“النَّقْد” في اللغة يُطلق على تمييز الدراهم وإخراج الزيف منها، ويُطلق أيضًا على إعطاء الدراهم وأخذها. ومثال ذلك في المعنى الأخير حديث جابر في جمله الذي اشتراه منه رسول الله ﷺ، فقال: «فَنَقَدَنِي ثَمَنَهُ»، أي أعطاني الثمن نقدًا في الحال. ويُطلق أيضًا على العملة نفسها.

An-naqd is used in the language to mean the distinguishing of Dirhams and removing the counterfeit from them. It is also used for giving and taking Dirhams. An example for the latter meaning is the Hadith of Jabir regarding his camel which the Messenger of Allah (saw) purchased from him and he said: “He (Naqada) paid me its price” i.e. gave to me as Naqd immediately. It is also used for currency itself.

货币是指人们传统上约定用作商品价格和劳动、服务报酬的那种东西，无论是金属的还是非金属的，所有商品、劳动和服务都以它来衡量。

Currencies are known as that thing which people traditionally agreed to use as prices for goods and wages for labour and services, whether metallic or not, such that all goods, labour and services are measured with it.

在人们认识货币之前，交易与交换商品和服务是以物物交换的方式进行的。然而，物物交换充满诸多困难，限制了交易往来，于是社会便考虑选择一种具有内在价值、且易于交换的主要商品，作为衡量一切商品和服务的标准（Miqyas）。于是他们开始使用货币，货币便成为唯一的衡量尺度。由于金和银自古以来对人类而言就是具有内在价值的贵重金属，它们被用作货币，并由此铸造出第纳尔和迪拉姆。这是因为金银尤其以相对稀缺为特征，正如黄金以经久不变而著称一样。

People used to trade and exchange goods and services by barter before they knew currencies. However, because exchanging goods and services by barter is surrounded by many difficulties resulting in restrictions in trading transactions, societies thought of choosing a principal good with an intrinsic value that is easily exchanged to become a standard (Miqyas) to measure all goods and services. So they initiated currencies which became the sole measurement. As gold and silver are valuable minerals with intrinsic value from ancient times for human beings, they were taken as currency, and Dinars and Dirhams were coined from them. This was because they are especially characterised by relative scarcity just like gold is distinguished by durability over time.

罗马国及其附属各国以黄金作为货币的基础,并以之铸造具有特定形制与重量的赫拉克略第纳尔。波斯国及其附属各国则以白银作为货币的基础,铸造具有特定形制与重量的迪拉姆。罗马第纳尔只有一种形制与重量,而波斯迪拉姆却有多种形制与重量。

The Roman State and the countries subordinate to it adopted gold as the basis of their currency such that they coined from it Heraclian Dinars that has a specific shape and weight. The Persian State and countries subordinate to it adopted silver as the basis of its currency such that it coined Dirhams of a specific shape and weight. Roman Dinars were of only one shape and weight, whereas Persian Dirhams had numerous shapes and weights.

前伊斯兰时期的阿拉伯人，特别是古莱什部落，常与周边国家和地区进行贸易。真主(SWT)说：

Pre-Islamic Arabs, particularly the Quraysh, used to trade with neighbouring countries and regions. Allah (swt) says:

“为了使古莱西人安定，使他们能够安然地进行冬季和夏季的商队旅行” [At-Takathur: 1-2]

“For the taming of Quraysh such that the (Quraysh) caravans set forth safe in winter and in summer” [At-Takathur: 1-2]

They would return from Ash-Sham bearing golden Caesarean Dinars, and silver Chosroes Dirhams from Iraq, and, less often, Humayri Dirhams from Yemen. They would bring Heraclian gold and Sassanid silver to the Hijaz. However, they did not deal with these Dinars and Dirhams by number but by weight, considering them as ore (Tibr), i.e., (pure) material of gold and silver, not coined money. They ignored taking them as coined currency due to the various types of Dirhams and their different weights, and the probability of Dinars being reduced (in weight) due to their frequent exchange, even though they had a fixed weight at that time. They depended on weight to prevent fraud, and they had specific weights used for weighing, which were the pound, ounce, Nush, seed (Nuwat), Mithqal, Dirham, Daniq, carat and grain (Hubbat). The Mithqal, the basis of weight, had a known weight. Its weight was 22 carats less one grain, and their ten Dirhams weighed seven Mithqal.

They would return from Ash-Sham bearing golden Caesarean Dinars, and silver Chosroes Dirhams from Iraq, and, less often Humayri Dirhams from Yemen. They would bring Heraclian gold and Sassanid silver to the Hijaz. However, they did not deal with these Dinars and Dirhams by number but by weight considering them as ore (Tibr) i.e. (pure) material of gold and silver not coined money. They ignored taking them as coined currency due to the various types of Dirhams and their different weights, and the probability of Dinars being reduced (in weight) due to their frequent exchange even though they had a fixed weight at that time. They depended on weight to prevent fraud and they had specific weights used for weighing which were the pound, ounce, Nush, seed (Nuwat), Mithqal, Dirham, Daniq, carat and grain (Hubbat). The Mithqal the basis of weight-had a known weight. Its weight was 22 carats less one grain, and their ten Dirhams weighed seven Mithqal.

当伊斯兰到来时,安拉的使者ﷺ认可了人们对这些第纳尔和迪拉姆的交易,也认可了将它们视为货币,正如他认可古莱氏人用来称量这些第纳尔和迪拉姆的重量标准一样。塔乌斯从伊本·欧麦尔那里传述,他说:“安拉的使者ﷺ说:‘重量以麦加人的重量为准,度量以麦地那人的度量为准。’”巴拉左里从阿卜杜拉·本·萨拉巴·本·苏艾尔那里传述,他说:“在蒙昧时期,赫拉克略的第纳尔和波斯布格利耶人的迪拉姆来到麦加人中间,他们与之交易时只将其视为金属块。米斯喀勒对它们有一个众所周知的重量,即二十二克拉再加一小部分的重量。十个迪拉姆重七个米斯喀勒,一磅为十二盎司,每盎司为四十个迪拉姆。安拉的使者ﷺ认可了这一做法,艾布·伯克尔、欧麦尔、奥斯曼和阿里也都认可了。”

When Islam came, the Messenger of Allah (saw) consented to dealing with these Dinars and Dirhams. He also consented to considering them as currency, as he consented to the weight with which the Quraysh weighed these Dinars and Dirhams. Tawus narrated from Ibn ‘Umar who said: “The Messenger of Allah (saw) said: “The weight is the weight of the people of Makka, and the measure is the measure of the people of Madinah.’” Al-Baladhri narrated from Abdullah bin Th’alaba bin Sa’eer who said: “Heraclian Dinars came to the people of Makkah in Jahiliyyah as came Dirhams of al-Furs al- Bughliyya (Persians), and when they traded with them they considered them only as ore. The Mithqal had a well-known weight for them, a weight of 22 carats less a fraction. Ten Dirhams weighed seven Mithqal and the pound was 12 ounces with each ounce being 40 Dirhams. The Messenger of Allah (saw) consented to this, as did Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, Uthman and Ali.”.

在先知穆罕默德ﷺ在世时、艾布·伯克尔·서迪格的哈里发时期以及欧麦尔哈里发时期的最初几年，穆斯林仍在使用赫拉克利乌斯的第纳尔和科斯洛埃斯的迪尔汉，其形制、铸币和图像都沿用旧制。在希吉来历第20年，即欧麦尔哈里发的第8年，欧麦尔仿照萨珊式样铸造了新的迪尔汉，保留了帕拉维的人像和文字，同时加上了一些用库法体阿拉伯字母书写的词语，例如“奉安拉（swt）之名”和“奉安拉（swt）我的主之名”。穆斯林继续使用拜占庭式样的第纳尔和萨珊式样的迪尔汉，并在其上书写一些阿拉伯字母的伊斯兰词语，直到阿卜杜勒·马利克·本·marwan的时代。在第75年，或可能是第76年，阿卜杜勒·马利克放弃了萨珊式样，铸造了具有特定伊斯兰风格的迪尔汉，上面以库法体文字镌刻伊斯兰文句。在第77年，他铸造了具有特定伊斯兰风格的第纳尔，上面以库法体阿拉伯文镌刻伊斯兰文句，并放弃了此前的拜占庭式样。阿卜杜勒·马利克铸造了具有特定伊斯兰风格的迪尔汉和第纳尔之后，穆斯林便拥有了自己独特的、具有伊斯兰风格的货币，并弃用了其他民族的货币。

The Muslims continued using Heraclian Dinars and Chosroes Dirhams in their shape, coinage and pictures throughout the life of the Messenger of Allah (saw) , the Khilafah of Abu Bakr as-Siddiq and the first years of ‘Umar’s Khilafah. In the 20th year of the Hijra, which was the 8th year of ‘Umar’s Khilafah, ‘Umar coined new Dirhams in the Sassanid style and retained the Pahlavi faces and writing while adding some words in Kufic Arabic letters such as “In the name of Allah (swt)” and “In the name of Allah (swt), my Lord.” Muslims continued using Dinars in Byzantine style and Dirhams in Sassanid style together with writing certain Islamic words in Arabic letters until the time of Abdul Malik bin Marwan. In the 75th year, or possibly in the 76th year, Abdul Malik coined Dirhams in specific Islamic style carrying Islamic texts engraved upon the Dirhams in Kufic script after abandoning the Sassanid style. In the 77th year, he coined Dinars in a specific Islamic style and engraved upon them Islamic texts with Kufic Arabic script while abandoning the previous Byzantine style. After Abdul Malik had coined Dirhams and Dinars in a specific Islamic style, Muslims had their distinct currency in a unique Islamic style and they abandoned other people’s currency.

第纳尔的重量在蒙昧时期和伊斯兰时期都没有不同，它的重量是固定的。蒙昧时期、先知（愿真主赐福他并使他平安）时代以及其后的哈里发时代，使用的都是拜占庭第纳尔。随后，阿卜杜勒·马立克铸造了重量相同的伊斯兰第纳尔。拜占庭第纳尔重一个米斯格拉尔，而米斯格拉尔等于8个达瓦尼格，重20克拉，或略少于22克拉，两种重量相同，因为两类克拉的重量存在差异。米斯格拉尔的重量为72粒普通大麦种子的重量，这些大麦种子的两端细小部分已被剪去；它也被估算为6000粒普通大小的野芥子的重量。

The weight of the Dinar did not differ either in Jahiliyyah or Islam; it has a fixed weight. Byzantine Dinars were used in the time of Jahiliyyah, the time of the Messenger of Allah (saw) and the Khulafa’a after him. Then Abdul Malik coined Islamic Dinars of the same weight. The Byzantine Dinar weighed a Mithqal, where the Mithqal was 8 Dawaniq which weighed 20 carats or a fraction less than 22 carats, both weights being the same as there is a difference in the weight of the two types of carats. The Mithqal is measured as 72 grains of an average barley seed whose two tiny edges are cut off, and it is also estimated as 6,000 grains of average-sized wild mustard.

圣使ﷺ认可了这一第纳尔的重量，并将天课、血金（赔偿金）和盗窃断手的规定与之相联系。因此，它成为第纳尔的沙里尔重量标准，也正是阿卜杜勒·马立克在铸造伊斯兰第纳尔并将其定为一米斯喀勒时所依据的那一重量。

The Messenger of Allah (saw) consented to this Dinar weight and linked with it the rules of Zakat, blood-money and the cutting for theft. So it became the Shari’ah weight for Dinars, and it is the same weight that Abdul Malik depended upon when he coined the Islamic Dinar and made it a Mithqal.

至于迪拉姆（Dirham），其重量各不相同，因为波斯人有三种迪拉姆：大的一种，重量为一个米斯格勒（Mithqal）的重量，即20克拉；小的一种，重量为半个米斯格勒，即10克拉；中等的一种，十枚重6个米斯格勒，即12克拉。 艾尔-巴拉祖里（Al-Balathari）转述了哈桑·本·萨利赫（Al-Hassan bin Salih）的话，他说："非阿拉伯人所铸造的迪拉姆重量各异，有重的也有轻的。他们从中铸造出一种重1个米斯格勒即20克拉的，另一种重12克拉的，还有一种重10克拉的，即中等米斯格勒。"他还转述了哈桑·本·萨利赫以外的人所说的话："非阿拉伯人的迪拉姆是这样的：10枚重10个米斯格勒，10枚重6个米斯格勒，10枚重5个米斯格勒。" 他们把大迪拉姆称为骡式（Bughliyya）迪拉姆，或称全黑（Sood Wafiya）迪拉姆；而用来衡量迪拉姆基本重量的标准，即以黄金计算的米斯格勒重量，为8个达瓦尼克（Dawaniq），每个达瓦尼克为2.5克拉，因此共为20克拉。这一重量标准铸造于萨珊王朝、正统哈里发时期以及倭马亚王朝时期。

As for Dirhams, they had different weights because the Persians had three types of Dirhams; the large one whose weight was a Mithqal’s weight, that is 20 carats, the little one whose weight is one half Mithqal’s weight i.e. 10 carats, and the middle one ten of which weighed 6 Mithqal i.e. 12 carats. Al- Balathari narrated from Al-Hassan bin Salih who said: “Dirhams coined by non-Arabs had different weights, both heavy and light. They would coin a Mithqal from it which is 20 carats, another of 12 carats, and another of 10 carats which is of the median Mithqal.” He narrated from other than Al- Hassan bin Salih who said: “Dirhams of the non-Arabs were such that 10 of them weigh 10 Mithqal, 10 of them weigh 6 Mithqal and 10 of them weigh 5 Mithqal.” They used the term mulish (Bughliyya) Dirhams for large Dirhams or the full black (Sood Wafiya) for assessing the basic weight of the Dirham which is the weight of the Mithqal in gold i.e. 8 Dawaniq where a Daniq is two and a half carats, so it becomes 20 carats. This weight was coined at the time of the Sassanids, the righteous Khulafa’a and the Umayyads.