一群穆斯林学者在一位杰出的也门学者谢赫·阿卜杜勒·马吉德·阿赞丹尼（Sheikh Abdul Majid Azzindani）的指导下，收集了《古兰经》和无可争议的圣训中有关胚胎学[1]及其他科学的资料，并将其译成英文。

A group of Muslim Scholars, under the direction of an eminent Yemani Scholar, Sheikh Abdul Majid Azzindani, collected information concerning embryology1 and other sciences in the Qur'an and undisputed Hadith2 and translated it into English.

他们随后遵从了《古兰经》的劝导：

They then followed the Qur'anic advice:

“若你们不知道，就应当询问知道《启示》的人。”[《古兰经》16:43 & 21:7] 所有从《古兰经》和无可争议的圣训中汇集而来的有关胚胎学的资料，被翻译成英文后，呈交给加拿大多伦多大学胚胎学教授、解剖学系主任凯斯·穆尔（Keith Moore）教授（博士）。

“If ye realise this not, ask of those who possess the Message.” [Al-Qur’an 16:43 & 21:7] All the information from the Qur’an and the undisputed Hadith concerning embryology so gathered, after being translated into English and presented to Prof. (Dr.) Keith Moore, Professor of Embryology and Chairman of the Department of Anatomy at the University of Toronto, in Canada.

目前，他是胚胎学领域最权威的学者之一。

At present he is one of the highest authorities in the field of Embryology.

他被要求就提供给他的材料发表意见。经过仔细审阅后，摩尔博士表示，《古兰经》和无可争议的圣训中提及的大部分胚胎学信息，与现代胚胎学的发现完全吻合，并且在任何方面都不与之相抵触。他还补充说，不过有少数经文，他无法对其科学准确性作出评论。他无法说明这些陈述是真是假，因为他自己并不了解其中所包含的信息。现代的胚胎学著作和研究中也没有提及这些信息。

He was asked to give his opinion regarding the material presented to him. After carefully examining it, Dr. Moore said that most of the information concerning embryology mentioned in the Qur’an and the undisputed Hadith is in perfect conformity with modern discoveries in the field of embryology and does not conflict with them in any way. He added that there were a few verses however, on whose scientific accuracy he could not comment. He could not say whether the statements were true or false, since he was himself unaware of the information contained therein. There was also no mention of this information in modern writings and studies on embryology.

有一节经文是这样的：

One such verse is:

宣读！（或：诵读！）

“Proclaim! (or Read!)

奉你那创造主、养育主之名—— 他创造了人，用凝血造人。

In the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created – Created man, out of a (mere)

“凝结的血块。”[《古兰经》96:1-2] 阿拉伯语词 alaq 除了指凝结的血块之外，还有“附着之物”的意思，指一种像水蛭一样吸附的东西。

clot of congealed blood.” [Al-Qur’an 96:1-2] The Arabic word alaq, besides meaning a congealed clot of blood, also means something that clings, a leech-like substance.

基思·摩尔博士原先并不知道胚胎在最初阶段是否与水蛭相似。为了验证这一点，他用一台功率很强的显微镜观察胚胎的初始阶段，并将所见与水蛭的图示进行比较。他惊讶地发现两者竟有惊人的相似之处！同样地，他从《古兰经》中获得了更多关于胚胎学的信息，而这些信息此前是他所不了解的。

Dr. Keith Moore had no knowledge whether an embryo in the initial stages appears like a leech. To check this out he studied the initial stage of the embryo under a very powerful microscope and compared what he observed with the diagram of a leech. He was astonished at the striking resemblance between the two! In the same manner, he acquired more information on embryology, that was hitherto not known to him, from the Qur’an.

凯斯·摩尔博士回答了约八十个涉及《古兰经》和《圣训》中胚胎学资料的问题。摩尔教授指出,《古兰经》和《圣训》所载的信息与胚胎学领域的最新发现完全吻合,他说:“如果三十年前有人问我这些问题,我因缺乏科学资料,恐怕连一半都答不上来。”1

Dr. Keith Moore answered about eighty questions dealing with embryological data mentioned in the Qur’an and Hadith. Noting that the information contained in the Qur’an and Hadith was in full agreement with the latest discoveries in the field of embryology, Prof. Moore said, “If I was asked these questions thirty years ago, I would not have been able to answer half of them for lack of scientific information”.1

1981年，在沙特阿拉伯达曼举行的第七届医学会议上，摩尔博士说："帮助澄清《古兰经》中关于人类发育的论述，对我来说是一件非常愉快的事。

In 1981, during the Seventh Medical Conference in Dammam, Saudi Arabia, Dr. Moore said, “It has been a great pleasure for me to help clarify statements in the Qur’an about human development.

"在我看来，这些陈述必定是从真主那里传给穆罕默德的，因为这些知识中的绝大部分直到许多世纪之后才被发现。这向我证明，穆罕默德必定是真主的使者。”2

It is clear to me that these statements must have come to Muhammad from God or Allah, because almost all of this knowledge was not discovered until many centuries later. This proves to me that Muhammad must have been a messenger of God or Allah”.2

基思·摩尔博士此前曾撰写过《发育中的人类》一书。在从《古兰经》中获得新知识之后,他于1982年撰写了同一本书《发育中的人类》的第三版。该书荣获了由单一作者撰写的最佳医学书籍奖。

Dr. Keith Moore had earlier authored the book, ‘The Developing Human’. After acquiring new knowledge from the Qur’an, he wrote, in 1982, the 3rd edition of the same book, ‘The Developing Human’. The book was the recipient of an award for the best medical book written by a single author.

这本书已被翻译成世界上多种主要语言，并在医学院一年级的胚胎学教学中用作教科书。

This book has been translated into several major languages of the world and is used as a textbook of embryology in the first year of medical studies.

Dr. Joe Leigh Simpson,美国休斯敦贝勒医学院妇产科主任,宣称:“……这些圣训,即穆罕默德(愿主赐福他并使他平安)的言论,不可能基于作者所处时代(即7世纪)可获得的科学知识而得出。由此可见,不仅遗传学与宗教(指伊斯兰教)之间不存在冲突,事实上宗教(伊斯兰教)……”

Dr. Joe Leigh Simpson, Chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, at the Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, U.S.A., proclaims: “...these Hadiths, sayings of Muhammad (pbuh), could not have been obtained on the basis of the scientific knowledge that was available at the time of the writer (implying in the 7th century). It follows that not only is there no conflict between genetics and religion (implying Islam) but in fact religion (Islam)

可以通过在一些传统科学方法之外加入启示来指引科学……《古兰经》中有一些陈述，在数百年之后被证实是正确的，这些陈述表明《古兰经》中的知识源自真主。 Note: the original says "God", so I used 真主 is wrong per rules; corrected below. 可以通过在一些传统科学方法之外加入启示来指引科学……《古兰经》中有一些陈述，在数百年之后被证实是正确的，这些陈述表明《古兰经》中的知识源自上帝。

may guide science by adding revelation to some of the traditional scientific approaches . . . there exist statements in the Qur’an shown centuries later to be valid which support knowledge in the Qur’an having been derived from God.”

“现在让人想一想，他是从什么被造的！他是从一滴射出的液体中被造的——从脊椎与肋骨之间涌出。”[《古兰经》86:5-7] 在胚胎发育阶段，男性与女性的生殖器官，即睾丸和卵巢，在靠近肾脏的位置开始发育，位于脊柱与第十一、第十二肋骨之间。

“Now let man but think from what he is created! He is created from a drop emitted – Proceeding from between the back bone and the ribs.” [Al-Qur’an 86:5-7] In embryonic stages, the reproductive organs of the male and female, i.e. the testicles and the ovaries, begin their development near the kidney between the spinal column and the eleventh and twelfth ribs.

随后它们下降；女性的性腺（卵巢）停留在骨盆内，而男性的性腺（睾丸）

Later they descend; the female gonads (ovaries) stop in the pelvis while the male gonads (testicles)

继续它们在出生前的下降，经腹股沟管到达阴囊。即使在成年后，生殖器官已经下降完成，这些器官的神经供应和血液供应仍来自腹主动脉，腹主动脉位于脊柱（脊椎骨柱）与肋骨之间的区域。淋巴引流和静脉回流也都通向同一区域。

continue their descent before birth to reach the scrotum through the inguinal canal. Even in adulthood after the descent of the reproductive organs, these organs receive their nerve supply and blood supply from the Abdominal Aorta, which is in the area between the backbone (spinal column) and the ribs. The lymphatic drainage and the venous return also go to the same area.

《古兰经》中有不下十一处提到人是由 nutfah 创造的。Nutfah 指的是少量的液体，或是倒空杯子后残留的一滴液体。这一点见于多节经文，包括 22:5 和 23:13。1

The Glorious Qur’an mentions no less than eleven times that the human being is created from nutfah, which means a minute quantity of liquid or a trickle of liquid that remains after emptying a cup. This is mentioned in several verses of the Qur’an including 22:5 and 23:13.1

科学家近来已经证实，平均每三百万个精子中只需要一个来使卵子受精。这意味着只有 1/3

Science has confirmed in recent times that only one out of an average of three million sperms is required for fertilising the ovum. This means that only 1/3

只需要所射出精子数量的百万分之一，即0.00003%，就足以完成受精。

millionth part or 0.00003% of the quantity of sperms that are emitted is required for fertilisation.

“并使他的后裔从一种卑贱液体的精华中产生。”[《古兰经》32:8] 阿拉伯语词 sulaalah 的意思是精华，或整体中最好的部分。我们现在已经知道，在受精过程中，人类所产生的数百万个精子中，只需要一个精子穿透卵子即可。那个从数百万个精子中脱颖而出的精子，在《古兰经》中被称为 sulaalah。我们现在也已经知道，女性所产生的数万个卵子中，只有一个卵子会被受精。那个从数万个卵子中脱颖而出的卵子，在《古兰经》中同样被称为 Sulaalah。这个词还有从液体中轻柔提取的意思。这里的液体指的是男女含有配子的生殖液。在受精过程中，卵子和精子都是从各自的环境中被轻柔地提取出来的。

“And made his progeny from a quintessence of the nature of a fluid despised.” [Al-Qur’an 32:8] The Arabic word sulaalah means quintessence or the best part of a whole. We have come to know now that only one single spermatozoon that penetrates the ovum is required for fertilization, out of the several million produced by man. That one spermatozoon out of several million, is referred to in the Qur’an as sulaalah. We have also come to know now that only one ovum is fertilized out of the tens of thousand produced by the female. That one ovum out of tens of thousand is also refered to in the Qur'an as Sulaalah. This word also means gentle extraction from a fluid. The fluid refers to both male and female germinal fluids containing gametes. Both ovum and sperm are gently extracted from their environments in the process of fertilization.

“我确实从混合的精液滴中创造了人。”[《古兰经》76:2] 阿拉伯语词 nutfatin amshaajin 意为混合的液体。据一些古兰经注释家所言，混合的液体指男性或女性的生殖液体。男女配子结合之后，受精卵仍称为 nutfah。混合的液体也可以指由来自各种腺体的多种分泌物组成的精液。

“Verily We created man from a drop of mingled sperm.” [Al-Qur’an 76:2] The Arabic word nutfatin amshaajin means mingled liquids. According to some commentators of the Qur’an, mingled liquids refers to the male or female agents or liquids. After mixture of male and female gamete, the zygote still remains nutfah. Mingled liquids can also refer to spermatic fluid that is formed of various secretions that come from various glands.

因此,"nutfatin amshaaj"(即少量混合的液体)指的是雄性和雌性的生殖细胞(生殖液或细胞)以及周围的部分液体。

Therefore, nutfatin amshaaj, i.e. a minute quantity of mingled fluids refers to the male and female gametes (germinal fluids or cells) and part of the surrounding fluids.

胎儿的性别取决于精子的性质，而非卵子。孩子是女性还是男性，分别取决于第23对染色体是XX还是XY。

The sex of a foetus is determined by the nature of the sperm and not of the ovum. The sex of the child, whether female or male, depends on whether the 23rd pair of chromosomes is XX or XY respectively.

首先，性别的决定发生在受精时，取决于使卵子受精的精子中性染色体的类型。如果使卵子受精的是携带“X”染色体的精子，胎儿为女性；如果是携带“Y”染色体的精子，则胎儿为男性。

Primarily, sex determination occurs at fertilization and depends upon the type of sex chromosome in the sperm that fertilizes an ovum. If it is an ‘X’ bearing sperm that fertilizes the ovum, the foetus is a female and if it is a ‘Y’ bearing sperm then the foetus is a male.

"祂确实创造了配偶——雌雄两性，源于一滴被安置（在其处）的精液。"【古兰经 53:45-46】阿拉伯语 nutfah 指少量的液体，tumnaa 指被射出或被植入。

“That He did create in pairs – male and female, from a seed when lodged (in its place).” [Al-Qur’an 53:45-46] The Arabic word nutfah means a minute quantity of liquid and tumnaa means ejaculated or planted.

因此，nutfah 特指精子，因为它是被射出的。

Therefore nutfah specifically refers to sperm because it is ejaculated.

《古兰经》说：

The Qur’an says:

“难道他不是一滴被射出的精液（卑微的形态）吗？

“Was he not a drop of sperm emitted (in lowly form)?

然后他成为一块附着之血块；然后（安拉）创造并塑造了他

“Then did he become a clinging clot; then did (Allah) make and fashion (him)

适度地。

in due proportion.

“And of him He made two sexes, male and female.” [Al-Qur’an 75:37-39] 此处再次提到，正是来自男子的一小滴（一小量）精液（以 nutfatan min maniyyin 一词表示）决定了胎儿的性别。

“And of him He made two sexes, male and female.” [Al-Qur’an 75:37-39] Here again it is mentioned that a small quantity (drop) of sperm (indicated by the word nutfatan min maniyyin) which comes from the man is responsible for the sex of the foetus.

在印度次大陆，婆婆通常更希望有孙子，如果孩子不是男孩，她们往往会责怪儿媳。如果她们知道，决定性因素是男性精子的性质，而不是女性的卵子，那该多好！如果她们要怪罪谁，就应当怪自己的儿子，而不是儿媳，因为《古兰经》和科学都认为，决定孩子性别的是男性的体液！

Mothers-in-law in the Indian subcontinent, usually prefer having male grandchildren and often blame their daughters-in-law if the child is not a boy. If only they knew that the determining factor is the nature of the male sperm and not the female ovum! If they were to blame anybody, they should rather blame their sons, not their daughters-in-law, since both the Qur’an and Science hold that it is the male fluid that is responsible for the sex of the child!.

“他在你们母亲的子宫里，一个形态接着一个形态地造化你们，处于三重黑暗之中。”[《古兰经》39:6]据基思·摩尔教授所说，《古兰经》中的这三重黑暗指的是：

“He makes you, in the wombs of your mothers, in stages, one after another, in three veils of darkness.” [Al-Qur’an 39:6] According to Prof. Keith Moore, these three veils of darkness in the Qur’an refer to:

(i) 母亲的腹前壁。

(i) anterior abdominal wall of the mother.

(ii) 子宫壁。

(ii) the uterine wall.

(iii) 羊膜-绒毛膜

(iii) the amnio-chorionic membrane.

“我确已用精华创造了人类；然后，我把他（变成的）精子安置在稳固的子宫里；然后，我把精子造成凝血块；然后，我把凝血块造成肉团；然后，我把肉团造成骨骼，并以肉包裹骨骼；然后，我使它成为另一种新的造物。”

“Man We did create from a quintessence (of clay); then We placed him as (a drop of) sperm in a place of rest, firmly fixed; then We made the sperm into a clot of congealed blood; then of that clot We made a (foetus) lump; then We made out of that lump bones and clothed the bones with flesh; then We developed out of it another creature.

“所以愿真主受赞颂，祂是最优的创造者！”[《古兰经》23:12-14] 在这节经文中，真主说明人是由一小撮液体造成的，这液体被安置在一个稳固的居所里，阿拉伯语用的词是 qaraarin makeen（稳固的住所）。

so blessed be Allah, the Best to create!” [Al-Qur’ an 23:12-14] In this verse Allah states that man is created from a small quantity of liquid which is placed in a place of rest, firmly fixed (well established or lodged) for which the Arabic word qaraarin makeen is used.

子宫后方有脊柱牢固支撑，并由背部肌肉加以保护，因此得到良好的保护。胚胎还受到羊膜囊及其中羊水的进一步保护。由此可见，胎儿拥有一个受到良好保护的居所。

The uterus is well protected from the posterior by the spinal column supported firmly by the back muscles. The embryo is further protected by the amniotic sac containing the amniotic fluid. Thus the foetus has a well protected dwelling place.

这一小滴液体会发展成“阿拉伽”（ʿalaqah），其意为“附着之物”。它也指类似水蛭的物质。这两种描述在科学上都是可以接受的：在非常早期的阶段，胎儿附着在子宫壁上，其外形也很像水蛭；它的习性也与水蛭（吸血者）相似，通过胎盘从母体获取血液供应。

This small quantity of fluid is made into alaqah, meaning something which clings. It also means a leech-like substance. Both descriptions are scientifically acceptable as in the very early stages the foetus clings to the wall and also appears to resemble the leech in shape. It also behaves like a leech (blood sucker) and acquires its blood supply from the mother through the placenta.

word alaqah 的第三种含义是血块。在这个 alaqah 阶段（约在怀孕的第三周至第四周），血液在封闭的血管内凝结。因此，胚胎除了具有水蛭的外观之外，还具有了血块的外观。请将现成可得的古兰经知识与人类在科学发现方面的探索进行比较：

The third meaning of the word alaqah is a blood clot. During this alaqah stage, which spans the third and fourth week of pregnancy, the blood clots within closed vessels. Hence the embryo acquires the appearance of a blood clot in addition to acquiring the appearance of a leech. Compare the readily available Qur'anic knowledge with Man's struggle with scientific findings:

1677年，哈姆（Hamm）和列文虎克（Leeuwenhoek）成为最早通过显微镜观察人类精子细胞（精子）的科学家。他们认为，每个精子细胞内都含有一个微型的人，这个微型人在子宫中生长，最终发育成新生儿。

In 1677, Hamm and Leeuwenhoek were the first scientists to observe human sperm cells (spermatozoa) through a microscope. They thought that a sperm cell contained a miniature human being which grew in the uterus to form a newborn.

在肉块（mudghah）阶段，如果对胚胎切开并剖解其内部器官，就会看到其中大部分已经形成，而其余部分尚未完全成形。

At the mudghah stage, if an incision is made in the embryo and the internal organ is dissected, it will be seen that most of them are formed while the remaining are not yet completely formed.

根据约翰逊教授的说法，如果我们把胚胎描述为一个完整的创造，那么我们所描述的只是其中已经被创造出来的那一部分。

According to Prof. Johnson, if we describe the embryo as a complete creation, then we are only describing that part which is already created.

如果我们把它描述为不完整的创造，那么我们所描述的只是尚未被创造出来的那一部分。那么，它究竟是完整的创造，还是不完整的创造呢？对于胚胎发生的这一阶段，没有比《古兰经》的描述更恰当的了，即“有已成形的，也有未成形的”，如下面这节经文所示：

If we describe it as an incomplete creation, then we are only describing that part which is not yet created. So, is it a complete creation or an incomplete creation? There is no better description of this stage of embryogenesis than the Qur’anic description, “partly formed and partly unformed”, as in the following verse:

“我们从泥土创造了你们，然后从精液，然后从附着状的血块，然后从一块部分成形、部分未成形的肉团，以便我们向你们显明（我们的大能）。”[《古兰经》22:5]从科学上我们知道，在这个早期发育阶段，有些细胞已经分化，有些细胞仍未分化；有些器官已经形成，另一些则尚未成形。

“We created you out of dust, then out of sperm, then out of a leech-like clot, then out of a morsel of flesh, partly formed and partly unformed that We may manifest (Our Power) to you.” [Al-Qur’an 22:5] Scientifically we know that at this early stage of development there are some cells which are differentiated and there are some cells that are undifferentiated – some organs are formed and yet others unformed.

在发育中的人类胚胎里，最先发育的感官是听觉。胎儿在第24周之后便能听到声音。随后，视觉逐渐发育，到第28周时，视网膜开始对光线敏感。

The first sense to develop in a developing human embryo is hearing. The foetus can hear sounds after the 24th week. Subsequently, the sense of sight is developed and by the 28th week, the retina becomes sensitive to light.

《古兰经》对此作了如下解释：

The Qur'an explains it thus:

“他为你们创造了听觉、视觉和心智（理解力）。”［《古兰经》32:9］“我确已用混合的精液之滴创造人类，以便考验他。

“And He gave you (the faculties of) hearing and sight and feeling (and understanding).” [Al-Qur’an 32:9] “Verily We created man from a drop of mingled sperm, in order to try him:

所以我们赐给他（这些恩赐），即听觉和视觉。”[《古兰经》76:2] “正是祂为你们创造了（听觉、视觉等）官能。”

so We gave him (the gifts), of Hearing and Sight.” [Al-Qur’an 76:2] “It is He Who has created for you (the faculties of)

听觉、视觉、感觉和理解

hearing, sight, feeling and understanding:

“你们感谢的很少啊！”[《古兰经》23:78] 在所有这些经文中，听觉都被提到了视觉之前。因此，《古兰经》的描述与现代胚胎学的发现完全吻合。

little thanks it is ye give!” [Al-Qur’an 23:78] In all these verses the sense of hearing is mentioned before that of sight. Thus the Qur’anic description matches perfectly with the discoveries in modern embryology.