Tasavvur kanka ka tashi da safe ka nufi kicin don shirya karin kumallon ka. Yayin da ka matso kusa da teburin kicin, sai ka ga guntun burodi biyu a gasashe, an shafa musu man cakulan da ka fi so a ko'ina, amma man ya zama an tsara shi a cikin kalmomin 'Ina son ka'. Ka yi mamaki, amma me ya sa? Shin kana tunanin cewa gutsattsarin burodin sun gasa kansu da kansu, kuma man cakulan ya iya tsara kansa ta haka, duk ta hanyar kwatsam? Ko kuwa kana zaton masoyinka ne ya yanke shawarar tashi kadan da wuri ya shirya gasasshen burodin tun da wuri? Kowane mutum mai hankali a wannan duniya zai musanta cewa abin ya faru ba tare da niyya ko dalili ba; kwatsam makaho ba ya isa ya zama bayani.

Imagine you woke up one morning and walked to the kitchen to prepare your breakfast. As you approached the kitchen table, you found two pieces of toast with your favourite chocolate spread all over them. However, the spread has been arranged into the words ‘I love you’. You are surprised, but why? Do you think that the pieces of bread somehow managed to toast themselves, and the chocolate spread was able to arrange itself in such a way—all by chance? Or do you assume that your loved one decided to wake up a little early and prepare the toast in advance? Every rational human being on this planet will deny that it happened without any intention or cause; blind chance does not suffice as an explanation.

Duniya ba ta bambanta da wannan ba. Tana da tsari mai kyau da daidaito na sararin samaniya wanda ke nuna cewa an tsara ta da manufa. Duniya tana da daidaitattun dokoki da suke ba da damar rayuwa ta wanzu, kuma an tsara ta ta wata hanya ta musamman don ba mutane damar bunƙasa. Idan dokokin sun kasance daban, ko kuma idan duniya ba ta ƙunshi tsarin taurari, duniyoyi, da sauran abubuwan zahiri masu girma dabam-dabam da suka dace da rayuwa ba, da ba za ku kasance a nan kuna karanta wannan littafi ba. Haka kuma, da babu rayuwar ɗan adam kwata-kwata. Bari mu yi wani misali.245 Ka yi tunanin kana aiki a matsayin ɗan sama jannati na NASA. Shekara ce ta 2070, kuma kai ne mutum na farko da zai ziyarci duniyar da take kama da Duniya a wata galaxy. Manufarka ita ce neman rayuwa. A ƙarshe ka sauka, kuma yayin da ka fito daga jirginka, ba ka ga kome ba sai duwatsu. Duk da haka, yayin da kake ci gaba da tafiyarka, daga ƙarshe ka ga abin da yake kama da babban gidan kore. A cikinsa, za ka ga halittu masu kama da mutane suna yawo, suna ci, suna wasa, suna aiki, suna rayuwa cikin al'ada da amfani. Kana kuma ganin tsirrai, bishiyoyi, da sauran ciyayi. Yayin da kake kusantar ginin, jakadu masu abokantaka suka tarbe ka suka gayyace ka ciki. A lokacin ganawarka ta farko da waɗannan 'baƙin halittu' masu abokantaka, sun gaya maka cewa ginin yana da matakan iskar oxygen da suka dace. Haka kuma yana da isasshen ruwa da sinadarai da ke sauƙaƙa samar da abinci da tsirrai masu tallafawa rayuwa. Cike da mamaki da abin da ka ji, ka tambaye su yadda suka samu nasarar ƙirƙirar tsarin muhalli mai cikakken aiki wanda ke tallafawa rayuwa. Ɗaya daga cikin jakadun ya amsa, "Ya faru ne da kansa ba da gangan ba".

The universe is no different. It has an orderly and precise cosmic architecture that points towards purposeful design. The universe has the right set of laws to permit the existence of life, and it is ordered in a particular way to allow humans to flourish. If the laws were different or the universe did not contain a life-sensitive arrangement of stars, planets, and other physical things of varying sizes, you would not be here reading this book. In fact, there would be no human life at all. Consider another analogy.245 Imagine you are an astronaut working for NASA. The year is 2070, and you will be the first human being to visit an Earth-like planet in another galaxy. Your mission is to search for life. You finally land, and as you get out of your spaceship, you see nothing but rocks. However, as you continue your travels you eventually find something that looks like a huge greenhouse. Inside, you can see human-like creatures walking around, eating, playing, working and living normal productive lives. You also notice plants, trees, and other vegetation. As you approach the structure, friendly ambassadors receive you and invite you in. During your initial meeting with these friendly ‘aliens’, they tell you that the structure has the right levels of oxygen. It also has adequate amounts of water and chemical compounds to facilitate the production of food and life-supporting vegetation. Amazed by what you hear, you ask them how they managed to create a fully functioning ecological system that sustains life. One of the ambassadors responds, “It happened by chance”.

Nan da nan zuciyarka ta fara fahimtar abin da irin wannan magana mara ma'ana ke nufi. Hanya guda tak da za a iya bayyana tsarin ita ce cewa wani halitta mai hankali ne ya tsara shi, ba wani tsari na bazata ba na jiki. Yayin da waɗannan tunani ke gudana a zuciyarka, sai wani jakada ya katse ka ya ce, "Yana wasa kawai." Kowa ya yi dariya.

Immediately your mind starts to comprehend the implications of such a ludicrous statement. The only possible explanation for the structure is that it was designed by an intelligent being, not some random physical process. As these thoughts run through your mind, another ambassador interrupts and says, “He is only joking.” Everybody laughs.

Idan ƙaramin tsarin halitta a kan duniyar dutse ya sa mutum ya ɗauka cewa lallai an ƙirƙira shi, to ka yi tunanin abin da ya kamata mu ƙarasa da shi game da dukan duniya. Duniya da duk abin da ke cikinta suna bin dokokin kimiyyar zahiri. Idan waɗannan dokoki sun zama daban, babu rayuwa mai sarƙaƙiya da hankali da za ta kasance. Duniya tana ɗauke da biliyoyin taurari da taurarin galaxy. Cikin galaxy marasa adadi akwai duniyoyi marasa adadi. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan duniyoyi ita ce gidanmu, Duniya. Duniyarmu tana ɗauke da halittu masu hankali tiriliyan. Ka yi tunanin ƙarshen da dole ne mu kai idan dalilin wanzuwar waɗannan halittu masu hankali shi ne tsari mai laushi na abubuwan sama da dokokin zahiri. Ƙarshen da ba makawa yana da sauƙi amma mai zurfi: wannan ba sakamakon dama ba ne.

If a small ecological structure on a rocky planet evokes the conclusion that it must have been designed, then imagine what we should conclude about the whole universe. The universe and everything within it obeys physical laws. If these laws were different there would be no complex conscious life. The universe contains billions of stars and galaxies. Among the countless galaxies occur innumerable planets. One of these planets is our home, Earth. Our planet contains trillions of conscious creatures. Imagine the conclusion we must reach if the reason these conscious beings exist is due to a sensitive arrangement of celestial bodies and physical laws. The inevitable conclusion is simple, yet profound: this was not a result of chance.

Tushen Musulunci.

The Islamic basis.

Wannan muhawara tana da tushe a Musulunci. Alkur'ani yana ambaton abubuwan sama, jujjuyawar dare da rana, tsirrai, dabbobi da sauran al'amuran zahiri. Allah ya halicci dukkan wadannan abubuwa da daidaito na Allahntaka: "Rana da wata [suna tafiya] bisa lissafi daidai. Taurari da itatuwa kuma suna yin sujada. Sama kuma Ya daga ta, Ya kuma sanya ma'auni."246

This argument has an Islamic foundation. The Qur’an refers to celestial objects, the alternation of night and day, vegetation, animals and other physical phenomena. God created all of these things with a Divine precision: “The sun and the moon [move] by precise calculation. And the stars and trees prostrate. And the heaven He raised and imposed the meezaan.”246

Kalmar Larabci mizan tana da ma'anoni da dama. Daga cikinsu akwai daidaito da kuma daidaiton Allah. Wannan kalma tana nuna cewa an halicci sararin samaniya cikin daidaito, auni da jituwa. Akwai wasu ayoyi da yawa a cikin Alkur'ani da ke nuna wannan daidaito na sararin halitta, tsari da jituwa a cikin duniya.

The Arabic word meezan has a few meanings. These include balance and Divine precision. This word indicates that the cosmos was created with precision, balance and harmony. Many other references in the Qur’an indicate this cosmic precision, order and harmony in the universe:

Lalle ne, cikin halittar sammai da ƙasa da kuma canjin dare da rana akwai alamu ga masu hankali.247

“Indeed, in the creation of the heavens and the Earth and the alternation of the night and the day are signs for those of understanding.”247

Kuma Ya hore muku dare da rana, da rana da wata, kuma taurari ma an hore su da umurninSa. Lallai a cikin wannan akwai ayoyi ga mutanen da suke amfani da hankali.248

“And He has subjected for you the night and day and the sun and moon, and the stars are subjected by His command. Indeed, in that are signs for a people who reason.”248

Malamai na ilimin Musulunci sun yi amfani da tsarin halittar duniya wajen tada hankali kan buƙatar mai ƙira da mai halitta. Har ma sun yi amfani da hakan a muhawarori na jama'a. Misali, Al-Ghazali ya rubuta: "Ta yaya ko ƙaramar hankali, idan ya yi tunani a kan abubuwan al'ajabi na wannan duniya da sama, da kyawun tsarin shuke-shuke da dabbobi, zai kasance makaho ga gaskiyar cewa wannan duniya mai ban mamaki da tsarinta mai daidaito dole ne tana da mai halitta wanda ya tsara ta, ya ƙayyade ta, ya kuma jagorance ta?"249.

Islamic scholarship has referred to the design of the cosmos to evoke the need for a designer and maker. They have even used it in public debates. For example, Al-Ghazali writes: “How can even the lowest mind, if he reflects at all the marvels of this earth and sky, the brilliant fashioning of plants and animals, remain blind to the fact that this wonderful world with its settled order must have a maker to design, determine and direct it?”249.

Abu Hanifa, ɗaya daga cikin manyan malaman Musulunci, ya taba yin muhawara da wani mai karyata Allah. An ruwaito cewa malamin ya yi nasara ta hanyar amfani da wata irin hujjar ƙirar halitta.

Abu Hanifa, one of the great scholars of Islam, once engaged in a discussion with an atheist. It was reported that the scholar successfully used a variant of the argument from design:

"Kafin mu shiga muhawara a kan wannan tambaya, ku gaya mini abin da kuke tunani game da wani jirgin ruwa a cikin Kogin Furat wanda ke zuwa bakin teku, ya loda kansa da abinci da sauran kaya, sa'an nan ya dawo, ya sauka ya sauke kaya da kansa ba tare da wani ya tuka shi ko ya sarrafa shi ba?" Suka ce, "Wannan ba zai yiwu ba; ba zai taba faruwa ba." Sai ya ce musu, "In ba zai yiwu ba a kan jirgin ruwa, to ta yaya zai yiwu wannan duniya gaba dayanta, tare da girmanta duka, ta motsa da kanta?"250

“‘Before we enter into a discussion on this question, tell me what you think of a boat in the Euphrates which goes to shore, loads itself with food and other things, then returns, anchors and unloads all by itself without anyone sailing or controlling it?’ They said, ‘That is impossible; it could never happen.’ Thereupon he said to them, ‘If it is impossible with respect to a ship, how is it possible for this whole world, with all its vastness, to move by itself?’”250

Waɗannan ayoyin Alƙur'ani da ilimin malaman Musulunci suna nuna abin da binciken kimiyyar physics ya gano a cikin shekaru goman da suka wuce, wato cewa sararin duniya yana da dokokin zahiri waɗanda kamar an tsara su da kyau domin rayuwa, kuma sararin duniya yana da wani tsari na musamman wanda ke sauƙaƙa wa ɗan adam rayuwa. Wannan daidaito kuma masana kimiyyar physics da yawa, masana tauhidi da masu falsafa sun kira shi da suna 'fine-tuning'.

These Qur’anic verses and Islamic scholarship echo the discoveries in physics in the past decade, which have shown that the universe has physical laws that seem to be precisely set for life, and that the universe has a particular order that facilitates human existence. This precision has also been referred to as ‘fine-tuning’ by many physicists, theologians and philosophers.

Ma'anar kalmar "Fine-tuning" a Hausa: "Daidaita ko Gyaran Tsarin Samfurin Ilimi (Fine-tuning)"

Fine-tuning.

Daidaitawar mai kyau ta sararin duniya ta ƙunshi abubuwa daban-daban. Na farko, idan dokokin sararin duniya ba su wanzu ba, rayuwa, musamman rayuwa mai sarƙaƙiya da hankali, ba za ta yiwu ba. Na biyu, sararin duniya yana nuna tsari mai ban sha'awa; yadda aka tsara abubuwan sama da sauran abubuwan zahiri yana sauƙaƙa rayuwa a duniya. Dukkan bayanan da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan fannoni daban-daban na daidaitawar mai kyau suna ba da hujja mai ƙarfi ta tarawa cewa an tsara sararin duniya don ɗaukar rayuwa mai sarƙaƙiya da mai ji.

The fine-tuning of the universe consists of various aspects. Firstly, if the laws of the universe were to not exist, life, especially complex conscious life, would not be possible. Secondly, the universe displays a fascinating order; the way celestial and other physical objects have been arranged facilitates life on Earth. All of the data associated with these different aspects of fine-tuning provide a strong cumulative case for the universe being designed to harbour complex, sentient life.

Dokokin zahiri.

Physical laws.

Dole ne a sami daidaitattun dokoki daidai-daidai domin rayuwa ta wanzu. Idan waɗannan dokoki sun canja ko da kaɗan ne, sakamakon zai kasance sararin samaniya ba tare da rayuwa mai sarkakiya ba.

There must have been exactly the right set of laws for life to exist. If these laws were even slightly changed, the result would be a universe without complex life:

• Dokar nauyi: Nauyi shi ne ƙarfin jan hankali tsakanin taro biyu. Idan babu nauyi, ba za a sami ƙarfin da zai haɗa abubuwa tare ba. Saboda haka, ba za a sami taurari ba (haka kuma babu duniyoyi). Idan babu wani tauraro, ba za a sami wata tushen makamashi mai ɗorewa da zai taimaka wa rayuwa ba.251 Sararin samaniya zai zama wani duhu, babban wofi mara komai.

• The law of gravity: Gravity is the force of attraction between two masses. Without gravity, there would be no force to aggregate things. Therefore, there would be no stars (and no planets). Without any stars, there would not be any sustainable source of energy to facilitate life.251 The universe would be a dark, empty vacuum.

• Ƙarfin lantarki-magnetik: Wannan ƙarfi na musamman yana shafar komai da ke cikin sararin duniya. Ƙarfin lantarki-magnetik ne ke ba abubuwa ƙarfi, siffa da taurin su. Idan babu shi, ƙwayoyin zarra ba za su wanzu ba, domin babu abin da zai riƙe electrons a kan hanyarsu ta juyawa. Idan babu ƙwayoyin zarra, ba za a iya samun rayuwa ba. Ƙarfin lantarki-magnetik kuma yana haifar da haɗuwar sinadarai ta hanyar jan hankalin caji. Idan babu haɗuwar sinadarai, rayuwa ba za ta iya wanzuwa ba.252.

• The electromagnetic force: This unique force affects everything within the universe. The electromagnetic force is responsible for giving things strength, shape and hardness. Without it, atoms would not exist, because nothing would keep the electrons in orbit. If there were no atoms, there could not be any life. The electromagnetic force also causes chemical bonding by attracting charges. In absence of any chemical bonding, life could not exist.252.

Wani abu mai ban sha'awa game da ƙarfin lantarki-magnetic shi ne cewa yana da ƙarfi ɗaya, duk da haka yana cika jeri na buƙatu. A cikin littafinsa, Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology, Farfesa John Leslie ya rubuta:

An interesting aspect of the electromagnetic force is that it has one-force strength, yet it satisfies a range of requirements. In his book, Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology, Professor John Leslie writes:

"Electromagnetism has one-force strength, which enables multiple key processes to take place: it allows stars to burn steadily for billions of years; it enables carbon synthesis in stars; it ensures that leptons do not replace quarks, which would have made atoms impossible; it is responsible for protons not decaying too fast or repelling each other too strongly, which would have made chemistry impossible. How is it possible for the same one-force strength to satisfy so many different requirements, when it seems that different strengths would be required for each of these processes?" Ƙarfin electromagnetism yana da ƙarfi ɗaya, wanda ke ba da damar wasu muhimman al'amura su faru: yana ba taurari damar ci gaba da haskawa a hankali har tsawon biliyoyin shekaru; yana ba da damar samuwar carbon a cikin taurari; yana tabbatar da cewa leptons ba su maye gurbin quarks ba, wanda da hakan ba za a iya samun atoms ba; kuma yana sa protons ba su ruɓewa da sauri ko kuma su tunkuɗi juna da ƙarfi sosai, wanda da hakan ba za a iya samun chemistry ba. Ta yaya zai yiwu ƙarfi ɗaya na electromagnetism ya biya buƙatu masu yawa daban-daban, alhali da alama kowane ɗayan waɗannan al'amura zai buƙaci ƙarfi daban-daban? 253.

“Electromagnetism has one-force strength, which enables multiple key processes to take place: it allows stars to burn steadily for billions of years; it enables carbon synthesis in stars; it ensures that leptons do not replace quarks, which would have made atoms impossible; it is responsible for protons not decaying too fast or repelling each other too strongly, which would have made chemistry impossible. How is it possible for the same one-force strength to satisfy so many different requirements, when it seems that different strengths would be required for each of these processes?”253.

Watakila amsa mai gamsarwa ga tambayar Leslie shi ne cewa wannan ƙarfi an daidaita shi daidai don cika dukkan waɗannan buƙatu.

Maybe a satisfactory answer to Leslie’s question is that this force is precisely calibrated to satisfy all of these requirements.

• Ƙarfin nukiliya mai ƙarfi: Tunda tsakiyar atom (nucleus) ya ƙunshi protons masu caji mai kyau, ya kamata ya watse, domin caji iri ɗaya suna ƙin juna. Amma tsakiyar atom yana zama a haɗe saboda ƙarfin nukiliya mai ƙarfi. Idan da an canza wannan, "da yiwuwar sararin duniya zai zama wani babban rami mai baƙar fata."254.

• The strong nuclear force: Since the nucleus is made up of positively charged protons, it should just fly apart, because charges repel each other. However, the nucleus remains intact because of the strong nuclear force. If this were changed, “the universe would most likely consist of a giant black hole.”254.

• Ƙarfin nukiliya mai rauni: Ƙarfin nukiliya mai rauni ya fi ƙarfin nauyi, amma tasirinsa yana aiki ne kawai a nisa mai ƙanƙanta sosai. Yana da alhakin samar da kuzarin taurari da kuma samuwar sinadarai. Haka kuma yana da alhakin ruɓewar abubuwa masu radiyo. Rana ba za ta iya ci gaba da haskakawa ba idan babu wannan ƙarfi, domin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a haɗuwar nukiliya. Idan wannan ƙarfi ya ƙaru ko ya ragu kaɗan ne kawai, taurari ba za su samu ba. Dangane da misalan da aka ambata na daidaitawar dokokin kimiyyar lissafi, duk mutumin da yake da hankali zai yi tambayoyi masu muhimmanci: Daga ina waɗannan dokokin kimiyyar lissafi suka fito? Me ya sa muke ganin waɗannan dokoki maimakon wasu daban? Ta yaya waɗannan dokoki suke sarrafa al'amuran zahiri marasa sani, marasa hankali, makafi da rashin tsari don su samar da rayuwar ɗan adam? Alamar hankali ce a ƙarshe a ce wani mai yin dokoki, wani babban masanin lissafi, ko wata "hankali" ta sararin samaniya ce ta ƙirƙiri waɗannan dokoki domin su samar da rayuwa mai sani.

• The weak nuclear force: The weak nuclear force is stronger than the force of gravity, but its strength is only effectual at extremely small distances. It is responsible for fuelling stars and the formation of elements. It is also responsible for radioactive decay. The sun would not be able to burn without this force, as it plays an important role in nuclear fusion. If this force were slightly stronger or weaker, stars would not form. In light of the above examples of the fine-tuning of physical laws, any rational person would ask some serious questions: Where did these laws of physics come from? Why do we observe these laws rather than a different set? How do these laws drive non-conscious, non-rational, blind and random physical processes to facilitate human life? It is a sign of a rational mind to conclude that a lawmaker, a ‘grand’ mathematician, or cosmic ‘mind’ created these laws to facilitate conscious life.

Tsarin sararin samaniya.

Cosmic order.

Tsarin tsari mai ban mamaki da ke bayyana a sararin duniya, da kuma daidaituwar taurari da halittu a sama, ba wai kawai sun jawo mamaki a zukatan mutane na yau da kullum ba, har ma sun dauke hankalin manyan masana. Albert Einstein ya taba cewa:

The orderly display we observe in the universe, and its celestial harmony, has not only evoked awe in the average thinker, but also mesmerised the greatest minds. Albert Einstein once said:

“Ba ni da addini na rashin imani, kuma ba na tsammanin zan iya kiran kaina mai bautar kowane abu a cikin halitta. Muna cikin halin wani yaro ƙarami da ya shiga wani babban ɗakin karatu cike da littattafai cikin harsuna da yawa. Yaron ya san cewa lallai wani ne ya rubuta waɗannan littattafai. Ba ya sani yadda aka rubuta su ba. Ba ya fahimtar harsunan da aka rubuta su a ciki. Yaron yana zargin cewa akwai wani tsari na ban mamaki a yadda aka jera littattafan, amma ba ya sani menene shi. Hakan ne, kamar yadda nake gani, halin ko da mafi hankali a cikin mutane game da God. Muna ganin duniya an tsara ta da kyau kuma tana bin wasu dokoki, amma muna fahimtar waɗannan dokoki a sarari kaɗan kaɗan. Hankalinmu mai iyaka yana kama da ƙarfi mai ban mamaki da ke motsa taurari.”255.

“I’m not an atheist, and I do not think I can call myself a pantheist. We are in the position of a little child entering a huge library filled with books in many languages. The child knows someone must have written those books. It does not know how. It does not understand the languages in which they are written. The child dimly suspects a mysterious order in the arrangement of the books but does not know what it is. That, it seems to me, is the attitude of even the most intelligent human being toward God. We see the universe marvellously arranged and obeying certain laws but only dimly understand these laws. Our limited minds grasp the mysterious force that moves the constellations.”255.

Har ma masanin kimiyyar nan mai tsananin adawa da addini, Richard Dawkins, ya yi magana kan tsari da ke cikin duniya. Ko da yake ya yi watsi da hasashen tsara mai hikima, kuma ya bayar da nasa bayanin na dabi'a, har yanzu ya nuna abin da ya burge irin su Einstein:

Even the outspoken atheist Richard Dawkins has commented on the order in the universe. Although he dismisses the design hypothesis and provides his own naturalistic explanation, he still highlights what mesmerised the likes of Einstein:

"Amma abin da nake gani yayin da nake rubutu shi ne cewa na yi sa'a da rayuwa, haka ma kai. Muna zaune a duniyar da ta kusan cika dacewa da irin rayuwarmu: ba ta yi zafi ba, ba ta yi sanyi ba, tana karkashin hasken rana mai dadi, ana shayar da ita a hankali; duniya mai juyawa a hankali, kamar bikin girbi mai kore da zinariya… menene damar da duniyar da aka zaba bisa kwatsam za ta kasance da wadannan halaye masu dacewa?"

“But what I see as I write is that I am lucky to be alive and so are you. We live on a planet that is all but perfect for our kind of life: not too warm and not too cold, basking in kindly sunshine, softly watered; a gently spinning, green and gold harvest festival of a planet… what are the odds that a planet picked at random would have these complaisant properties?”256.

Sararin samaniya lallai "an tsara ta cikin ban mamaki" kuma tana nuna tsari mai sarkakiya. Idan wannan tsari zai kasance daban, da wuya rayuwar ɗan adam ta bunƙasa. Ga wasu misalai zaɓaɓɓu don yin tunani a kansu:

The universe is indeed “marvellously arranged” and it displays intricate order. If this order were different, it would be highly unlikely that human life could flourish. Here are some selected examples to reflect upon:

• Matsayin duniyarmu: Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke tallafa wa rayuwa a duniyarmu shi ne nisanta ta daga Rana. Duniya tana cikin wani yanki da ake kira yankin da ya dace da rayuwa (habitable zone). Ana bayyana wannan yanki da cewa "yanki ne inda zafin da ke fitowa daga tauraron tsakiya ke samar da yanayin zafi a saman duniya wanda a cikinsa teku mai ruwa ba ta daskarewa ba kuma ba ta wuce matakin tafasa ba."257 Idan duniyarmu ta kasance ɗan kusa da Rana, da zafi zai yi yawa har ba zai iya ɗaukar rayuwa ba. Idan kuma ta kasance nesa da ita, da sanyi zai yi yawa har ba zai iya tallafa wa rayuwa mai sarkakiya kamar tamu ba.

• The position of our planet: One of the life-supporting features of our planet is its distance from the Sun. Earth is located in an area known as the habitable zone. This zone is defined as the “region where heating from the central star provides a planetary surface temperature at which a water ocean neither freezes over nor exceeds boiling point.”257 If our planet were slightly closer to the Sun, it would be too hot to host life. If it were farther away, it would be too cold to facilitate complex life, such as our own.

• Ƙarfin jan hankalin Jupiter: Rashin babban duniyar iskar gas Jupiter a cikin tsarin hasken ranar mu zai haifar da mummunan sakamako ga rayuwa. Farfesa na Ilimin Kimiyyar Kasa Peter Ward ya tabbatar da cewa, "Ba tare da Jupiter ba, akwai yiwuwar ƙwarai da gaske cewa rayuwar dabbobi ba za ta wanzu a Duniya ba a yau."258 Jupiter yana aiki kamar garkuwar sararin samaniya; yana hana tauraruwa mai wutsiya da asteroids afkawa duniyarmu saboda karfin jan hankalinsa "yana jan" asteroids. Ba tare da wannan babban duniyar iskar gas mai abokantaka ba, ci gaban rayuwa mai ci gaba ƙila ba zai yiwu ba. Rebecca Martin, Masaniyar NASA Sagan Fellow wacce ta yi nazari kan tasirin Jupiter, ta bayyana cewa, "Binciken mu ya nuna cewa kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin tsarin duniyoyin da aka lura da su zuwa yanzu ke da manyan duniyoyi a daidai wurin da za su samar da bel ɗin asteroids mai girman da ya dace, wanda hakan ke ba da damar rayuwa a kan wata duniyar dutse da ke kusa… Binciken mu ya nuna cewa tsarin hasken ranar mu na iya zama na musamman."259

• Jupiter’s gravitational pull: The absence of the gas giant Jupiter in our solar system would have severe implications for life. Professor of Geological Sciences Peter Ward maintains, “Without Jupiter, there is a strong likelihood that animal life would not exist on Earth today.”258 Jupiter acts as a cosmic shield; it prevents comets and asteroids from bombarding our planet because its gravitational pull ‘sucks’ up asteroids. Without our friendly gas giant, the development of advanced life might not have been possible Rebecca Martin, a NASA Sagan Fellow who studied the influence of Jupiter, states, “Our study shows that only a tiny fraction of planetary systems observed to date seem to have giant planets in the right location to produce an asteroid belt of the appropriate size, offering the potential for life on a nearby rocky planet… Our study suggests that our solar system may be rather special.”259

Ba tare da kasancewar Jupiter ba, rayuwa a duniyarmu da wuya ta iya dorewa, saboda yawan karon da asteroid da comet ke yi.260 261.

Without the presence of Jupiter, life on our planet would have been extremely difficult to sustain, due to the large number of collisions by asteroids and comets.260 261.

• Igiyoyin ruwa na wata: Girman wata, wanda ya kai daidai, shi ne sanadin igiyoyin ruwa (tides), saboda karfin jan hankalinsa (gravitational pull). Bayan samuwar wata, ya kasance kusa da duniya fiye da yadda yake a yanzu, amma wannan kusancin bai dau lokaci mai tsawo ba. Da wata bai koma baya ba (saboda angular momentum), da an samu manyan illoli ga duniyarmu. Daga cikinsu akwai zafafa saman duniya, wanda da hakan zai hana halittu masu sarkakiya fitowa.

• Lunar tides: The relatively large size of Earth’s moon is responsible for tides, due to its gravitational pull. After the Moon’s formation, it was closer to the Earth than it is now, but this proximity was short-lived. If the Moon had not receded (due to angular momentum), there would have been serious effects on our planet. These include heating the Earth’s surface, which would have prevented complex life from emerging.

Farfesa Ward ya bayyana cewa wata mai kusa da Duniya da ya haifar da igiyar ruwa mai tsanani, saboda girgiza ɓawon Duniya da zafin gogayya da hakan zai haifar, da wataƙila zai narkar da saman duwatsunta: "Igiyar ruwan teku (da ta ƙasa) daga wata mai kusa da Duniya da ta kasance mai girma ƙwarai, kuma girgizar ɓawon Duniya, tare da zafin gogayya, zai iya narkar da saman duwatsun."262.

Professor Ward explains that a closer Moon would have flexed the Earth’s crust and produced frictional heating, possibly melting its surface: “The ocean tides (and land tides) from a nearby Moon would have been enormous, and the flexing of the Earth’s crust, along with the frictional heating, may have actually melted the rocky surface.”262.

• Daidaita karkatar gatarin juyawar Duniya: Wata shi ma yana da rawar da yake takawa wajen daidaita karkatar gatarin Duniya. Farfesa Ward ya bayyana cewa duk da cewa "alkiblar karkatar tana canzawa cikin tsawon dubun-dubatar shekaru yayin da duniya take karkata, kamar yadda ake yin karkata ga sandar da ke juyawa, kusurwar karkatar dangane da jirgin kewayawa tana kasancewa kusan a tsaye."263.

• Stabilizing the tilt of the Earth’s spin axis: The Moon has also been responsible for stabilizing the tilt of the Earth’s axis. Professor Ward explains that even though “the direction of the tilt varies over periods of tens of thousands of years as the planet wobbles, much like precession of a spinning top, the angle of the tilt relative to the orbit plane remains almost fixed.”263.

Wannan kusurwa ya kasance a tsaye cikin tsayayyen yanayi tsawon ɗaruruwan miliyoyin shekaru saboda ja-gorar nauyi na wata. Idan wata ya kasance karami, ko kuma yana da wani wuri daban dangane da Rana da Jupiter, da ba zai samar da "dorewar daidaiton zafin duniya ba na dogon lokaci ba.

This angle has held steady for hundreds of millions of years due to the gravitational pull of the moon. If the moon were smaller, or had a different location in relation to the Sun and Jupiter, it would not provide “long-term stability of the Earth’s temperature”.

264 Saboda haka, idan Duniya ba ta da wata, yanayin duniyarmu zai kasance mai canzawa, mai tsanani kuma mai sauyawa koyaushe. Kananan halittu ne kawai za su bayyana, kuma rayuwa mai sarkakiya ba za ta yiwu ba. A la'akari da abin da ke sama, me ya fi bayyana dokokin kimiyyar lissafi da tsarin da ke nuna tsari a tsarin hasken rana? Akwai zaɓuka da dama:

264 Therefore, if the Earth did not have a moon, the climate of our planet would be dynamic, severe and ever changing. Only small organisms would have emerged, and complex life would not be possible. In light of the above, what best explains the laws of physics and the orderly display of our solar system? There are a few options:

Dama, larurar zahiri, multiverse ko tsari (zane).

chance, physical necessity, the multiverse or design.

Dama

Chance.

Wannan daidaitawar da ta kasance ta hanyar kwatsam yana nuna cewa dokokin kimiyyar lissafi da tsarin hasken rana sun faru ba tare da wata niyya ko manufa ba. Sun kasance sakamakon dalilai na kwatsam, ba bisa ka'ida ba, da rashin tsari. Wannan da'awa ce marar hankali. Ku dubi wannan zanen Bruce Lee.265

For this fine-tuning to have arisen by chance indicates that the laws of physics and the display of our solar system occurred without any intention or purpose. They were a result of accidental, random and haphazard causes. This is an irrational assertion. Consider this painting of Bruce Lee265

.

.

Idan na ce maka cewa wannan hoton ya samu ne saboda dama—cewa tawada ta faɗi a kan zane ta samar da wannan hoton—da nan za ka ƙi yarda da ra'ayin nan take. Hakan yana faruwa ne domin abubuwan da ka taɓa gani da bayanan da ka sani sun gaya maka cewa hakan ba zai yiwu ba. Haka kuma, idan na yi jayayya cewa Mutum-mutumin 'Yanci (Statue of Liberty) ya samu ne saboda dama makafi, za ka ɗauka cewa ina ruɗu.

If I told you that it was a result of chance—that some ink fell on the canvas and produced this picture—you would dismiss the idea immediately. That’s because your experiences and background information tell you it is impossible. Similarly, if I argued that the Statue of Liberty was a result of blind chance, you would think I was deluded.

Hypothesin "chance" ba wai kawai ba ce ba ce ta rashin hankali, har ma tana cikin tattaunawa mai hana ruwa gudu. Abin da nake nufi shi ne idan wani ya yi da'awar "dama ce kawai", zai zama daidai da yin kowace irin da'awa marar hankali. Misali, zan iya gaya wa wani mai musun Allah cewa ina ganin mahaifiyata ba ita ce matar da nake kira mahaifiyata ba, a'a, wata babbar giwa ruwan hoda ce da aka haifa a Pluto kuma ta zo nan a kan wani gashin tsuntsu mai girma. Abokina mai musun Allah zai ce ina da hauka, amma zan amsa da cewa, "Har yanzu akwai dama." Karɓar hasashen "dama" yana sa kowace da'awa ta zama mai yiwuwa, kuma matsayin hankali zai zama banza a cikin tattaunawar ilimi da ta yau da kullum. Zan iya tabbatar da cewa Musulunci gaskiya ne saboda akwai dama cewa haka yake, kuma zan kasance cikin haƙƙina na ilimi wajen yin irin wannan da'awa, domin da zarar wani ya karɓi hasashen "dama" a matsayin hujja, sai ya buɗe kofa ga duk wanda ya so ya yi kowace da'awa da yake so.

The chance hypothesis is not only irrational, it is counter-discourse. What I mean by this is that if someone were to claim chance, it would be equivalent to making any type of irrational claim. For instance, I could tell an atheist that I believe that my mother is not really the woman who I call my mother, but rather a large pink elephant that was born on Pluto and flew here on a giant feather. My atheist friend would call me crazy, but I would reply, “There’s still a chance.” Adopting the chance hypothesis renders all claims possible, and the role of reason would be made redundant in our academic and everyday discussions. I could assert that Islam is true because there is a chance that it is, and I would be within my epistemic rights to make such a claim because the minute someone adopts the chance hypothesis as an argument, it opens the door to anyone claiming anything they want to claim.

Duk wanda ya yarda da hasashen dama (chance hypothesis) a matsayin bayani mai inganci game da yadda dokokin halitta suka dace daidai don rayuwa, to dole ne a zarge shi da rashin daidaito a tunani. A cikin shawarwarin yau da kullum, ba a la'akari da dama a matsayin dalili mai ma'ana ga abubuwa masu yiwuwar faruwa kadan. Ka yi tunanin wata mai kishin rashin imani tana gaya wa ɗanta kada ya ci kuki kafin ya kwanta barci, sai ta same shi yana barci a ƙasa, da ɓarnar kuki a fuskarsa, kuma kwandon kuki a buɗe kusa da shi. Me kuke ganin za ta ƙarasa da shi? Kuna ganin hasashen dama zai shiga zuciyarta? Tabbas a'a. Ka yi tunanin irin wannan tunani ana amfani da shi a harkokin kuɗinmu, ko a kotuna da siyasa. Rayuwar yau da kullum, al'amuran duniya da tattalin arzikinmu za su zama rikici. Yawancin masu rashin imani suna ɗaga ma'auni na hujja idan ana maganar Allah, amma a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum suna amfani da wata ma'auni daban. Taurin kansu wajen musun abin da ke bayyane na iya samun dalili na zuciya (ko kuma, kamar yadda wasu masana ke jayayya, dalili na ruhaniya). Ga wasu masu rashin imani, abin da ake kira hujjoji na hankali sun zama labule da ke ɓoye babbar matsala: girman kai na rashin son bautar Allah (duba Babi na 15).