塞缪尔·P·亨廷顿在其著作《文明的冲突》中提到，精神权威与世俗权威的分离是西方文明的主要特征之一。这种分离被视为西方文明的本质。亨廷顿指出："这种权威的划分对西方自由的发展作出了不可估量的贡献。"他还写道："从历史上看，美国的民族认同在文化上是由西方文明的遗产所界定的，在政治上则由美国信条的原则所界定，美国人压倒性地认同这些原则：自由、民主、个人主义、法律面前人人平等、宪政主义、私有财产。"亨廷顿写道："正如小阿瑟·M·施莱辛格所说，欧洲是"个人自由、政治民主、法治、人权和文化自由"等思想的"来源——独特的来源"。这些都是欧洲的思想，而非亚洲、非洲或中东的思想，除非是后来吸收的。"亨廷顿接着说："它们使西方文明独一无二，而西方文明之所以有价值，并不是因为它具有普世性，而是因为它独一无二。" 菲利普·内莫在其著作《什么是西方？》（法文：Qu'est-ce que l'Occident?）中写道："事实上，西方文明至少大体上可以用以下方面来界定：立宪国家、民主、思想自由、批判性理性、科学，以及植根于私有财产原则的自由经济。"

Samuel P. Huntington mentions in his book, The Clash of Civilization that the separation between spiritual and temporal authority is amongst the main features of the Western civilization. The separation is considered to be the essence of Western civilization. Huntington states, “This division of authority contributed immeasurably to the development of freedom in the West.” He also states, “Historically American national identity has been defined culturally by the heritage of Western civilization and politically by the principles of the American creed on which Americans overwhelmingly agree: liberty, democracy, individualism, equality before the law, constitutionalism, private property.” Huntington wrote, “Europe, as Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., has said, is “the source—the unique source” of the “ideas of individual liberty, political democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and cultural freedom.... These are European ideas, not Asian, nor African, nor Middle Eastern ideas, except by adoption.”” Huntington then continues to say, “They make Western civilization unique, and Western civilization is valuable not because it is universal but because it is unique.” Philippe Nemo says in his book, What is the West? (French: Qu'est-ce que I'Occident?) that “As a matter of fact, Western civilization may define itself, by approximation in any case, in terms of the constitutional state, democracy, intellectual freedom, critical reason, science, and the liberal economy rooted in the principle of private property.”.

在他的著作《文明：西方与其他地区》中，尼尔·弗格森谈到了“西方文明的成就——资本主义、科学、法治和民主”。历史学家拉姆齐·缪尔爵士在1933年为《外交事务》杂志撰写的文章中写道：“个人按照自己的方式过自己生活的自由，取决于一套由共同意志所强制执行的法律体系，这套法律能够约束强者，使其不至于以损害邻人为代价滥用其力量。”欧洲价值观信息库（europaeischewerte.info）在其出版物《最基本欧洲价值观的定义及其对我们现代社会的意义》中界定了六项基本欧洲价值观，即人文主义思维、理性、世俗性、法治、民主和人权。米兰·扎菲罗夫斯基在其著作《启蒙运动及其对现代社会的影响》中断言，区别西方并构成其文明基础的价值观包括“自由、平等、正义、民主、包容、人权、尊严、福祉与幸福、人道的生活、公民自由、科学理性主义、技术与社会进步及乐观精神、经济繁荣、自由市场、世俗主义、多元与多样性、个人主义、普遍主义、人文主义等等”。

In his book, Civilization: The West and the Rest, Niall Ferguson speaks of “the achievements of Western civilization - capitalism, science, the rule of law and democracy.” The historian Sir Ramsay Muir in his essay for Foreign Affairs in 1933, “the freedom of the individual to live his own life in his own way depends upon the existence of a system of law, enforced by the common will, which can restrain the strong from abuse of their strength at the expense of their neighbors.” The repository europaeischewerte.info defined six basic European values in its publication, “Definition of the most basic European Values and their significance for our modern society,” which are humanistic thinking, rationality, secularity, rule of law, democracy and human rights. Milan Zafirovski asserts in his book, The Enlightenment and Its Effects on Modern Society, that the values that distinguish the West, forming the foundation of its civilization, are “liberty, equality, justice, democracy, inclusion, human rights, dignity, well-being and happiness, humane life, civil liberties, scientific rationalism, technological and social progress and optimism, economic prosperity, free markets, secularism, pluralism and diversity, individualism, universalism, humanism, and the like.”.

所有这些都是西欧启蒙运动的思想运动与文化革命的结果。如果我们依据这些界定西方思想本质的论断,并将其与前文所述的起源相结合,便能形成一幅凝练的图景,概括西方意识形态的结构基础,勾勒出其文明与文化的支柱。

All these were the result of the intellectual movement and cultural revolution of Enlightenment in Western Europe. If we rely on these sayings that define the essence of Western thought, integrating it with what has been mentioned of its origination, we can give a crystallized picture that encapsulates the structural foundation of the Western ideology, delineating the pillars of its civilization and culture.

在与教会的冲突之后，西方思想得出了一个结论，它构成了西方思想的知识基础和教义，这就是世俗主义（法文：Lai’cite）。世俗主义意味着从教会的枷锁中解放出来，摆脱神圣宗教的律法，依靠配备科学方法的人类理性，为西方人在个人和集体层面管理生活事务建立一套体系。因此，自由在其知识、政治、经济和社会层面上，都源自世俗主义。世俗主义是西方构建其关于组织个人、社会和国家事务的体系观念的核心概念。所以，世俗主义既是起点，也是归宿。相应地，这一思想在西方作为国家和民族而成为神圣之物。西方所采用的民主制度，代表了培育自由观念的形式结构和政治框架。意识形态由一套理性的学说组成，体系由此而生。西方意识形态以世俗主义的学说为基础，民主制度由此产生。这一西方意识形态被称为资本主义，得名于其最突出的特征，即其经济制度。资本主义的经济制度建立在所有权自由的理念之上。它可以用著名的法语短语"Laissez-faire"概括，意为"听其自然"，强调政府不干预经济。"laissez faire"一词本身来自法语短语"laissez faire et laissez passer"，意为"任其自然，任其通行"。由于其突出的自由理念，或产生这一理念的突出哲学，它有时也被称为自由资本主义。

And after the conflict with the Church, the Western thought reached to a conclusion that forms its intellectual basis and its doctrine, which is, secularism (French: Lai’cite). Secularism means the liberation from the chains of the Church, freedom from the rulings of divine religion and the reliance upon the human mind, equipped with the scientific method, for establishing a system for the Western man, both individually and collectively, to manage the affairs of his life. Thus freedom, in its intellectual, political, economic and societal dimensions, emerged from secularism. Secularism is the pivotal concept on which the West built its conception of the system organizing the affairs of the individual, society and the state. So secularism is both the origin and the destination. Accordingly, this thought became sacred to the West as a state and people. The democracy adopted by the West represents the formal structure and political framework that nurtures the notion of freedom. Ideology comprises of a rational doctrine upon which a system emerges. The Western ideology is based on the doctrine of secularism, upon which the democratic system emerges. This Western ideology is called Capitalism, after its most prominent feature, which is its economic system. Capitalism’s economic system is based on the idea of freedom of ownership. It is encapsulated by the well-known French phrase, Laissez-faire, which means “leave it alone.” It stresses the non-interference of government in the economy. The phrase laissez faire itself comes from the French phrase laissez faire et laissez passer, “Let be and let pass.” It is sometimes called Liberal Capitalism due to its prominent idea of freedom, or the prominent philosophy that produces it.

至于文明，它是一个民族所采纳的关于生活的一整套观念的集合。西方文明的重要观念，被西方人所接受，并由西方国家付诸实践，是其社会的核心，也是其向全世界传播的基础，主要包括：

As for the civilization which is a collection of concepts about life adopted by a nation, the important concepts of the Western civilization, adopted by the Western man and acted upon by the Western state, which are central to its society and for propagating it around the world are:

- 世俗主义（法语：Laïcité）。正如前文所讨论的，它是西方的学说，也是其文明的根基。

- Secularism (French: Lai'cite). It is, as discussed previously, the doctrine of the West and the foundation of its civilization.

- 民主制度的形式与实质：也就是说，与任何一种统治形式一样，它有其特定的特征，就其而言，包括与选举、主权立法和权力分立有关的事项。作为一种制度，它培育着基于所谓基本自由的价值观。

- Democracy in its form and substance: i.e. as in any of the forms of ruling, it has specific characteristics, which in its case includes matters related to elections, sovereign laws and separation of powers. It is as a system nurturing values based on the so- called fundamental freedoms.

- 理性主义，即理智对一切事物进行判断。

- Rationalism, in the sense that the mind judges upon everything.

个人与公共的自由，涵盖其思想、政治、经济和社会等层面。

- Individual and public freedom in its intellectual, political, economic and social dimensions.

个人主义

- Individualism.

- 多元主义在其思想、文化、政治和社会层面的体现。

- Pluralism in its intellectual, cultural, political and social dimensions.

- 人权，包括起源平等的观念，以及由此衍生出的所谓性别平等的观念。

- Human rights, which includes the idea of equality in origin, as well as the idea of equality branching into so-called gender equality.

功利主义作为一种界定幸福含义的人生观，连同它与享乐主义以及社会福利的关系，都置于目的论的尺度之上来考察。

- Utilitarianism, as a conception of life that defines the meaning of happiness, along with its relation to both hedonism and social welfare, upon a teleological scale.

至于作为知识集合的“文化”，如今在西方，人们习惯用“科学”一词来指称文化，并按领域、专业和课程对各门学科加以区分。西方人有所谓的自然科学，指涉及物质、能量及其相互关系与转化，或研究可客观测量现象的任何科学（例如物理学、化学或生物学）。形式科学则是研究形式语言的一门学科，关注形式系统，例如逻辑学、数学，

As for the culture which is a collective of knowledge, it is prevalent now in the West to use culture with the term sciences, along with separation between the sciences, according to fields, specializations and curricula. The Westerners have what is called natural science which includes any of the sciences (such as physics, chemistry, or biology) that deal with matter, energy, and their interrelations and transformations or with objectively measurable phenomena. Formal science is a branch of science studying formal language disciplines concerned with formal systems, such as logic, mathematics,

统计学、理论计算机科学、人工智能、信息论、博弈论、系统论、决策论以及理论语言学。社会科学是致力于研究社会及社会中个体之间关系的科学分支。除社会学外，社会科学还包括人类学、考古学、经济学、人文地理学、语言学、管理科学、政治学、心理学和历史学。

statistics, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory and theoretical linguistics. Social science is the branch of science devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. In addition to sociology, social science includes anthropology, archaeology, economics, human geography, linguistics, management science, political science, psychology and history.

这些知识体系被称为科学,连同由其衍生出的研究方法,例如统计方法,以及运用归纳法和演绎法。它们还包括多种形式的批评,例如审美批评、逻辑批评、事实批评、建设性批评和破坏性批评。它们全都以西方的观点为基础,并建立在其关于生命的思想之上。它们同样受到其理性主义方法论或经验主义理论的影响。这使得区分客观与主观成为最困难的问题之一。要分辨纯粹客观的学术研究与受西方思想基础及其方法影响的主观学术研究,需要审慎与警觉。

These bodies of knowledge are called sciences, along with the research methods that branch out from them, such as the statistical method, using induction and deduction. They also encompass varieties of criticism, such as aesthetic, logical, factual, constructive and destructive. They are all based on the Western viewpoint and are established upon the basis of its thought about life. They are also influenced by either its methodology of rationalism or its theory of empiricism. This makes separation between the objective and the subjective from amongst the most difficult matters. It requires conscientiousness and vigilance to distinguish between the mere objective intellectual research, from the subjective intellectual research that is influenced by the Western intellectual basis and its method.

在我们审视、研究并反驳西方文化的同时，有必要指出区分两个问题的必要性：理论层面与实践层面。西方思想的理论层面，即所谓的理论、思辨或纯粹理性，涵盖了整个西方文化及其所产生的全部知识与研究成果。因此，它包括了构成西方哲学整体的诸多思潮、取向、方法与学派。例如，所谓的认识论专门研究过去和现在的知识理论，而不论其在思想、制度与行为的形成方面，对社会、国家和个人所产生的实践影响。因此，在我们的实践性研究中，我们既不关注柏格森的“绵延”理论，也不关注罗素的分析哲学，或叔本华的悲观主义，以及其他被视为西方文化核心的理论。这些理论对西方意识形态及其现今文明的实际形成并无显著影响。西方存在着大量的思潮、理论与学术流派，然而实际上，它们不过是西方文明及其主导观念的衍生物，即便它们表现为对西方的反驳或批判。其中一些具有影响力，例如女性主义哲学，另一些则没有。因此，人们不应被这些表象所迷惑。我们需要区分两类问题：理论与实践，也就是说，一方面是仅作为知识的思想，另一方面是作为概念的思想，即意识形态所赖以建立、文明据以形成的思想。 这些概念是社会中被确立为标准和价值的观念，个人和群体都受其约束，国家也建立在这些观念之上，并由此形成其制度与治理方式。尽管我们在本书中并未讨论那些被称为西方通行文化之下的种种思潮、取向与思想流派，但我们对西方思想整体的驳斥，并不忽视这种思想所赖以建立的根基，以及由此产生的一切成果。

Whilst we are examining, researching and refuting Western culture, we should draw attention to the necessity of distinguishing between two matters: the theoretical aspect and the practical aspect. The theoretical aspect of the Western thought, or the so-called theoretical, speculative or pure reason, encompasses Western culture as a whole, with all that it produces of knowledge and research. Thus, it includes a number of trends, orientations, methods and schools of thought that collectively comprise Western philosophy. For example, the so-called epistemology is specific to the research of the theory of knowledge in the past and present, regardless of the practical aspect and its influence on the society, state and individual, in terms of formulating thoughts, systems and behavior. Therefore, in the context of our practical research, we are neither concerned with Bergson’s theory of Duration, nor with Russell’s analytic philosophy nor with Schopenhauer’s pessimism or other theories that are considered central to Western culture. These theories have no significant impact on the practical formulation of the Western ideology and its civilization as they are now. In the West, there are a number of trends, theories and intellectual schools of thought, however, in reality, they are nothing but emanations of the Western civilization and its dominant concepts, even if they appear as refutation or criticism. Some of them are influential like the philosophy of feminism, whilst others are not. Thus one should not be deceived by this. The differentiation between the two matters, theoretical and practical i.e. the differentiation between thoughts as knowledge alone on the one hand, and on the other hand, thoughts as concepts upon which the ideology is established, according to which the civilization is formulated. These are the concepts that are established as standards and values in the society, to which individuals and groups are subjected to and upon which the state is established, with its systems and treatments. Although we did not discuss in this book such trends, orientations and intellectual schools of thought, that fall under the so-called general Western culture, our refutation to Western thought as a whole does not neglect the basis upon which this thought is established, along with all that its produces.

这是我们希望驳斥的西方思想、意识形态、方法论、文明与文化。它泛指欧美的整体思维方式,无论是其理性主义方法论、经验主义理论及其科学方法,还是其产物——所谓的启蒙运动或现代性。其意识形态称为资本主义,其教义称为政教分离主义(法语:La Laïcité)。其传播意识形态的方式称为殖民主义。其制度称为建立在自由思想之上的民主制。其哲学是自由与个人主义,而其对待生活的观念则称为功利主义。

This is the Western thought, ideology, method, civilization and culture which we would like to refute. It is the Western (Euro-American) thinking overall, whether its methodology of rationalism or its theory of empiricism and its scientific method, as well as its product, the so-called Enlightenment or modernity. Its ideology is called Capitalism and its doctrine is called Secularism (French: LaTcite). Its method is to spread the ideology is called colonialism. Its system is called democracy that is based on the thought of freedom. Its philosophy is liberty and individualism, whilst its conception towards life is called utilitarianism.