"muhkamat"(单数 muhkama)一词源自词根 uhkima,意为在两件事物之间作出裁决。它是一个复数形式的动名词,意为判决、决定;在专门术语中,指《古兰经》中所有明确裁定的经文,多为涉及法律裁决的经文,也包括其他明确的界定,例如分辨真理与虚妄等。这就是所谓的"一般的 muhkamat"所指的内容。

The word muhkamat - (sg. muhkama) is derived from the root uhkima which means to decide between two things. It is a verbal noun in the plural, meaning judgements, decisions and in technical language refers to all clearly decided verses of the Qur'an, mostly those concerning legal rulings, but also to other clear definitions such as between truth and falsehood etc. This is what is meant by 'general muhkamat'.

"Mutashabihat"(单数 mutashabiha)源自词根"ishtabaha",意为"令人怀疑"。它是一个复数形式的动词性名词,意思是不确定或令人怀疑的事物。在术语中,它指的是《古兰经》中那些含义不明确或未被完全一致认定、可以有两种或多种解释的经文。

Mutashabihat (sg. mutashabiha) is derived from the root 'ishtabaha' meaning 'to be doubtful'. It is a verbal noun in the plural, meaning the uncertain or doubtful things. In technical language it refers to those verses of the Qur'an the meanings of which are not clear or not completely agreed upon, but open to two or more interpretations.

例：muhkamat（محكمات，明确的经文）

Example of muhkamat:

{"O you who believe! When ye deal with each other, in transactions involving future obligations, in a fixed period of time, reduce them to writing. Let a scribe write down faithfully as between the parties ...}" (Al-Qur'an 2: 282). Wait, I must follow the system rules: the Qur'an verse is text between { and } and should be translated. Here is the translation: 「ឃ这些信道者啊！当你们相互之间进行有约定期限的债务交易时，应当把它写下来。让一位书记员在你们之间公正地书写……」（《古兰经》2:282）

'O you who believe! When ye deal with each other, in transactions involving future obligations, in a fixed period of time, reduce them to writing. Let a scribe write down faithfully as between the parties ...' (Al-Qur'an 2: 282).

例如经文中的“穆台沙比哈特”：

Example of mutashabihat:

"(God) Most Gracious is firmly established on the throne (of authority)" (Al-Qur'an 20: 5). Note: the instructions say to translate faithfully, so the Chinese should be given below. { 至仁的主已升上宝座（主权之位）。}（《古兰经》20:5）

'(God) Most Gracious is firmly established on the throne (of authority)' (Al-Qur'an 20: 5).

Please send the text you'd like translated. I'm ready to translate it into Simplified Chinese.

Note that the words in brackets have been added by the translator in an attempt to interpret this aya.

《古兰经》自述其中包含两类经文（阿亚特），二者都是这部经典的根本组成部分，且都必须接受。

The Qur'an says of itself that it contains two kinds of ayat, both of which are fundamental components of the book, and both of which must be accepted:

"他就是降示你天经的主。经中有明确的节文，它们是经的根本；另有隐喻的经文。心中存有邪念的人，便追随其中的隐喻经文，寻求纷争，探求其隐微的含义；但除真主之外，没有人知道其隐微的含义。而学问根基深厚的人说：'我们信仰这部经典，它的全部都是从我们的主降示的。'唯有有理智的人才会领悟。"（《古兰经》3:7）

'He it is who has sent down to thee the Book: in it are verses basic or fundamental (of established meaning); they are the foundation of the book: others are allegorical, that is those in whose hearts is perversity follow the part thereof that is allegorical, seeking discord and searching for its hidden meanings, but no one knows its hidden meanings except God and those who are firmly grounded in knowledge say: "We believe in the book; the whole of it is from our Lord;" and none will grasp the message except men of understanding' (Al-Qur'an 3: 7).

Here "muhkamat" and "mutashabihat" are described as follows: 这里对"muhkamat"（明确经文）与"mutashabihat"（隐微经文）的描述如下：

Here muhkamat and mutashabihat are described as follows:

muhkama

muhkama:

所渴求知识的事物。

 Something of which knowledge was desired.

只有一个维度的东西。

 Something with only one dimension.

足以表意、无需进一步解释。

 Something sufflcient in meaning, requiring no further explanation.

mutashabihat:

mutashabihat:

只有真主才知道的事。

 Something known to Allah only.

具有多个维度的事物。

 Something with more than one dimension.

需要进一步解释的内容。

 Something requiring further explanation.

因此，《古兰经》中关于合法与非法（halal与haram）、刑罚、继承、许诺与警告等的经文属于muhkamat（明确经文），而关于安拉的属性、复活的真实本质、审判与死后生命等的经文则属于mutashabihat（隐微经文）。

Hence in the Qur'an those ayat dealing with halal and haram, punishments, inheritance, promise and threat, etc.belong to the muhkamat, while those concerning the attributes of Allah, the true nature of the resurrection, judgement and life after death etc. belong to the mutashabihat.

《古兰经》的一些经文适用范围非常广泛、具有普遍性（al-'am），例如涵盖所有人类，或所有穆斯林等；另一些经文则仅限于某些特定情境（al-khas）。

Some verses of the Qur'an are of a very wide, general application (al-'am), e.g. including all human beings, or all Muslims etc. Other ayat are restricted in their application to certain special circumstances only (al-khas).

"每个灵魂都要尝死的滋味。"（《古兰经》3：185）

'Every soul shall have a taste of death' (Al-Qur'an 3: 185)

"在朝觐期间，不得有淫秽之言，不得有罪恶，不得有争吵。"（《古兰经》2:187）

'Let there be no obscenity, nor wickedness nor wrangling in the Hajj' (Al-Qur'an 2:187).

{真主在关于你们子女（的遗产）方面，为你们作了这样的训谕} (《古兰经》4:11)。

'God (thus) directs you as regards your children (inheritance)' (Al-Qur'an 4: 11).

此外，人们还会区分“通用经文”（仍保持普遍含义的经文）与“特指经文”（意在某一特定含义的经文）。

Furthermore one also distinguishes between 'general verses' which remain general, and others which intend a specific meaning.

"朝觐此殿是人对真主应尽的义务——凡有能力前往者皆应前往"（《古兰经》3:97）。

'Pilgrimage thereto is a duty man owes to God- those who can afford the journey' (Al-Qur'an 3: 97).

“特殊含义”有几种不同的类型。通常会明确规定某种条件或限制。

Of the 'special meanings' there are several varieties. Usually some kind of condition or limitation is specified.

{你们在怀中抚养的妻子所生的女儿，即你们与她们同房过的妻子所生的女儿，也在禁止之列}（《古兰经》4:23）

'Your step-daughters under your guardianship, born of your wives to whom you have gone in' (Al-Qur'an 4: 23).

"当你们中有人临近死亡时，若他留下财产，就该为父母和近亲订立遗嘱，这是规定的。"（古兰经 2：180）

'It is prescribed when death approaches any one of you, if you leave any goods that he make a bequest to parents and next of kin' (Al-Qur'an 2: 180).

所以在经期中要远离女性，不要接近她们，直到她们洁净为止。（《古兰经》2：222）

'So keep away from the women in their courses, and do not approach them until they are clean' (Al-Qur'an 2: 222).

有些经文的含义是从其字面措辞（منطوق，曼图格）中推出的，另一些经文的含义则是从其所蕴含、可被理解的意思（مفهوم，mafhum，玛弗胡姆）中推出的：

The meaning of certain ayat is derived from the literal wording (mantdq) while that of others is derived from what is understood (mafhum) by them:

关于字面理解，有几种类型。第一种涉及明确的文本，即清晰且没有歧义的文本。

Of the literal understanding there are several kinds. The first concerns a clear text, i.e. a text clear and without ambiguity.

"如果他无力负担，就应当在朝觐期间斋三天，回家后斋七天，共十天。"（《古兰经》2:196）

'But if he cannot afford it, he should fast three days during the Hajj and seven days on his return, making ten days in all' (Al-Qur'an 2: 196).

在其他情况下，文字的表达可能略显含糊，但就其含义而言却是显而易见的。

In other cases the text may be somewhat ambiguous in its expression but obvious as far as the meaning is concerned.

"并且不要亲近她们，直到她们洁净"（《古兰经》2:222）。

'And do not approach them until they are clean' (Al-Qur'an 2: 222).

阿拉伯语词汇 tatahharna 可能指女性月经结束，也可能指月经后沐浴的完成；后者更为明显。[Qattan, M.: mabahith It 'ulum al-qur'an, Riyadh. 1971.] 另有一些经文，其措辞本身并不清晰，而是通过上下文暗示其含义。

The Arabic word tatahharna may refer to the end of the woman's menstrual period, or the completion of the bath after the period; the second being more obvious. [Qattan, M.: mabahith It 'ulum al-qur'an, Riyadh. 1971.] Still other verses imply a meaning through the context, although the wording itself is not clear.

"并以慈悯之心，为他们降下谦卑的翼翅。"（《古兰经》17:24）

'And out of kindness reward to them the wing of humility' (Al-Qur'an 17: 24).

这一规定只适用于父母，而不是泛指所有人，这一点从该节经文的语境中可以看出。

This applies to parents, and not to all human beings in general, as the context of this verse suggests.

所谓的"略写字母"是"mutashabihat"（隐微经文）中的一个重要部分 [《伊particular》II，第8页及以下；关于此话题东方学者研究的综述见 Jeffery, Arthur: The Mystic Letters of the Quran, MW, 14 (1924), 第247-60页。一些东方学者认为，这些字母是《古兰经》书写者（曾为穆罕默德ﷺ书写《古兰经》的各位圣门弟子）名字的缩写。另一些人则认为，这些字母仅仅是在现今通用的章名确立之前，用来区分各章的符号，例如章名"Ta Ha"即是一例。这也基于一些穆斯林学者的观点（《伊particular》II，第10页）。爱丁堡的神父兼东方学者瓦特写道："我们回到了起点；这些字母是神秘的，至今仍让人无法解释"（Watt, M.: Bell's Introduction to the Qur'an, Edinburgh, 1977, 第64页）] ，因为它们的含义并不为人所知。该词源自词根"qata'a"，意为"切断"，其含义是"被切断的东西"，也指"被缩略的东西"。

The so-called 'abbreviated letters' are an important section of the mutashabihat' [Itqan, II, p.8f. A summary of the orientalists' efforts on this topic is in Jeffery. Arthur: The Mystic Letters of the Quran, MW, 14 (1924), pp. 247-60. Some of the orientalists suggested that the letters are abbreviations of the names of the various Companions who used to write the Qur'an for Muhammad. Still others say that the letters are simply symbols employed to distinguish the Sura from others before the now common names were introduced. Sura Ta Ha would be a case in point. This is also based on some Muslim scholars' views (Itqan, 11, p.10). Watt, the Edinburgh priest-orientalist, writes 'We end where we began; the letters are mysterious, and have so far baffled interpretation' (Watt, M.: Bell's Introduction to the Qur'an, Edinburgh, 1977, p.64).] in sofar as their meanings are not known. The word is derived from the root 'qata'a' - to cut, and means 'what is cut', and also 'what is abbreviated'.

在技术用语中，这个词用于指古兰经中若干章开头出现的某些字母，称为"断裂字母"。

In technical language the word is used for certain letters found at the beginning of several suras of the Qur'an, called 'the abbreviated letters'.

古兰经中共有二十九章以各种组合的形式以这十四个字母开头。以下是它们在《古兰经》中出现和分布的列表：

There are fourteen such letters occurring in various combinations at the beginning of 29 suras. The following is a list of their occurrence and distribution in the Qur'an:

阿里夫 拉姆 拉：10、11、12、14、15。

Alif Lam Ra: 10, 11, 12, 14, 15.

Alif Lam Mim: 2, 3, 29, 30, 31, 32.

Alif Lam Mim: 2, 3, 29, 30, 31, 32.

阿利夫 拉姆 米姆 拉：13。

Alif Lam Mim Ra': 13.

Alif Lam Mim Sad: 7

Alif Lam Mim Sad: 7

哈〜米姆：40、41、43、44、45、46。

Ha Mim: 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46.

悲伤:38。

Sad: 38.

Ta Sin: 27.

Ta Sin: 27.

Ta Sin Mim: 26, 28.

Ta Sin Mim: 26, 28.

Ta Ha:20.

Ta Ha:20.

Qaf: 50.

Qaf: 50.

卡夫 哈 雅 因 萨德：19。

Kaf Ha Ya 'Ain Sad: 19.

Nūn: 68.

Nun: 68.

Ya Sin：36。

Ya Sin: 36.

这些字母的含义和用途并不确定。历代穆斯林学者给出了各种不同的解释。其中包括：[参见《Itqan》，第11卷，第9-11页。] 这些字母可能是某些句子和词语的缩写，例如 Alif Lam Mim 代表 Ana llahu A'lam；Nun 代表 Nur（光）等等。

The meaning and purpose of these letters is uncertain. There have been a variety of explanations offered by Muslim scholars throughout the ages. Among them are: [See itqan, 11, pp.9-11.]  These letters might be abbreviations for certain sentences and words, such as e.g. Alif Lam Mim meaning Ana llahu A'lam; or Nun meaning Nur (light), etc.

这些字母不是缩写，而是象征和真主的名称，或者代表其他东西。[例如，字母 nun 代表"鱼"，凡是前面带有 nun 这一"缩写字母"的章，都包含约纳的故事；字母 ta 代表蛇，凡是前面带有 ta 这一缩写字母的章，都包含穆萨与蛇的故事。] 这些字母还具有一定的数字意义，正如闪米特语字母也具有数值。

 These letters are not abbreviations but symbols and names of Allah, or something else. [e .g. the letter nun standing for 'fish' . which occurs in every sura that has nun as 'abbreviated letter' in front, or ta standing for snake, as every sura with [a as abbreviated letter w in front contains the story of Musa and the snake.]  These letters have some numerical significance, as the semitic letters also have numerical value.

这些字母被用来吸引先知ﷺ（以及此后听众）的注意，以便接续下文的启示。

 These letters were used to attract the attention of the Prophet (and later his audience) for the revelation to follow.

还有许多其他的解释，此处无法一一列举。"缩写字母"是《古兰经》启示内容的一部分，启示给先知穆罕默德ﷺ，因此被收入《古兰经》正文。它们应当作为所在章节的一部分来诵读和朗读。它们是《古兰经》本身提到的一类"穆塔沙比哈特"（隐微经文）的好例子（3:7），其含义唯有真主知晓。《古兰经》论及它们时说："……这些是明白的经典的符号。"（12:1）

There are also many other explanations which cannot be referred to here. The 'abbreviated letters' are part of the Qur'anic message, revealed to the Prophet Muhammad and therefore included in the text of the Qur'an. They are to be recited and read as part of the suras where they occur. They are a good example for one kind of mutashabihdt which is referred to in the Qur'an itself, (3: 7), the meaning of which is known to Allah. The Qur'an says of them: '... these are the symbols of the perspicuous book' (12: 1).