3.2 Ijtihad - Njia ya Kurejesha Khilafah | Quran Course

3.2 Ijtihad - Njia ya Kurejesha Khilafah | Quran Course

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3.2 Ijtihad

3.2 Ijtihad

by HT Britain4 min readViewed 86 times

Kama tunavyojua, akili si chanzo cha Shari'ah; kuifanya kuwa chanzo kungekuwa ni kukanusha kabisa Shari'ah. Ijtihad si matumizi ya akili kutoa hukumu, bali ni kuelekeza matumizi ya akili katika mambo mawili ya msingi: kuelewa uhalisia wa jambo lililopo ili kulifahamu kikamilifu asili ya suala hilo, na kuelewa matini za Kiislamu zinazohusiana na suala hilo.

As we know the mind is not the source of the Shari’ah rather making it such would be a complete negation of the Shari’ah. Ijtihad is not using the intellect to derive rules, rather Ijtihad is focussing the usage of the intellect around two fundamental roles, understanding the reality of the subject matter at hand so as to fully comprehend the nature of the issue at hand, and in understanding the Islamic texts that are connected to the issue.

Ili kuanzisha mbinu ya Kiislamu ya kuanzisha Khilafah, tunapaswa kusoma dalili za Kiislamu na kutoa hukumu kutoka kwake. Imam Shafi'i alisema katika kitabu chake maarufu Ar Risala ukurasa wa 75: "Hakuna mtu anayepaswa kutoa maoni kuhusu jambo mahususi kwa kusema tu kwamba ni halali au haramu, isipokuwa awe na elimu yenye uhakika, na elimu hii imejengwa juu ya Qur'an au Sunnah au inatokana na Ijma' au kupitia Qiyas." Kisha akaendelea kusema katika ukurasa wa 288, aya ya 493: "Katika mambo yote yanayogusa (maisha ya) Muislamu kuna ama uamuzi wa lazima au dalili inayoonyesha jibu sahihi. Ikiwa kuna uamuzi wa lazima basi unapaswa kufuatwa. Ikiwa hakuna dalili basi hutafutwa kwa Ijtihad." Hivyo, kwa kila tendo la binadamu kuna Hukm Shari', na kwa kila Hukm Shari' kuna Daleel kutoka kwa Wahyi (ufunuo), na kwa hiyo Ahkam Shari'ah (hukumu za Mwenyezi Mungu) zinatokana na dalili za kina kupitia mchakato wa Ijtihad.

Mchakato huu unajulikana kama Ijtihadi. Mtume ﷺ aliwaongoza Maswahaba kufanya Ijtihadi kama mbinu ya kutoa Ahkam Shari'ah kutoka kwenye Daleel zao. Imepokewa kwamba Mtume ﷺ alipomtuma Mu'adh na Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari kwenda Yemen, alisema: 'Mtahukumu kwa kitu gani?' Wao wakasema: 'Tusipopata hukumu katika Qur'ani na Sunnah, tutalinganisha kisa kimoja na kingine, na kile kilicho karibu zaidi na Haqq, tutakitendea kazi.' Kipimo hiki kilichofanywa na Maswahaba (ra) na kukubaliwa na Mtume ﷺ kinaeleza mchakato wa Ijtihadi katika kutoa hukumu. Pia, imepokewa kuhusu yeye ﷺ kwamba: "Alipomtuma Mu'adh kama gavana wa Yemen, alimwambia: 'Utahukumu kwa kitu gani?' Mu'adh akasema: 'Kwa Qur'ani ya Allah.' Mtume ﷺ akauliza: 'Usipoipata (hukumu)?' Akasema: 'Kwa Sunnah ya Mjumbe ﷺ wa Allah.' Mtume ﷺ akasema: 'Usipoipata (hukumu)?' Mu'adh akasema: 'Nitajitahidi kwa uwezo wangu wote na kutoa maoni yangu.' Mtume ﷺ akasema: 'Alhamdu Lillah (Sifa njema ni za Allah) kwamba Amemwongoza Mjumbe wa Allah kwa kile ambacho Allah na Mjumbe Wake wanakipenda.'" Hadithi hii inaonyesha wazi kwamba Mu'adh aliruhusiwa kufanya Ijtihadi. Zaidi ya hayo, kujua Hukm Shari' (hukumu ya Mwenyezi Mungu) kumeunganishwa bila kutengana na Ijtihadi, kiasi kwamba haiwezekani kujua hukumu bila hiyo.

This process is known as Ijtihad. The Prophet (saw) guided the Sahabah to make Ijtihad as the methodology to extract the Ahkam Shari’ah from their Daleel. It has been narrated that when the Prophet (saw) sent Mu’adh and Abu Musa Al-Ashari to Yemen, he (saw) said, ‘What are you going to rule by?’ They said, ‘If we don’t find the rule in the Qur’an and the Sunnah, we will compare a case to another and whatever is closer to the Haqq, we will act upon it.” This analogy made by the Sahabah (ra) and approved by the Prophet (saw) described the process of Ijtihad in deriving rules. Also, it was narrated about him (saw) that, “When he sent Mu’adh as a governor to Yemen, he (saw) said to him, ‘What are you going to rule by?’ Mu’adh said, ‘By the Qur’an of Allah.’ The Prophet (saaw) then asked, ‘If you don’t find (the rule)?’ He said, ‘By the Sunnah of the Messenger (saw) of Allah.’ The Prophet (saw) said, ‘If you don’t find (the rule)?’ Mu’adh said, ‘I exert my utmost and give my opinion.’ The Prophet (saw) said, ‘Alhamdu Lillah (Praise be to Allah) that He led the Messenger of Allah to that which Allah and His Messenger like.” This Hadeeth clearly permits Mu’adh to perform Ijtihad. Moreover, knowing the Hukm Shari’ (divine rule) is inexorably linked with Ijtihad to the extent that it is not possible to know the rules without it.