr was revealed, where Allah (swt) said:

“真主（SWT）赐予他的使者（ﷺ）的那些财物，你们没有为此骑马或骑骆驼出征；但真主（SWT）使他的使者（ﷺ）掌握他所意欲者的权力，真主（SWT）对万物都有全能。” [Al-Hashr: 6]

“What Allah (swt) has bestowed on His Messenger (saw) from them, for this you made no expedition with either cavalry or camels, but Allah (swt) gives power to His Messenger (saw)s over any He pleases; and Allah (swt) has power over all things.” [Al-Hashr: 6]

因此,安拉(SWT)将这一切全部专门赐予了使者ﷺ。此后发生了古赖宰远征战役,当时古赖宰部落背弃盟约、背叛穆斯林,并在壕沟之战中站在敌对部落一边。于是,安拉的使者ﷺ将他们的财产在穆斯林之间进行了分配,并为每名骑兵分配三份,为每名步兵分配一份。 之后发生了海拜尔战役。在先知ﷺ与古莱什人于侯代比亚达成和约之后,安拉(SWT)为祂的使者ﷺ和穆斯林以武力攻取了海拜尔,使他们拥有了当地的土地、房屋和财富。先知ﷺ随后对战利品和土地进行了分配,并先取出了五分之一。他将土地划分为1800份,分成18个区段,每个区段有100份,并与当地居民约定,由他们取得土地所产果实和谷物的一半。 海拜尔胜利之后,法达克的居民来到安拉的先知ﷺ面前,先知ﷺ与他们媾和,条件是取得他们土地和椰枣树的一半,由他们继续耕种,其余一半留给他们自己所有。因此,法达克的一半完全归安拉的使者ﷺ所有,因为这是不经武力而获得的,他便将从中所得的一切用于施舍。 同样,对于瓦迪·古拉的居民,先知ﷺ在以武力攻取他们的土地之后,与他们媾和,条件是让他们继续掌管自己的土地,与他同海拜尔居民所订立的约定相似。至于台马的居民,他们通过向先知ﷺ缴纳吉兹亚与先知ﷺ媾和,保留他们的国家和土地归其所有。

Thus, Allah (swt) dedicated all of it to the Messenger (saw) alone. After this was the battle of Bani Qurayzha, after they had violated the covenant, betrayed the Muslims, and sided with the opposing tribes in the battle of Al-Khandaq (The Ditch). So the Messenger of Allah (saw) divided their wealth between the Muslims and dedicated to each rider three shares and to each footman one share. Later on the battle of Khaybar came, after the Prophet (saw) concluded the peace treaty with Quraysh in Hudaybia, thus Allah (swt) opened Khaybar for His Messenger (saw) and the Muslims by force, giving them ownership over their land, homes and wealth. The Prophet (saw) then divided the spoils and lands taking out the fifth. He divided the land into 1800 shares and 18 sections, each section having 100 shares, and agreed with its people to take half of what the land produced of fruits and grains. After the victory of Khaybar, the people of Fadak came to the Prophet of Allah (saw) where he made peace with them, on condition that he take half of their land and date trees, on which they continue to work and he leaves the other half for them to keep. So half of Fadak was made completely for the Messenger of Allah (saw) , because it was gained without force, and he used to spend whatever would come to him of it as charity. Similarly with the people of Wadi Al-Qura, he made peace with them after he opened their land by force, on condition that he keeps their land under their control, similar to what he concluded with the people of Khaybar. As for the people of Tima’, they made peace with the Prophet (saw) by paying him Jizya, keeping their country and land to them.

攻克麦加之后发生了洞破年战役(侯奈因战役),使者(SWT)分配了他们的财物,并应哈瓦津部族使者的请求释放了他们的妇女和儿童。在塔布克战役中,先知(saw)与阿卡巴的首领叶海亚·本·鲁拜阿(他是基督徒)议和,条件是他缴纳吉兹亚税;他又与阿兹拉、贾尔巴和马格那的居民(他们是犹太人)议和,条件同样是缴纳吉兹亚税。他还与多玛·贾恩达勒的基督教首领阿基德拉议和,条件是缴纳吉兹亚税,此前阿基德拉曾被哈立德·本·瓦利德俘获,后经先知(saw)宽恕。

After the conquering of Makkah came the battle of Hunayn, where the Messenger of Allah (saw) divided their wealth and released their women and children, after envoys from Hawazin appealed for this. And in the battle of Tabuk, the Prophet (saw) made peace with Yahya b. Ru’ba, the leader of Al- Aqaba, –and he was a Christian –on the condition that he pays the Jizya, and he made peace with the people of Azrah and Jarba and Maqna –and they were Jews –on the condition that they pay the Jizya as well. He also made peace with Akidra, the Christian head of Domat-Al-Jandal, on paying the Jizya after being arrested by Khalid b. Al-Walid and forgiven by the Prophet (saw).

随后，纳季兰和也门的使者前来。凡其中皈依伊斯兰教的人，都被责令缴纳天课；仍然信奉基督教或犹太教的人，则在关于吉兹亚的经文降示之后，有义务缴纳吉兹亚，而天课也随之成为义务。在这些战役期间，安拉的使者ﷺ为天课的骆驼和用于圣战的战骆驼与战马保留了（Naqi'）。他还将矿产、水源、牧场的出产和火，指定为全体穆斯林的公共财产。安拉的使者ﷺ去世后，艾布·伯克尔接任，随后是欧麦尔，征服之事接踵而至，带来了巨大的财富，包括战利品、吉兹亚和哈拉智税，它们全都流入麦地那穆斯林的公库（Bait ul-mal）。

Then came the envoys of Najran and Al-Yemen, where whoever of them became Muslim was enjoined to pay Zakat, and whoever remained a Christian or a Jew were obliged to pay the Jizya, after the verse regarding the Jizya was revealed, and Zakat became obligatory. During these battles the Messenger of Allah (saw) reserved the (Naqi’) for the camels of charity and the camels and steeds of war for Jihad. He also designated the minerals, water, the produce of grazing land and fire as public property for all Muslims. After the Messenger of Allah (saw) passed away and Abu Bakr took over, then ‘Umar, the conquests followed and brought great wealth, from spoils of war, Jizya and Kharaj, all pouring into the Bait ul-mal of the Muslims in Madinah.

在这份简要概述中，我们可以了解到流入穆斯林公库（Bait ul-mal）的各类财产种类，以及真主（SWT）允许将其归于公库的权利，并依照天启律法的规定进行支出。这一切都依据哈里发的伊智提哈德（Ijtihad）而定，即他认为最符合穆斯林利益、最能照管其事务的做法。

In this quick summary we can get a picture of the type of funds that reached the Bait ul-mal of the Muslims, and which Allah (swt) has made permissible for them, and made the right due to the Bait ul-Mal, to be spent on whatever the divine rules decreed. This was according to the Ijtihad of the Khalifah regarding what he sees most fitting for the interest of the Muslims and for looking after their affairs.

因此，哈里发国家的财政资金由以下几类构成：

Thereupon, funds in the Khilafah State are made up of the following types:

战利品、战利品的分配、“فيء”（法伊）与五分之一。

u The booties and the spoils of war, Al-Fai’ and the fifth.

Al-Kharaj 与 Al-Jizya

u Al-Kharaj. u Al-Jizya.

公共财产（以其各种形式）。

u Public property (in all its forms).

国有财产：土地、建筑物、公用事业及其收益。

u State property of land, buildings, utilities and their revenues.

Al-‘Ushur

u Al-‘Ushur.

统治者非法获取的钱财、国家雇员的钱财、不义之财，以及罚金所得的钱财。

u Money attained illegaly by the rulers, the employees of the State, illicit money and money from penalties.

伊斯兰教法中的“Al-Rikaz”（埋藏的财宝）和矿产的五分之一

u The fifth of Al-Rikaz (hidden treasures) and minerals.

无人继承者的遗产财产。

u The inheritance property of the one who has no inheritors.

叛教者的财产。

u The property of apostates.

税款资金。慈善基金——天课（Zakat）。

u Tax funds. u Charity funds – Zakat.

我们将逐一讨论这些不同的类别，以理解其实质、谁有权处置它、其支出方式、支出的范围，以及谁有资格获得它。

We will discuss each of these different types to understand its reality, who is entitled to dispose of it, the manner of expenditure, the area of its expenditure and who are eligible of it.