Mkusanyiko wa Fiqh
Compilation Of Fiqh
Katika kipindi hiki cha utawala wa 'Abbaasid, mtindo wa kuandika vitabu vya Fiqh ulibuniwa. Mtindo huu ukawa wa kawaida, na umeendelea kutumika hadi leo. Masuala mbalimbali yaligawanywa chini ya vichwa vikuu, na vichwa vikuu vikapangwa chini ya sura, kila moja ikiwakilisha mada kuu kutoka katika Shari'ah. Hata mpangilio wa sura nao ukawa wa kawaida. Waandishi walianza na nguzo nne baada ya Iymaan (imani), kwa kuwa Iymaan ilishughulikiwa katika vitabu vya elimu ya theolojia ya Kiislamu. Baada ya kushughulikia hukumu na masuala yanayohusu Twahaarah (usafi) na Swalaah (sala), Swawm (funga), Zakaah (kodi ya masikini) na Hijjah (hija), waliendelea na Nikaah (ndoa) na Twalaaq (talaka), kisha Bay' (miamala ya kibiashara), kisha Aadaab (adabu). Katika kushughulikia kila moja ya masuala haya, mwandishi wa madhehebu yoyote angetaja hoja mbalimbali zilizotumiwa na misimamo ya madhehebu yote, huku akikanusha hoja za madhehebu mengine.
During this segment of the ‘Abbaasid rule, a format for writing Fiqh books evolved. This format became a standard, which has remained in practice until today. The various issues were grouped under main headings and the main headings under chapters, each of which represented a major topic from Sharee’ah. Even thr door of the chapters became standardised. The authors would begin with the four pillars after Eemaan (faith), since Eemaan was dealt with in books of Islamic theology. After treating the laws and issues concerning Tahaarah (hygiene) and Salaah (prayer), Sawm (fasting), Zakaah (poor tax) and Hajj (pilgrimage), they would proceed on to Nikaah (marriage) and Talaaq (divorce), then Bay’ (business transactions) and then Aadaab (etiquette). In dealing with any of these issues, and author from any one Madh-hab would mention the different proofs used by all of the Madh-hab’s position, while refuting the arguments of the other Madh-habs.
Muhtasari wa Sehemu
Section Summary
Madhehebu nyingi zilizostawi kuchanua katika vipindi vya awali zilitoweka, na zimebaki nne tu.
1. The majority of the Madh-habs, which flourished during the earlier periods, disappeared and only four remained.
2. Madhhab zilifikia hatua yake ya mwisho ya upangiliaji na mpangilio maalum.
2. The Madh-habs reached their final form of systemization and organization.
3. Ijtihaad nje ya muundo wa Madh-hab iliachwa, na Ijtihaad Madh-habee ikachukua nafasi yake.
3. Ijtihaad beyond the structure of the Madh-hab was dropped and Ijtihaad Madh-habee took its place.
4. Fiqh linganishi lilianza, lakini lilitumika hasa kuendeleza mawazo ya kimadhehebu.
4. Comparative Fiqh arose, but was used essentially to advance sectarian ideas.