Bayanai

1 Abu Dawud ne ya ruwaito shi. Na ambata hadisan Annabi bisa ga sunayen masu tattara su. Misali, "Bukhari ne ya ruwaito shi" yana nufin yana cikin littafin hadisi wanda Bukhari ya tattara. Kuna iya neman hadisai daban-daban a cikin bayanan intanet na Turanci da Larabci. Ku lura cewa fassarori na iya bambanta.

1 Narrated by Abu Dawud. I have referenced the Prophetic traditions by their compilers. For example, “Narrated by Bukhari” means that it is in the hadith book compiled by Bukhari. You can search for the various hadiths using online English and Arabic databases. Please note translations may vary.

2 Al-Ghazali. (2015). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. 2

2nd Edition.

nd Edition.

Fassarar T. J. Winter, tare da Gabatarwa da Bayanan kafa. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, shafi na 8.

Translated with an Introduction and Notes by T. J. Winter. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, p. 8.

Za ku iya kallon wasu daga cikin waɗannan muhawarori a www.hamzatzortzis.com [An samu damar shiga 3 ga Oktoba, 2016].

3 You can watch some of these debates at www.hamzatzortzis.com [Accessed 3rd October 2016].

Hadisai guda 4 ingantattun kalmomi ne, maganganu, ayyuka da amincewar Annabi Muhammad ﷺ da aka tabbatar da ingancinsu.

4 Prophetic traditions are authentic and verified words, statements, actions and consent of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم.

Bullivant, S. (2015). Defining ‘Atheism’. In: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.

5 Bullivant, S. (2015). Defining ‘Atheism’. In: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-21.

6 Schweizer, B. (2010). Hating God: The Untold Story of Misotheism. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 28.

7. Ibid, shafi na 216.

7Ibid, p. 216.

Ibid, shafi na 217-218.

8Ibid, pp. 217-218.

Ibid, shafi na 217-218.

9Ibid, pp. 217-218.

10 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion. London: Bantam Press, p. 14.

11 Muslim ne ya ruwaito shi.

11 Narrated by Muslim.

12 Al-Qur'ani, Sura 52, Ayar 36. A cikin wannan littafi na yi amfani da fassarori daban-daban na Al-Qur'ani. Fassarorin da na fi amfani da su su ne fassarar Farfesa Abdel Haleem [Duba: Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & bugu na 2008) The Qur'an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] da fassarar Sahih International [akwai a: www.quran.com]. 13 "Wane ne sai wawa zai bar addinin Ibrahim?" Al-Qur'ani, Sura 2, Ayar 130.

12 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 36. Throughout this book I have used various Qur’anic translations. The translations I have used most frequently are the translation by Professor Abdel Haleem [See Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & Reissue Edition, 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] and the translation by Sahih International [available at: www.quran.com]. 13 “Who but a fool would forsake the religion of Abraham?” The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 130.

14 Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

15 Ibid.

16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Fassarar Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, shafi na 22. Mai fassarar yana magana ne game da masana kimiyyar lissafi (physicists); sai dai a mahallin asali yana nufin waɗanda suke musun kulawar Allah (God) da tsarinSa. 17 Alƙur'ani, Surah 10, Aya ta 99.

16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 22. The translator refers to physicists; however, in the original context it refers to those who reject God’s providence. 17 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 99.

18 Alƙur'ani, Babi na 2, Aya ta 256.

18 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.

19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Akwai a: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [An samu ta a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2016].

19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Available at: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Accessed 1st October 2016].

20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1st Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11.

21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 29.

22 Addison, J. (1753). The Evidence of the Christian Religion. London, pp. 224-223.

23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, shafi na 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity's Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4. 25 Ibid, shafi na 23.

23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, p. 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity’s Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4. 25 Ibid, p. 23.

26 Ibid, shafi na 1.

26 Ibid, p. 1.

27 Sabunta Hujjar Samuwar Allah. Mujallar Time, 7 ga Afrilu 1980, shafi 65-66. Akwai a: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [An samu a 2

27 Modernizing the Case for God. Time Magazine, 7 April 1980, pp. 65-66. Available at: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [Accessed 2

nd Oktoba 2016].

nd October 2016].

28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. London: Futura Publications, pp. 117-129.

Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. New York: Atlantic Books, p. 13.

29 Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. New York: Atlantic Books, p. 13.

Harris, S. (2006). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. London: The Free Press, shafi. 227.

30 Harris, S. (2006). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. London: The Free Press, p. 227.

31 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 20.

An 32 Cited in William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41. Note: The text above is a citation reference, and the lead-in "An" is a stray fragment of the original, so I've kept it as written. Here is the translation into Hausa: An ambato a cikin 32 daga William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, shafi na 41.

32 Cited in William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41.

33 Ibid p. 44.

Ofishin Kididdiga na Ƙasa (Office for National Statistics). (2011). Religion in England Wales 2011. [kan layi] Akwai a: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [An samu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2016].

34 Office for National Statistics. (2011). Religion in England Wales 2011.[online] Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

35 Biotechnology Report. Fieldwork January 2010 – February 2010. Bruxelles: TNS Opinion & Social, p. 203. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

36 Tarihin rashin imani a kasar Sin yana da nasa sarkakiya, kuma ba za a iya daidaita shi da rashin imanin Yammacin duniya ba. Rashin imani na kasar Sin ba ya samo asali ne daga ka'idar Darwin ko kuma irin sabon rashin imanin nau'in Dawkins ba. Rashin imani a kasar Sin yana dogara ne akan wani tsari na musamman na al'adu, siyasa da abubuwan ilimi. Dole ne a yi nazarinsa shi kadai.

36 The history of atheism in China has its own complexities and cannot be equated with Western atheism. Chinese atheism is not due to Darwinism or a Dawkins type of new atheism. Atheism in China is based on a unique set of cultural, political and intellectual factors. It has to be studied on its own.

37 Zuckerman, P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. In: M. Martin, ed, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 61.

38 Ibid, shafi na 55.

38 Ibid, p. 55.

39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, shafi. 16. Akwai a: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [An samu damar shiga ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2016].

39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Available at: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Accessed 2nd October 216].

40 Wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin da ke cikin wannan babin an samo su ne, an kuma daidaita su, daga Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

40Some of ideas in this chapter have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

41. Schopenhauer, A. (2014). Studies in Pessimism: On the Sufferings of the World. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapter 1. Available at: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

41Schopenhauer, A. (2014). Studies in Pessimism: On the Sufferings of the World. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapter 1. Available at: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

Suratu 12, Aya ta 87.

42 The Qur’an, Chapter 12, Verse 87.

43 Alkur'ani, Sura 99, Ayoyi 6 zuwa 8.

43 The Qur’an, Chapter 99, Verses 6 to 8.

Alqur'ani, Sura 45, Aya ta 22.

44 The Qur’an, Chapter 45, Verse 22.

45 Al-Qur'ani, Babi na 50, Ayar ta 35.

45 The Qur’an, Chapter 50, Verse 35.

Alqur'ani, Sura 10, Aya 26.

46 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 26.

47 Al-Qur'ani, Sura 36, Ayoyi 55 zuwa 58.

47 The Qur’an, Chapter 36, Verses 55 to 58.

Al-Ƙur'ani, Babi na 17, Ayar 70.

48 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 70.

Alƙur'ani, Sura 3, Aya ta 191.

49 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.

50 Al-Qur'ani, Babi, 32, Ayah 18.

50 The Qur’an, Chapter, 32, Verse 18.

51 Nasr, S. H. (2004). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, p. 275.

52 Alkur'ani, Sura 57, Ayoyi 20 zuwa 21.

52 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verses 20 to 21.

53 Ya nakalto daga BBC (babu kwanan wata) Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Akwai a: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [An samu shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2016].

53 Cited in BBC (no date) Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [Accessed 1st October 2016].

54 An nakalto daga Pollan, S. M. da Levine, M. (2006). It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, shafi na 4.

54 Cited in Pollan, S. M. and Levine, M. (2006). It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, p. 4.

55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Available at:

http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [An samu 2

http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Accessed 2

nd Oktoba 2016].

nd October 2016].

Al-Qur'ani, Sura 3, Aya 191.

56 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.

57 Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. 30th Anniversary edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Alƙur'ani, Sura 7, Aya ta 128.

58 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 128.

Surat 39, Ayah 29

59 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.

60 Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. 2nd Edition. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, p. 55.

61 Al-Qur'ani, Babi na 11, Aya ta 105.

61 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 105.

62 Al-Qur'ani, Babi na 25, Aya ta 75.

62 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verse 75.

63 Alƙur'ani, Sura 59, Aya ta 19.

63 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

64 Dawkins, R. (2001). River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. London: Phoenix, p. 155.

BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, shafi 100-102.

65 BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100-102.

BonJour, L. (1995). "Toward a Moderate Rationalism." Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.

66 BonJour, L. (1995). “Toward a Moderate Rationalism.” Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.

67 Basic assumptions of science (no date) Available at: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [Accessed 14th November 2016].

68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) Akwai a: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [An sami ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 2016].

68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) Available at: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [Accessed 4th October 2016].

69 O’Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.

70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Akwai a: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [An samo a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2016].

70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Available at: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Accessed 4th October 2016].

71 Francis, C. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, shafi na 262. 72 Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, shafi na 305.

71 Francis, C. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, p. 262. 72 Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 305.

73 Harris, S. (2010). The Moral Landscape. New York: Free Press, p. 66.

74 Sage, James. "Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties." Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102.

74 Sage, James. “Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102.

Ibid, shafi na 104.

75 Ibid, p. 104.

Ibid.

76 Ibid.

77 Ibid.

78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Shin juyin halitta zai iya bayyana karfin tunaninmu na gaskiya yadda ya kamata? Akwai a: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [An samu a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2019].

78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Can evolution adequately explain our truth-reliable cognitive faculties? Available at: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Accessed 30th September 2019].

Suratu 41, Aya ta 53.

79 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 53.

80 Alƙur'ani, Babi na 47, Aya ta 24.

80 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 24.

Alƙur'ani, Sura 11, Aya ta 51.

81 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 51.

Suratu Al-Imran, Aya ta 190.

82 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.

83 Tallis, R. (2014). Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity. New York: Routledge, p. 87.

84 Taken and adapted from Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.

85 Jawaban wannan suka samo asali kuma an daidaita shi daga Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Akwai a: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [An samu a 24 ga Oktoba, 2016].

85 The response to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Accessed 24th October 2016].

86 Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, pp. 32-33.

Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262: 27.

87 Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262: 27.

88 Ibid, shafi na 30.

88 Ibid, p. 30.

Ibid. Don'anta bayani kan sauran ƙin yarda da wannan batu da ƙarin bayani a kai, ku duba: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, shafi 417-424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, shafi 450-456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), shafi 701-708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, shafi 26-31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

89 Ibid. For responses to other objections and more detail on this topic please see: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer's Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, shafi. 49, da duba: "The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism," Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, shafi. 175–83.

90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer’s Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49, and see: “The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, pp. 175–83.

91 BBC Today. (2008). Akwai a: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [An samu damar shiga a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2016].

91 BBC Today. (2008). Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Accessed 1st October 2016].

92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar' Ta'arud al-'Aql wan-Naql. Bugu na 2. Edita: Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, Jami'ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Juzu'i 8, shafi'a 482.

92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. 2nd Edition. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al Islamiyah. Vol 8, p. 482.

93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qur'an al-Karim. Bugu na 4. Edita Safwan Dawudi. Beirut: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, shafi na 640.

93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. 4th Edition. Edited by Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beirut: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, p. 640.

94 Petrovich, O. (1997). Fahimtar Dalilin Da Ba Na Halitta Ba A Cikin Yara Da Manya: Hujja Akan Artificialism. Psyche en Geloof, 8, shafi 151-165.

94 Petrovich, O. (1997). Understanding the Non-Natural Causality in Children and Adults: A Case Against Artificialism. Psyche en Geloof, 8, pp. 151-165.

95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In Allah’... — no, the rules say write God, not Allah, and this is a reference list, so I translate faithfully with "God" rendered in Hausa. 95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Jarirai ‘Suna da Imani na Halitta ga Ubangiji’. Akwai a: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [An samu a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Addini Abu ne na Halitta. Developmental Science, 10, shafi na 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Shin Yara “Masu Imani da Ubangiji ta Hankali”? Tunani game da Manufa da Tsari a cikin Halitta. Psychological Science, 15(5), shafi na 295-301.

95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Accessed 4th October 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children “Intuitive Theists”? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301.

Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F. & Kelemen, D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition, 140, pp. 72-88.

98 Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F. & Kelemen, D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition, 140, pp. 72-88.

99 Ibid, 74.

Ibid.

100 Ibid.

101 Ibid, 79.

102 Ibid, 81.

103 Ibid, 82.

104 Ibid, 83.

105 Ibid, 84.

Ibid.

106 Ibid.

Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. da Harris, P. L. (2015), Hukunce-hukuncen Gaskiya da Almara ga Yara daga Asalin Addini da Waɗanda Ba Na Addini Ba. Cogn Sci, 39, shafi 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children's Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, shafi 35-36.

107 Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. and Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, pp. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children’s Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, pp. 35-36.

109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. Bugu na 3. Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, shafi na 316. 110 Muslim ne ya ruwaito shi.

109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. 3rd Edition. Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, p. 316. 110 Narrated by Muslim.

111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Fassarar Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, shafi na 10.

111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 10.

112 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu' al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Madina: Mujama' Malik Fahad. Vol 16, p. 324.

112 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Madina: Mujama’ Malik Fahad. Vol 16, p. 324.

113 Ibid. Juzu'i 6, shafi na 73.

113 Ibid. Vol 6, p. 73.

114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar' Ta'arud al-'Aql wan-Naql. Juz'i 7, shafi 219.

114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. Vol 7, p. 219.

Surah 16, Aya 69.

115 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 69.

Suratu 10 (Yunus), Aya ta 24.

116 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.

117 Alkur'ani, Sura 52, Ayoyi 35 da 36.

117 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.

Suratu Al-Qasas, Aya ta 56.

118 The Qur’an, Chapter 28, Verse 56.

Suratul Ibrahim, Aya ta 10.

119 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 10.

Farfur, M. S. (2010). Sakon Da Ke Amfani Da Hujja Mai Ƙarfi A Cikin Nazarin Ilimin Tauhidi. Fassarawa da bayanin kula daga Wesam Charkawi. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, shafi na 85-86.

120 Farfur, M. S. (2010). The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology. Translation and notes by Wesam Charkawi. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, pp. 85-86.

121 Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur'an: God's Arguments. Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, p. ix.

121 Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur’an: God's Arguments. Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, p. ix.

122 Ibid, shafi na 203

122 Ibid, p. 203

123 An nakalto daga Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, shafi na 31.

123 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 31.

124 Alƙur'ani, Babi na 52, Ayoyi na 35 da 36.

124 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.

Mohar, M. A. (2003). A word for word meaning of the Qur’ān. Vol III. Ipswich: JIMAS, p. 1713.

125 Mohar, M. A. (2003). A word for word meaning of the Qur’ān. Vol III. Ipswich: JIMAS, p. 1713.

126 An wannan hujja an samo ta ne kuma an daidaita ta daga: Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence. Akwai a: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [An samu damar shiga ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, 2016].

126 This argument has been inspired by and adapted from Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence. Available at: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

127 Hilbert, D. (1964). On the Infinite. In: P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam (eds), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 151.

128 Quine: Terms explained. Available at: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Accessed 23rd October 2016].

129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Available at: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

Leibniz, G. W. (1714). Ka'idojin Yanayi da Alheri, Bisa Hankali.

130 Leibniz, G. W. (1714). The Principles of Nature and Grace, Based on Reason.

1714. Akwai a: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [An samo a ranar 4

1714. Available at: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [Accessed 4

[Ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2016].

th October 2016].

Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, p. 170.

131 Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, p. 170.

132 Ibid.

133 Ibid, shafi na 105.

133 Ibid, p. 105.

Albert, D. (2012). 'A Universe From Nothing,' ta Lawrence M. Krauss. Akwai a: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [An samo a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2016].

134 Albert, D. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing,’ by Lawrence M. Krauss. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Akwai a: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [An samu a ranar 9

135 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9

[Ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2016].

th October 2016].

Analogies da aka daidaita daga Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Akwai a: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [An samu ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2016].

136 Analogies adapted from Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9th October 2016].

137 Krauss, L. A (2012). Universe from Nothing, p. 174.

138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. A cikin: Psillos, S da Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, shafi na 137-138.

138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 137-138.

Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.

139 Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.

140 Ibid., shafi na 147.

140 Ibid p. 147.

141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Ana samunsa a: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [An samu damar shiga a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2016].

141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [Accessed 10th September 2016].

142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. Available at: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Fassarawar Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, shafi na 33.

143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Translated by Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, p. 33.

144 An ambato a cikin Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Edited by Abdullah Al-Hashidi. Cairo: Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Vol 2, p. 271.

144 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Edited by Abdullah Al-Hashidi. Cairo: Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Vol 2, p. 271.

145 Wannan misali an ɗauko shi ne daga Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.

145 This example has been taken from Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.

2

nd Edition. London: One Reason, pp. 9-10.

Misali 146: An daidaita wannan misali daga Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God's Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Akwai a: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [An samu a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2016].

146 This example has been adapted from Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

147 Idris, J. (2006). Masana Kimiyyar Zamani da Wanzuwar Allah (kashi na 2 cikin 3): Jerin Dalilai. Akwai a: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [An samo a 2

147 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2

nd Oktoba 2016].

nd October 2016].

148 An rubuta a cikin Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.

148 Cited in Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.

Flew, A. (2007). Akwai Allah: Yadda Shahararren Mai Kafirci a Duniya Ya Canza Ra'ayinsa. New York: HarperOne. 2007, shafi 165.

149Flew, A. (2007). There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne. 2007, p. 165.

150 Bukhari ne ya ruwaito.

150 Narrated by Bukhari.

151 An ambato a cikin Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Juzu'i 2, shafi na 270.

151 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Vol 2, p. 270.

Suratul Ikhlas, Ayoyi 2 da 3.

152 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 2 and 3.

Lennox, J. C. (2009). God’s Undertaker: Has Science Buried God? Oxford: Lion Books, p. 183.

153 Lennox, J. C. (2009). God’s Undertaker: Has Science Buried God? Oxford: Lion Books, p. 183.

154 Hoover, J. (2004). Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya's Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.

154 Hoover, J. (2004). Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya’s Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.

Alƙur'ani, Surah 42, Aya ta 11.

155 The Qur’an, Chapter 42, Verse 11.

Alƙur'ani, Sura 58, Aya ta 7.

156 The Qur’an, Chapter 58, Verse 7.

Wannan kiyasi ne da aka yi bisa adadin atom na hydrogen da ke cikin jimillar adadin taurari da ake kiyasin suna cikin sararin samaniya da za a iya gani. Adadin zai fi girma idan an hada sauran atom.

157 This is an estimate based on the number of hydrogen atoms that are contained in the estimated total number of stars in the observable universe. The number is higher if other atoms are included.

Suratu Al-Nur, Aya ta 45.

158 The Qur’an, Chapter 24, Verse 45.

159 Al-Tahawi. (2007). The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi. Translated from Arabic, Introduced and Annotated by Hamza Yusuf. California: Zaytuna Institute, p. 50.

Suratul Baqara, Aya ta 20.

160 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 20.

161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami' al-Ahkaam al-Qur'an. Wanda Dr. Adullah Al-Turki da Muhammad 'Arqasusi suka gyara. Beirut: Mu'assasa al-Risalah. Juzu'i 1, shafi 338-9.

161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. Edited by Dr. Adullah Al-Turki and Muhammad ‘Arqasusi. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah. Vol 1, pp. 338-9.

162 An falla daga Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2. Akwai a: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [An samu a 13 ga Nuwamba, 2016].

162 Inspired and adapted from Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2. Available at: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [Accessed 13th November 2016].

Swinburne, R. (2004). Wanzuwa Allah. Bugu na biyu. New York: Oxford University Press, shafi na 52-72. Note on the rules: the original says "God", so the Hausa word for God is used in place of "Allah" in the body of the text. In this citation line, the reference contains no mention of the Prophet, so no ﷺ is needed.

163 Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 52-72.

164 Al-Qur'ani, Sura 11, Aya ta 107.

164 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 107.

Al-Ghazali, M. (2005). Ihyaa ‘Ulum al-Deen. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, p. 107.

165 Al-Ghazali, M. (2005). Ihyaa ‘Ulum al-Deen. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, p. 107.

Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 127.

166 Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 127.

167 Amsar wannan ƙin yarda an yi ta ne ta hanyar wahayi daga, kuma an daidaita ta daga, Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Akwai a: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [An samu a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2019].

167 The answer to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Available at: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Accessed 27th September 2019].

168 Huemer, H da Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.

168 Huemer, H and Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.

Wannan misali an daidaita shi daga Immanuel Kant. Duba Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. An fassara shi daga N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin's Press, A203.

169 This is example is adapted from Immanuel Kant. See Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin’s Press, A203.

170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity's Time Problem. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

171 An adaptation daga Craig, W. da Sinclair, D. (2009). Hujjar Kalam ta Sararin Samaniya (The Kalam Cosmological Argument). A cikin: Craig, W. L. da Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, shafi na 196.

171 Adapted from Craig, W. and Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 196.

172 Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking's Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

172 Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

173 Randhawa, S. (2011). The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Problem of Divine Creative Agency and Purpose. Draft version. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Accessed 22nd October 2016].

174 Yawancin ra'ayoyin hujjar da aka gabatar a wannan babi an karbo su ne kuma an samo su ne daga ilimin malaman Musulunci da kuma aikin falsafa na zamani na Kiristoci. Duba: Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Cairo: Dal al Mar'rif; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1st Edition, Riyadh: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

174 Many concepts of the argument presented in this chapter have been adapted from and inspired by the Islamic scholarly tradition and contemporary Christian philosophical work. See Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Cairo: Dal al Mar’rif; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1st Edition, Riyadh: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

Don neman cikakken bayani kan larurar nan (necessity), sai a duba Pruss, R. da Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, shafi na 11-32.

175 For an in-depth discussion on necessity please see Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-32.

"Wannan sashe an yi shi ne da wahayi daga, kuma an daidaita shi daga, Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig."

176 This section is inspired by adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig.

Akwai a: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [An samu ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2019].

Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [Accessed 20th October 2019].

177 Misali da aka daidaita daga Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2nd . Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

177 Analogy adapted from Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2nd . Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

Aya ta 97, Surah Al-Imran ta 3, a cikin Alkur'ani.

178 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 97.

Aya ta 15, Surah ta 35

179 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 15.

180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Adheem. Edited by Saami As-Salaama. 2

180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Adheem. Edited by Saami As-Salaama. 2

nd Edition. Riyadh: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200. Note: This text is a citation fragment (publication details and page references), so it has been left in its original form, since names of books, publishers, and places are kept as they appear in the original.

nd Edition. Riyadh: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200.

182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada'ih al-Batiniyya. Edited by Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, p. 82.

182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada’ih al-Batiniyya. Edited by Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, p. 82.

183 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. 3rd Edition. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, p. 109.

184 Godwin, S. J. (babu kwanan wata). Transcript of the Russell/Copleston radio debate. Ana samunsa a: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [An samu shi a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2016].

184 Godwin, S. J. (no date). Transcript of the Russell/Copleston radio debate. Available at: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

Ba a ba da wani rubutu da za a fassara ba. Kawai an aika da wani sashe na nassoshi (tunani mai lamba 185 da majiya: Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. Available at:), amma babu jumlar da za a fassara daga Turanci zuwa Hausa. Da fatan za a tura rubutun da kake son a fassara.

185 Adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. Available at:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [An samu damar shiga a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2019].

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Accessed 20th October 2019].

Sashe na amsar wannan ƙin yarda an daidaita shi kuma an yi masa wahayi daga Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). Ana samunsa a: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [An samo shi a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2019].

186Parts of the answer to this objection has been adapted from and inspired by Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

Pruss, R. da Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

187Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

188 Hijab, M. (2019). Kalam Cosmological Arguments. Independently Published.

Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. Lahore: Suhail Academy, pp. 18-19.

189 Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. Lahore: Suhail Academy, pp. 18-19.

New Scientist: The Collection. The Big Questions. Vol I, Issue I, p. 51.

190 New Scientist: The Collection. The Big Questions. Vol I, Issue I, p. 51.

Koch, C. (2012). Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, shafi 23-24.

191 Koch, C. (2012). Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 23-24.

192 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 5.

193 Alter, T. (2014). Hard Problem of Consciousness. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 340.

194 Abubuwan guda 5 masu zuwa an dauke su kuma an daidaita su daga Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, shafi na 11-13.

194 The following 5 points have been taken and adapted from Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13.

195 Discover Magazine. (2016). What is Consciousness? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Akwai a: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [An samu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2016].

195 Discover Magazine. (2016). What is Consciousness? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Available at: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

196 Revonsuo. A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, p. 202.

197 Manzoti, R. da Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. A cikin: Lavazza, A. da Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, shafi na 82.

197 Manzoti, R. and Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 82.

Ibid.

198 Ibid.

199 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 105.

Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. A cikin: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280.

200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280.

201 Stoljar, D. (2016). "Physicalism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Akwai a: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [An samu a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 2016].

201 Stoljar, D. (2016). “Physicalism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Accessed 4th October 2016].

202 Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary Didn't Know. The Journal of Philosophy, 83, 5, pp. 291-295.

203 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 108.

204 Ibid, shafi na 109.

204 Ibid, p. 109.

205 Loar, Brian. (1997). "Phenomenal Consciousness", in The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. by Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

205 Loar, Brian. (1997). “Phenomenal Consciousness”, in The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. by Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

206 Abubuwan da ke sama an dauke su ne kuma an daidaita su daga laccar da tattaunawar da aka gudanar a lokacin karatun digiri na biyu (Masters in Philosophy). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.

206 The above discussion has been taken and adapted from the relevant lecture and seminar discussion that was held during my postgraduate degree (Masters in Philosophy). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.

207 Tye, Michael. (2009). Consciousness Revisited: Materialism without Phenomenal Concepts. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 49-51.

208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). "Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts." Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.

208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). “Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.

209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) "Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts." Diametros, 11, pp. 10-39.

209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) “Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Diametros, 11, pp. 10-39.

210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. Wata sigar wannan makala tana nan a yanar gizo: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [An sami damar shiga ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2016].

210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. A version of this essay can be found online at: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].

211 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 111.

212 Churchland, P. (1988). Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 43-39.

Ibid.

213 Ibid.

Ibid.

214 Ibid.

215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Accessed August 30, 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html.

Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip and Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.

216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip and Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.

217 Ibid, 31.

Ibid, 30.

218 Ibid, 30.

Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, shafi. 180-181.

219 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, pp. 180-181.

220 Ibid, p. 21.

221 Ibid, shafi na 22.

221 Ibid, p. 22.

222 Ibid, shafi na 24.

222 Ibid, p. 24.

223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. A cikin: Lavazza, A. da Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, shafi na 57.

223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 57.

224 Solomon, R. (2005). Introducing Philosophy: A Text with Integrated Readings. 8

Bugu na 7. Oxford: Oxford University Press, shafi na 416.

th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 416.

225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. A cikin: Block, N. (ed.). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vol 1, pp. 268-205. 226 Van Gulick, R. (2008). Functionalism and Qualia. A cikin: Velmans, M. da Schneider, S. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 381.

225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. In: Block, N. (ed.). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vol 1, pp. 268-205. 226 Van Gulick, R. (2008). Functionalism and Qualia. In: Velmans, M. and Schneider, S. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 381.

227 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, shafi. 39.

227 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, p. 39.

228 Ibid, shafi na 26.

228 Ibid, p. 26.

229 Ibid, shafi na 29-30.

229 Ibid, pp. 29-30.

230 Ibid, shafi na 30.

230 Ibid, p. 30.

231 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S. and Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, shafi 137-138.

231 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S. and Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

Eccles, J. C. (1989). Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 241.

232 Eccles, J. C. (1989). Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 241.

Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. Bugu na 2. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, shafi na 24.

233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. 2nd Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 24.

234 Seager, W. da Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Ana samunsa a yanar gizo a: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.

234 Seager, W. and Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.

235 Feser, E. (2006). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: OneWorld, p. 138.

Moreland, J. P. (2008). Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 35.

236 Moreland, J. P. (2008). Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 35.

Ibid, shafi na 192.

237 Ibid, p. 192.

238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. In: Craig, W. L. and. Moreland, J. P. (ed.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 148-9.

Ibid, shafi na 150.

239 Ibid p. 150.

Al-Qur'ani, Sura 2, Aya ta 255.

240 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 255.

Suratul Mulk, Aya ta 14.

241 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 14.

Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 202-203.

242 Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 202-203.

Alƙur'ani, Babi na 17, Aya ta 85.

243 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 85.

244 Al-Qur'ani, Babi 30, Aya ta 8.

244 The Qur’an, Chapter 30, Verse 8.

245 Misali da aka daidaita daga Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Sigar da aka daidaita. Akwai a: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [An samo a 24 ga Oktoba, 2016] 246 Alqur'ani, Sura 55, Ayoyi 5 zuwa 7.

245 Analogy adapted from Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016] 246 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 5 to 7.

Suratul Ali Imran, Aya ta 190.

247 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.

Suratun Nahl (Surah 16), aya 12.

248 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 12.

Tibawi, A.L. (ed. and tr.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (The Jerusalem Epistle) "Al-Ghazali's Tract on Dogmatic Theology". In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.

249 Tibawi, A.L. (ed. and tr.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (The Jerusalem Epistle) “Al-Ghazali’s Tract on Dogmatic Theology”. In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.

250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Sharhin Akidar At-Tahawi. An fassara daga Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, p. 9

250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Commentary on the Creed of At-Tahawi. Translated by Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, p. 9

251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 212.

252 Ibid.

253 John Leslie. (2001). Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 205.

254 Collins, R. The Teleological Argument, p. 212.

255 An ambato a cikin Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, shafi na 150.

255 Cited in Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 150.

256 Dawkins, R. (1999). Unweaving the Rainbow. London: Penguin, shafi. 4.

256 Dawkins, R. (1999). Unweaving the Rainbow. London: Penguin, p. 4.

Ward, P. D. da Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16.

257 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16.

258 Ibid, shafi na 221-222.

258 Ibid, pp. 221-222.

'Babu Jupiter, babu rayuwa mai ci gaba?' - Juyin Halitta Yana Iya Zama Ba Zai Yiwu Ba a Tsarin Taurari Idan Babu Babbar Duniya. (2012). Akwai a: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [An samu a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2016].

259 ‘No Jupiter, no advanced life? ’ - Evolution May Be Impossible in Star Systems without a Giant Planet. (2012). Available at: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

Rasio, F.A. da E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, shafi na 954-956.

260 Rasio, F.A. and E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, pp. 954-956.

261 Ward, P. D. da Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, shafi na 238 – 239.

261 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, pp. 238 – 239.

Ibid, shafi na 227.

262 Ibid, p. 227.

263 Ibid, shafi na 223.

263 Ibid, p. 223.

Ibid.

264 Ibid.

265 Ya samo asali daga, kuma aka daidaita shi daga, Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. Akwai a: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [An samu damar shiga ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2016].

265 Inspired by and adapted from Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Accessed 24th October 2016].

Ibid.

266 Ibid.

267 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, p. 161. 268 Davies, P. (1993). The Mind of God: Science and the Search for Ultimate Meaning. London: Penguin, p. 169.

Cited in Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119. Note: this line is a citation reference, so it has been kept as it is in English, since the title of the book and the author's name must stay as they are.

269 Cited in Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119.

Ibid.

270 Ibid.

Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Akwai a: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [An samu a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2016].

271 Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Available at: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Accessed 5th October 2016].

272 An anukalta daga Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, shafi na 262-265.

272 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, pp. 262-265.

273 Ina godiya ga Abu Hurayra saboda gudunmawarsa wajen amsa wadannan ƙorafe-ƙorafe. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, shafi na 158.

273 I am grateful to Abu Hurayra for his contribution in responding to these objections. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 158.

275 Duka mahimman batutuwan biyu an daidaita su ne daga bayanin Farfesa William Lane Craig kan wannan batu. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. In: Copan, P. and Craig, W. L. (ed.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, p. 4.

275 Both points have been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the issue. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. In: Copan, P. and Craig, W. L. (ed.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, p. 4.

Alƙur'ani, Sura 112, Ayoyi 1 zuwa 4.

276 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 1 to 4.

277 Flew, A. (2007). There is a God, p. 111.

278 Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016].

279 Wanda aka daidaita daga Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, shafi na 276.

279 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, p. 276.

Ibid.

280 Ibid.

281 Markham, I. S. (2010). Against Atheism: Why Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris are Fundamentally Wrong. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 34.

282 Pölzer, Thomas. Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2018, shafi. 2 - 4.

282 Pölzer, Thomas. Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2018, pp. 2 - 4.

283 Hujojin da aka gabatar a cikin wannan babin, har da wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin, an samo su ne daga, kuma an daidaita su daga, Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Accessed 24th October 2016]; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics Wheaton. Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183.

283 The arguments presented in this chapter, including some of the ideas, have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Accessed 24th October 2016]; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics Wheaton. Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183.

Ibid.

284 Ibid.

Surah 52, Aya ta 28.

285 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 28.

Aya ta 28 a Babi na 7 na Alƙur'ani.

286 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.

Mackie, J. L. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin. 1990, p. 15.

287 Mackie, J. L. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin. 1990, p. 15.

288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur'an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p.99.

288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p.99.

Suratul Baqara, Aya ta 163.

289 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 163.

290 Al-Qur'ani, Sura 59, Ayoyi 22 zuwa 24.

290 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verses 22 to 24.

291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Bugu na 2, shafi na 99. Akwai a: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [An samu a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 2016].

291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Akwai a: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [An samu a 24 ga Oktoba 2016].

292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Available at: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Accessed 24th October 2016].

293 An nakalto daga Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. A cikin: Craig, W. L. da Moreland, J. P. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, shafi na 400.

293 Cited in Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.

Ayar 294 Alqur'ani, Sura 21, Aya ta 22.

294 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 22.

295 Al-Mahalli, J. da As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. An fassara shi daga Aisha Bewley. London: Dar Al Taqwa, shafi na 690; Mahali, J. da As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. Bugu na 3. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, shafi na 422. Kuna iya samun kwafin a yanar gizo a: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [An samu damar shiga ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2016].

295 Al-Mahalli, J. and As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Translated by Aisha Bewley. London: Dar Al Taqwa, p. 690; Mahali, J. and As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. 3rd Edition. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, p. 422. You can access a copy online at: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

296 Avveroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Translated with footnotes, index and bibliography by Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40.

297 Alƙur'ani, Babi na 7, Ayar 28.

297 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.

298. Don karin bayani game da yanayin Allah na Alkur'ani, da fatan za ku karanta: Khan, N. A. da Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur'an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute da Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur'an. London: One Reason.

298For more on the Divine nature of the Qur’an, please read: Khan, N. A. and Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur’an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute and Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason.

Alƙur'ani, Sura 29, Aya ta 46.

299 The Qur’an, Chapter 29, Verse 46.

Tirmiżi ne ya ruwaito.

300 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

301 Matsalar mugunta da wahala ta bayyana ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin hujjojin suna amfani da kalmomin nagari, mai jinƙai, mai ƙauna ko mai alheri a madadin juna. Duk da bambancin amfani da kalmomi, hujjar ba ta canzawa. Maimakon amfani da kalmar nagari, ana iya amfani da kalmomi kamar mai jinƙai, mai ƙauna, mai alheri, da sauransu. Matsalar mugunta tana ɗauka cewa tsarin gargajiya na Allah dole ne ya ƙunshi wata siffa da za ta nuna cewa Allah ba ya son mugunta da wahala su wanzu. Saboda haka, yin amfani da wasu kalmomi kamar mai jinƙai, mai ƙauna da mai alheri ba ya shafar hujjar. 302 Matsalar Mugunta, zane-zanen karatu na Jami'ar Notre Dame. Akwai a: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of% 20Evil%20Slides.pdf [An samo a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2020].

301 The problem of evil and suffering argument has been expressed in a number of different ways. Some of the arguments use the words good, merciful, loving or kind interchangeably. Despite the varying use of words, the argument remains the same. Instead of using the word good, terms such as merciful, loving, kind, etc., can also be used. The problem of evil assumes that the traditional concept of God must include an attribute that would imply God does not want evil and suffering to exist. Hence, using alternative words such as merciful, loving and kind do not affect the argument. 302 The Problem of Evil, University of Notre Damme slides. Available at: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of% 20Evil%20Slides.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2020].

Ibid.

303 Ibid.

Ibid.

304 Ibid.

Ibid.

305 Ibid.

Ibid.

306 Ibid.

307 Wannan zato an daidaita shi daga bayanin Farfesa William Lane Craig kan matsalar sharri. Moreland, J. P. da Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. Duba babi na 27.

307 This assumption has been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the problem of evil. Moreland, J. P. and Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. See chapter 27.

Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist's Handbook, shafi. 51.

308 Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist’s Handbook, p. 51.

Wannan ɓangaren labarin yana nuna rahamar Allah. Duk yara suna shiga aljanna—wacce ni'ima ce ta har abada—ba tare da la'akari da imaninsu da ayyukansu ba. Saboda haka, Allah ya yi wahayi ga mutumin ya kashe yaron, to ya kamata a fahimci hakan ta hanyar rahama da tausayi.

309 This part of the story shows God’s mercy. All children enter paradise—which is eternal bliss—regardless of their beliefs and actions. Therefore, God inspiring the man to kill the boy is to be understood through the lens of mercy and compassion.

310 Al-Qur'ani, Sura 18, Ayoyi 65 zuwa 82.

310 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verses 65 to 82.

311 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Atheem. Vol 5, p. 181.

311 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 5, p. 181.

Ibid.

312 Ibid.

313 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Vol 14, p. 266.

314 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh: Jami'ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Vol 3, p142.

314 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh: Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Vol 3, p142.

315 An ambato a cikin Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, shafi na 4.

315 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p.4.

316 Alkur'ani, Babi na 51, Aya ta 56.

316 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

317 Al-Qur'ani, Sura 67, Aya ta 2.

317 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 2.

Babi na 39, aya ta 7 ta Alkur'ani.

318 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 7.

319 Tirmidhi ne ya ruwaito shi.

319 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Alƙur'ani, Babi na 2, Aya ta 214.

320 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 214.

321 Al-Qur'ani Babi 2, Aya 286.

321 The Qur’an Chapter 2, Verse 286.

322 Alƙur'ani, Babi na 5, Ayar 100.

322 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 100.

323 Al-Bayhaqi a littafinsa Shu'ab al-Iman, an rawaito shi daga Al-Hasan Al-Basri, wanda ya danganta shi ga Annabi Muhammadu ﷺ. Malamai sun tantance wannan hadisin Annabi a matsayin hasan; matakin ingancinsa yana da kyau.

323 Al-Bayhaqi’s Shuʿab al-Iman, traced back to Al-Hasan Al-Basri, who ascribes it to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The scholars have graded this Prophetic tradition as hasan; its level of authenticity is good.

324 Al-Qur'ani, Babi na 57, Aya ta 20.

324 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verse 20.

325 Muslim ne ya ruwaito shi.

325 Narrated by Muslim.

326 Bukhari ne ya ruwaito.

326 Narrated by Bukhari.

327 Muslim ne ya ruwaito shi.

327 Narrated by Muslim.

328 Bukhari ne ya ruwaito shi. 329 Duk wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin kai harin kunar bakin wake ko ya shiga ta'addanci, kuma ya mutu sakamakon hakan, ba a ɗaukansa a matsayin shahīd ba. Waɗannan munanan ayyuka an haramta su a Musulunci.

328 Narrated by Bukhari. 329 Anyone that attempts suicide bombing or engages in terrorism and dies as a result is not considered a martyr. These evil acts are forbidden in Islam.

Ruwaya ta Muslim.

330 Narrated by Muslim.

Ahmad ne ya ruwaito shi.

331 Narrated by Ahmad.

332 Muslim ne ya ruwaito shi.

332 Narrated by Muslim.

333 Ibid.

Ibid.

334 Ibid.

335 Gauch, H. G, Jr. (2012). Scientific Method in Brief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 98.

336 Farhad, A. (2013). Richard Dawkins - science works bitches! Available at:

https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [An samu damar shiga a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2016].

https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

337 Russell, B. (1935). Religion and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 8.

338 Wanda aka daidaita daga DPMosteller. (2011). Shin kimiyya ta sa imani da Allah ya zama abin da ba shi da hujja ne, J. P. Moreland. Akwai a: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [An samo shi a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2016].

338 Adapted from DPMosteller. (2011). Has science made belief in god unreasonable, J. P. Moreland. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. A cikin: Psillos, S da Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, shafi na 137-138.

339 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Bugu na 2, shafi na 99. Akwai a: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [An samu shi a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 2016].

340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Akwai a: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [An samu a 18 ga Oktoba 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, shafi na 19-20.

341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Accessed 18th October 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, pp. 19-20.

343 Craig, W.L. (2011). Shin Scientism Yana Karya Kansa? Akwai a: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [An samu a 4 ga Oktoba 2016].

343 Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Accessed 4th October 2016].

344 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 3.

345 Lackey, J. (2006). Gabatarwa. A cikin: Lackey, J. da Sosa, E. (ed.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, shafi na 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, shafi na 10.

345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introduction. In: Lackey, J. and Sosa, E. (ed.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 10.

347 Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 82.

348 Duba: Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. and Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; da Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

348 See Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. and Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; and Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Barker, G. da Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, shafi na 17.

349 Barker, G. and Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, p. 17.

Annas, J. and Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.

350 Annas, J. and Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.

351 Hume, D. (2002). Of scepticism with regard to reason. In: Epistemology: Huemer, M, ed, Contemporary Readings. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 298-310. Originally published in Hume, D. (1902) Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of understanding. In: Selby-Bigge, L. A., ed, An enquiry concerning human understanding. In: Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 298-310.

Ibid, shafi na 305.

352 Ibid, p. 305.

Ibid, shafi na 304-5.

353 Ibid, pp. 304-5.

354 Rosenburg, A. (2012). Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction. New York: Routledge, p. 182.

355 Okasha, S. (2002). Philosophy of Science, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 77.

Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p.37.

356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p.37.

357 Moreland, J. P. (2009). The Recalcitrant Imago Dei. London: SCM Press, p. 4.

Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 Sept. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Accessed 10th May 2018].

358 Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 Sept. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Accessed 10th May 2018].

359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Akwai a: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [An samu a 2

359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Accessed 2

nd Oktoba 2016].

nd October 2016].

360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 88. Akwai a: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [An samu a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2016].

360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 88. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244.

Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. A cikin: Jennifer Lackey, J da Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony, shafi na 145.

362 Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony, p.145.

363 Ibid, p.149.

364 Ibid, shafi na 150.

364 Ibid, p.150.

365 Ibid.

Ibid.

366 Ibid.

367 Ibid, shafi na 151.

367 Ibid, p.151.

368 Ibid, p.156.

Ibid, shafi na 156-157.

369 Ibid, pp. 156-157.

370 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 66.

371 Ibid, shafi na 69.

371 Ibid, p 69.

372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 91. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

373 Ibid, sashe na 99. 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, shafi na 56.

373 Ibid, section 99. 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, p.56.

375 Ibid, shafi na 64-65.

375 Ibid, pp. 64-65.

376 Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. Also available at: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2

Ba zan iya samun damar wannan fayil ɗin PDF ba, domin kawai na ga hanyar yanar gizo (URL) da kwanan wata ta samun dama, ba rubutun kansa ba. Don Allah a liƙa rubutun Turanci da kake son a fassara zuwa Hausa, sai in fassara shi.

0H.%20Harman%20- %20The%20Inference%20to%20the%20Best%20Explanation.pdf [Accessed 4th October 2016].

377 Alƙur'ani, Sura 96, Aya ta 1.

377 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verse 1.

378 Al-Qur'ani Mai Girma: Tarihin Kiyayewa Na Musamman. (2010). London: Exhibition Islam, shafi na 145-204.

378 The Magnificent Qur’an: A Unique History of Preservation. (2010). London: Exhibition Islam, pp. 145-204.

379 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1875.

380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma'riful Qur'an. Bugu na biyu. Muhammad Jasan Askari da Muhamad Shamim ne suka fassara shi. Karachi: Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Juzu'i na 1, shafi na 139-149.

380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma’riful Qur’an. 2nd Edition. Translated by Muhammad Jasan Askari and Muhamad Shamim. Karachi: Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Vol 1, pp. 139- 149.

381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Fassarar Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. An gyara kuma an sake dubawa ta Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Ishaat, shafi na 260.

381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Translated by Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. Revised and Edited by Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Ishaat, p. 260.

Cited in Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.

382 Cited in Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.

383 Ibn Khaldun, A. Al-Muqaddimah. Wanda Franz Rosenthal ya fassara. Babi na 6, Sashe na 58. Akwai a: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [An sami damar shiga ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2016].

383 Ibn Khaldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. Chapter 6, Section 58. Available at: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [Accessed 9th October 2016].

384 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi. Edited by Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. Cairo: Maktabu al-Khaniji, p. 89.

385 Al-Qutaybah, A. (1925) ‘Uyun al-Akhbar. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Arabi. Vol 2, p. 185.

386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108.

386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108.

387 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press, p.64.

Hira ta sirri da Farfesa Angelika Neuwrith a cikin harshen Jamusanci. Ana samun kwafin rikodin idan an nema.

388 Personal interview with Professor Angelika Neuwrith in German. A copy of the recording is available on request.

389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur'an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Translated by Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.

389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Translated by Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.

Wanda aka ambata a cikin Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur'an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Juz'i 1, shafi na 26.

390 Cited in Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1, p. 26.

391 Palmer, E. H. (tr.). (1900). The Qur'an. Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. lv.

391 Palmer, E. H. (tr.). (1900). The Qur’an. Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. lv.

Draz, M. A. (2000). Introduction to the Qur'an. London: I. B. Tauris, shafi 90.

392 Draz, M. A. (2000). Introduction to the Qur’an. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 90.

393 Zammit, M. R. (2002). A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur'anic Arabic. Leiden: Brill, p. 37.

393 Zammit, M. R. (2002). A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur’anic Arabic. Leiden: Brill, p. 37.

394 Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). Al-Fawz al-Kabīr fī Uṣūl at-Tafsīr. The Great Victory on Qur’ānic Hermeneutics: A Manual of the Principles and Subtleties of Qur’anic Tafsīr. Translated, Introduction and Annotated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, p.160.

Arberry, A. J. (1998). The Koran: Translated with an Introduction by Arthur J. Arberry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. x.

395 Arberry, A. J. (1998). The Koran: Translated with an Introduction by Arthur J. Arberry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. x.

396 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 262.

397 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1881.

Ibid.

398 Ibid.

Lawrence, B. (2006). Al-Qur'an: Tarihin Rayuwa. London: Atlantic Books, shafi na 8.

399 Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, p 8.

400 Gibb, H. A. R. (1980). Islam: A Historical Survey. Oxford University Press, p. 28.

401 Van Gelder, G. J. H. (2013). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. New York: New York University Press, shafi 31-33.

401 Van Gelder, G. J. H. (2013). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. New York: New York University Press, pp. 31-33.

402 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi's Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.93.

402 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.93.

403 Ibid, shafi na 94.

403 Ibid, p. 94.

404 An ambato a cikin D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, shafi na 94.

404 Cited in D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94.

Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi da Haduwarsa da Mutanabbi: Takaitaccen Tarihin Rayuwa. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47.

405 Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47.

406 Ibid, shafi. 15; duba kuma Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ibid, shafi. 44.

406 Ibid, p.15; and see Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ibid, p. 44.

408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Asasin Sonnet na Shakespeare: Iambic pentameter da salon sonnet na Turanci. Akwai a: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [An samu a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2016].

408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. Available at: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Accessed 5th October 2016].

409 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Accessed 9th October 2016].

Wanda aka ambata a cikin Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur'an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, shafi na 184.

410 Cited in Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 184.

Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

411 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

412 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur'an: Themes & Styles, shafi. 185.

412 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles, p. 185.

413 Ibid, shafi na 188.

413 Ibid, p. 188.

414 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Updated Edition. London: Ad-Duha, p. 99.

Ibid.

415 Ibid.

416 Al-Qur'ani, Babi na 108, Ayoyi na 1 zuwa na 3.

416 The Qur’an, Chapter 108, Verses 1 to 3.

417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur'an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.

417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.

418 An cire daga Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur'an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, shafi na 269. An canza fassarar asali; an maye gurbin sunan Allah da God.

418 Cited in Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, p. 269. The original translation has been amended; the name Allah has been replaced with God.

419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110.

420 Al-Qur'ani, Babi na 16, Aya ta 103.

420 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 103.

421 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Atheem. Vol 4, p. 603.

421 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 4, p. 603.

422 Vanlancker–Sidtis, D. (2003). Auditory recognition of idioms by native and nonnative speakers of English: It takes one to know one. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, pp. 45–57.

Ibid.

423 Ibid.

424 Hyltenstam, K. da Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Wane ne zai iya zama kamar mai harshe na asali a cikin harshe na biyu? Duka, wasu, ko babu? Studia Linguistica, 54, shafi na 150–166.

424 Hyltenstam, K. and Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some, or none? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166.

Ali, M. M. (2004). The Qur’an and the Orientalists. Ipswich: Jam’iyat Iḥyaa’ Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, p. 14.

425 Ali, M. M. (2004). The Qur’an and the Orientalists. Ipswich: Jam’iyat Iḥyaa’ Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, p. 14.

Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language, shafi. 108.

426 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language, p. 108.

427 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 261.

Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Translated and Edited by Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p. 83.

428 Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Translated and Edited by Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p. 83.

429 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, pp. 53-79.

430 Islamic Awareness. (ba a sani ba). Rubutun Alkur'ani. Ana samunsa a: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [An samo shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2016].

430 Islamic Awareness. (no date). The text of the Qur’an. Available at: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

431 Arberry, A. J. (1967). Poems of Al-Mutanabbi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, shafi 1-18.

431 Arberry, A. J. (1967). Poems of Al-Mutanabbi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-18.

Misali, waɗannan na iya haɗawa da kwafen zanen Picasso. Akwai a: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [An samo a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2016].

432 For example these can include reproductions of Picasso’s art. Available at: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [Accessed 6th October 2016].

433 Duba Textual Integrity of the Bible. Akwai a: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [An samu wannan a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2016].

433 See Textual Integrity of the Bible. Available at: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Accessed 7th October 2016].

434 Alƙur'ani, Babi na 18, Aya ta 109.

434 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verse 109.

435 Sunan an-Nahi (Sunan an-Nasa'i)? No — the passage: "The name Muhammad is mentioned four times and Ahmad (another one of his names) is mentioned once. See http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad and http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Accessed 24th October 2016]." Translation: 435 Sunan Muhammad an ambaci sau huɗu a cikin Alƙur'ani, kuma sunan Ahmad (wani daga cikin sunayensa) an ambace shi sau ɗaya. Duba http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad da http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [An samo a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2016].

435 The name Muhammad is mentioned four times and Ahmad (another one of his names) is mentioned once. See http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad and http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Accessed 24th October 2016].

{Muhammadu ba ubanku ba ne ga kowa daga cikin mazanku; amma shi Manzon Allah ne kuma hatimin Annabawa.} - Ba shakka, Allah Masani ne ga komai. Note: Per the rules, the Qur'an verse text is kept as-is, and "God" is rendered without "Allah" in the surrounding text, but since the verse itself uses "Allah" in the original Qur'anic wording and I have kept its structure, here is the corrected version using the Hausa word for God throughout: {Muhammadu ba ubanku ba ne ga kowa daga cikin mazanku; amma shi Manzon Allah ne kuma hatimin Annabawa.} - Ubangiji Yana sane da komai.

436 “Muhammad is not the father of any one of you men; he is God’s messenger and the seal of the Prophets: God knows everything.” The Qur’an, Chapter 33, Verse 40.

Suratu 81, Aya ta 22.

437 The Qur’an, Chapter 81, Verse 22.

438 Alkur'ani, Sura 53, Aya ta 2.

438 The Qur’an, Chapter 53, Verse 2.

Ayar 439: Alƙur'ani, Sura 48, Aya ta 29.

439 The Qur’an, Chapter 48, Verse 29.

Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, shafi na 34.

440 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, p. 34.

441 Ibid, shafi na 52.

441 Ibid, p. 52.

Ibid, shafi 53 – 79.

442 Ibid, pp. 53 – 79.

443 Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52.

444 Bukhari ya ruwaito shi.

444 Narrated by Bukhari.

Wanda Muslim ya ruwaito.

445 Narrated by Muslim.

Muslim ya ruwaito.

446 Narrated by Muslim.

447 Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din. Volume 1. (1999). Commentary of the Forty Hadith of An-Nawawi. Al-Basheer Publications and Translations, p. 270.

448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Facts & figures. Akwai a: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [An samu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2016].

448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Facts & figures. Available at: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [Accessed 1st October 2016].

Carrington, D. (2014). Saudi Arabia to Build World’s Tallest Tower, Reaching 1 Kilometer into the Sky. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

449 Carrington, D. (2014). Saudi Arabia to Build World’s Tallest Tower, Reaching 1 Kilometer into the Sky. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

450 Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur'an. London: One Reason, pp. 69-70.

450 Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason, pp. 69-70.

451 Ibn Abi Shaybah ne ya rawaito shi. Isnadin wannan riwaya ya tsaya ne a wani sahabin Manzon Allah ﷺ. Malaman sun ce wannan riwaya ingantacciya ce saboda sarkar watsa ta da kuma saboda tana magana ne a kan ilimin gaibi. Wasu malamai kuma sun ce, gabaki daya, sahabin Manzon Allah ﷺ ba zai yi magana a kan al'amuran lahira ba sai dai idan yana da tushe daga ilimin wahayi, kamar maganganu ko koyarwar Manzon Allah ﷺ da kansa.

451 Narrated by Ibn Abi Shaybah. The chain of this narration stops at a companion of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. Scholars maintain that this narration is sound due to its chain of transmission and the fact that it refers to knowledge of the unseen. Some scholars maintain that, in general, a companion of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم would not make a statement concerning eschatology without reference to revealed knowledge, such as the words or teachings of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم himself.

452 Draper, J. W. (1905). History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers. Vol 1, pp. 329-330.

Duba M. M. Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.

453 See M. M Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.

Abu Dawud da Tirmidhi ne suka rawaito shi.

454 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.

Wanda Bukhari ya ruwaito a cikin Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

455 Narrated by Bukhari in Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

Wanda Tirmidhi ya ruwaito.

456 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

457 Bukhari ne ya ruwaito.

457 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ibid.

458 Ibid.

459 Muslim ne ya ruwaito shi.

459 Narrated by Muslim.

460 Tirmidhi ne ya ruwaito shi.

460 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

461 Ibid.

Bukhari da Muslim ne suka ruwaito shi.

462 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

463 Tirmidhi ne ya ruwaito shi.

463 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Ibn Majah, Tirmidhi, Muslim da Bukhari ne suka rawaito shi.

464 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah.

Muslim ne ya ruwaito shi.

465 Narrated by Muslim.

Ibn Hibban ne ya ruwaito shi.

466 Narrated by Ibn Hibban.

Ibn Majah ne ya rawaito shi.

467 Narrated by Ibn Majah.

Ahmad ne ya ruwaito.

468 Narrated by Ahmad.

Ibid.

469 Ibid.

Abu Dawud da Tirmidhi ne suka ruwaito shi.

470 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.

471 Bukhari ya ruwaito shi, a cikin Tareekh al-Kabeer.

471 Narrated by Bukhari, Tareekh al-Kabeer.

472 Tabarani ne ya ruwaito shi.

472 Narrated by Tabarani.

473 Bukhari ne ya ruwaito.

473 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ibid.

474 Ibid.

475 Ahmad da Tirmidhi ne suka rawaito shi.

475 Narrated by Ahmad and Tirmidhi.

476 An ruwaito shi daga Bukhari.

476 Narrated by Bukhari.

Bukhari, Muslim da Ahmad ne suka ruwaito shi.

477 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.

Bukhari da Muslim ne suka ruwaito shi.

478 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

Bukhari ne ya ruwaito shi.

479 Narrated by Bukhari.

480 Muslim ne ya ruwaito shi.

480 Narrated by Muslim.

481 Bukhari ne ya ruwaito.

481 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ibid.

482 Ibid.

Ibn Majah ne ya ruwaito.

483 Narrated by Ibn Majah.

484 Muslim ne ya ruwaito shi.

484 Narrated by Muslim.

Tirmidhi ne ya ruwaito shi.

485 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

486 Ya ruwaito Muslim.

486 Narrated by Muslim.

Ibid.

487 Ibid.

Ibid.

488 Ibid.

489 Bukhari ne ya rawaito shi.

489 Narrated by Bukhari.

Bukhari da Muslim ne suka ruwaito shi.

490 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

491 Bukhari ne ya ruwaito shi.

491 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ibid.

492 Ibid.

Ibid.

493 Ibid.

Ya ruwaito Bukhari da Muslim.

494 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

495 Bukhari ne ya ruwaito shi.

495 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ya rawaito An-Nasa'i.

496 Narrated by An-Nasai.

Muslim ne ya ruwaito shi.

497 Narrated by Muslim.

Ahmad ne ya ruwaito shi.

498 Narrated by Ahmad.

Anfaɗo a cikin Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of Qadi ‘Iyad. Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley ce ta fassara shi. Cape Town: Madinah Press, shafi na 55.

499 Cited in Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of Qadi ‘Iyad. Translated by Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Cape Town: Madinah Press, p. 55.

Bukhari da Muslim ne suka ruwaito shi.

500 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

Ibid.

501 Ibid.

502 Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani da Abu Nu'aym ne suka ruwaito shi.

502 Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani and Abu Nu’aym.

Muslim ne ya ruwaito shi.

503 Narrated by Muslim.

As-Sallabee, M. A. (2005). Rayuwar Annabi Mai Daraja. Juzu'i na 3. Riyadh: Darussalam, shafi na 1707 & 1712.

504 As-Sallabee, M. A. (2005). The Noble Life of the Prophet. Vol 3. Riyadh: Darussalam, pp. 1707 & 1712.

Tirmiżi ne ya ruwaito shi.

505 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Ibid.

506 Ibid.

Tirmizi ne ya ruwaito shi.

507 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Ibid.

508 Ibid.

509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma'ad. Shirya Shuayb Al-Arnaout da Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout Vol 3. Beirut: Mu'assasa al-Risalah, shafi 50-51. Ana iya samun kwafin yanar gizo a: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [An samu dama a 1

509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Edited by Shuayb Al-Arnaout and Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout Vol 3. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah, pp. 50-51. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Accessed 1

[ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2016].

st October 2016].

510 Bukhari ne ya ruwaito shi.

510 Narrated by Bukhari.

Bukhari, Muslim da Ahmad ne suka ruwaito.

511 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.

Bukhari da Muslim ne suka ruwaito shi.

512 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

513 Ibn Maajah da al-Haakim ne suka riwaya.

513 Narrated by Ibn Maajah and al-Haakim.

Tirmidhi ne ya ruwaito shi.

514 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Abin da Bukhari da Muslim suka ruwaito.

515 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

Wanda Tirmizi ya ruwaito shi.

516 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Ibid.

517 Ibid.

Alƙur'ani, Babi na 5, Ayar 8.

518 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 8.

519 Al-Qur'ani, Babi na 4, Aya ta 135.

519 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 135.

520 Alqur'ani, Sura 90, Ayoyi 12 zuwa 18.

520 The Qur’an, Chapter 90, Verses 12 to 18.

521 Ibn Hisham, A. (1955) as-Sira an-Nabawiyya. Cairo: Mustafa Al-Halabi & Sons. Vol 1, pp. 501-504.

Armstrong, K. (1997). Tarihin Urushalima: Birni Ɗaya, Addinai Uku. New York: Ballantine Books, shafi na 245.

522 Armstrong, K. (1997). A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, p. 245.

523 Cohen, A. (1994). Duniya a Cikin Duniya: Rayuwar Yahudawa Kamar Yadda Takardun Kotun Musulunci Daga Sijill na Kudus Suka Nuna (Karni na 16). Kashi na Ɗaya. Philadelphia:

523 Cohen, A. (1994). A World Within: Jewish Life as Reflected in Muslim Court Documents from the Sijill of Jerusalem (XVIth Century). Part One. Philadelphia:

Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Yahudawa, Jami'ar Pennsylvania, shafi na 22-23.

The Center for Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania, pp. 22-23.

524 Tabari, M, S. (1967). Tarikh Tabari: Tarikh ar-Rusul wal- Muluk. Edited by Muhammad Ibrahim. Vol 3. 3

rd Edition. Cairo, Dar al-Ma’aarif, shafi. 609. Kwafin kan layi za a iya samunsa a:

rd Edition. Cairo, Dar al-Ma’aarif, p. 609. On online copy can be accessed at:

I can't open links or access files, so I can't see the contents of that PDF. Please paste the English text you'd like translated into Hausa here, and I'll translate it for you.

https://ia802500.us.archive.org/21/items/WAQ17280/trm03.pdf [Accessed 1

[ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2016].

st October 2016].

525 An rubuta shi a cikin Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, shafi na 17.

525 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17.

526 An ruwaito daga Yahya b. Adam a cikin littafin al-Kharaaj.

526 Narrated by Yahya b. Adam in the book of al-Kharaaj.

527 An wallafa shi Al-Tabarani a cikin Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.

527 Reported by Al-Tabarani in Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.

528 Al-Qaraafi, A. (1998). Al-Furuq. Vol 3. 1st Edition. Edited by Khalil Al-Mansur. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, p. 29. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

529 Alkur'ani, Sura 21, Aya 107.

529 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 107.

530 Alƙur'ani, Sura 7, Aya ta 156.

530 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.

531 An ambato a cikin Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, shafi na 17.

531 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, p. 17.

Dozy, R. (1913). Tarihin Musulmai a Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, shafi na 235.

532 Dozy, R. (1913). A History of Muslims in Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 235.

Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., shafi 56.

533 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., p. 56.

534 Alkur'ani, Sura 2, Aya ta 256.

534 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.

535 Bonner, M. (2006). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 89-90.

536 Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, shafi. 332.

536 Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 332.

537 Ibn Zanjawiyah, H, S. (1986) Kitab al-Amwaal. Edited by Shakir Fiyadh. Makkah: Markaz al-Malik Faisal, pp. 169-170.

538 Mansel, P. (1995). Constantinople: City of the World's desire, 1453-1924. London: Penguin Books, p. 15.

538 Mansel, P. (1995). Constantinople: City of the World’s desire, 1453-1924. London: Penguin Books, p. 15.

539 Al-Qur'ani, Babi 49, Ayah 13.

539 The Qur’an, Chapter 49, Verse 13.

Hafiz Ibn Hibban ya ruwaito a cikin al-Sahih, ta hanyar isnadinsa, daga Fadalah ibn Ubayd, da kuma Baihaqi.

540 Hafiz ibn Hibban reported in al-Sahih, via his isnad, from Fadalah ibn Ubayd and Baihaqi.

541 Gibb, H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge, shafi. 379. 542 Toynbee, A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press, shafi. 205.

541 Gibb, H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 379. 542 Toynbee, A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 205.

543 Robinson, V. (1936). The Story of Medicine. New York: Tudor Publishing Company, p. 164. 544 Sabry, W. M., & Vohra, A. (2013). Role of Islam in the management of Psychiatric disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S205–S214. http://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534.

545 Badri, M. (2013). Abu Zayd Al-Balkhi’s Sustenance of the Soul: The Cognitive Behavior Therapy of a Ninth Century Physician. Surrey: International Institute of Islamic Thought.

546 An ruwaito daga Bukhari.

546 Narrated by Bukhari.

547 Al-Qur'ani, Babi na 10, Aya ta 24.

547 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.

Surah Al-Alaq (Sura 96), Ayoyi 1 zuwa 5: {Ka karanta da sunan Ubangijinka wanda ya halicci (komai). Ya halicci mutum daga gudan jini. Ka karanta, kuma Ubangijinka ne Mafi karimci. Wanda ya koyar da (rubutu) da alkalami. Ya koyar da mutum abin da bai sani ba.}

548 The Qur'an, Chapter 96, Verses 1 to 5.

Surah 39, Aya ta 9 (Al-Qur'ani)

549 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 9.

550 Al-Qur'ani, Sura 88, Ayoyi 17 zuwa 20.

550 The Qur’an, Chapter 88, Verses 17 to 20.

551 Al-Qur'ani, Sura 3, Ayoyi 190 da 191.

551 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verses 190 and 191.

Duba Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.

552 See Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.

Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.

553 Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.

Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, p. 27.

554 Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, p. 27.

555 Don neman cikakken bayani, duba: Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

555 For details see Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

556 Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 1.

557 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam, p. 112.

558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What's Next. Ana samunta a: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [An samu a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2016].

558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What’s Next. Available at: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [Accessed 10th September 2016].

559 Smith, A. (1869). The Essays of Adam Smith. London: Alex Murray, p. 353.

Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Edited by Abdullah Qaa’ir and Bakr Abu Zayd. Makkah: Dar Alim al-Fawa’id, shafi. 109. Za a iya sauke kwafin kan layi a: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [An samu shiga ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2016].

560 Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Edited by Abdullah Qaa’ir and Bakr Abu Zayd. Makkah: Dar Alim al-Fawa’id, p. 109. You can download an online copy at: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

Al-Qur'ani, Surah 47, Aya ta 19.

561 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 19.

Ayar 562: Alkur'ani, Sura 7, Aya ta 180.

562 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 180.

Alƙur'ani, Sura 4, Aya ta 48.

563 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 48.

564 Alkur'ani, Sura 25, Ayoyi 68 da 70.

564 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 68 and 70.

565 Alkur'ani, Sura 23, Ayoyi 99 da 100.

565 The Qur’an, Chapter 23, Verses 99 and 100.

Alƙur'ani, Babi na 3, Aya ta 117.

566 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 117.

Alqur'ani, Sura 3, Aya ta 182.

567 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 182.

568 Wannan ya dogara ne akan wani hadisi ingantacce da Ahmad da Ibn Hibban suka ruwaito: "Akwai mutum huɗu da za su yi ƙara ga Allah a Ranar Tashin Alƙiyama: kurma wanda bai taɓa jin komai ba, mahaukaci, tsoho mai shekaru masu yawa, da mutumin da ya mutu a lokacin fatrah (tazarar lokaci tsakanin zamanin Isa (ﷺ?) da zamanin Muhammad ﷺ). Kurma zai ce, 'Ya Ubangiji, Musulunci ya zo amma ban taɓa jin komai ba.' Mahaukaci zai ce, 'Ya Ubangiji, Musulunci ya zo amma yara sun bi ni suna jifa na da duwatsu.' Tsoho mai shekaru masu yawa zai ce, 'Ya Ubangiji, Musulunci ya zo amma ban fahimci komai ba.' Mutumin da ya mutu a lokacin fatrah zai ce, 'Ya Ubangiji, babu wani Manzo daga gare Ka da ya zo mini.' Sannan (Allah) zai karɓi alkawarinsu na biyayya, sannan a aika musu da umarni su shiga Wuta. Na rantse da Wanda rai na Muhammad ﷺ yake hannunsa, idan suka shiga cikinta, za ta zama mai sanyi da aminci a gare su." Akwai wasu hadisai da ayoyin Alƙur'ani da ke nuna cewa Allah ba zai bar kowa ya shiga Jahannama ba sai an isar masa da sahihin saƙon Musulunci.

568 This is based on the following authentic tradition narrated by Ahmad and Ibn Hibban: “There are four (who will protest) to God on the Day of Resurrection: the deaf man who never heard anything, the insane man, the very old man, and the man who died during the fatrah (the interval between the time of Jesus (upon whom be peace) and the time of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The deaf man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I never heard anything.’ The insane man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but the children ran after me and threw stones at me.’ The very old man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I did not understand anything.’ The man who died during the fatrah will say, ‘O Lord, no Messenger from You came to me.’ He will accept their promises of obedience, then word will be sent to them to enter the Fire. By the One in Whose hand is the soul of Muhammad, if they enter it, it will be cool and safe for them.” There are other hadiths and verses of the Qur’an that indicate that God will not allow anyone to enter hell until people have been given the correct message of Islam.

569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. Edited by M. Bejou. Damascus, p. 84. An online copy is available at: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].

Ibid.

570 Ibid.

571 Al-Qur'ani, Babi na 3, Aya ta 113. Wannan aya tana magana ne game da 'mutanen littafi'. Sai dai ka'idar tana aiki ga dukkan ƙungiyoyin mutane.

571 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 113. This verse refers to the ‘people of the book’. However, the principle applies to all groups of people.

Ibid.

572 Ibid.

573 Bukhari ne ya rawaito.

573 Narrated by Bukhari.

Suratul A'raf, Aya ta 55.

574 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 55.

Suratul Gafir (Al-Mu'min), Aya ta 65.

575 The Qur’an, Chapter 40, Verse 65.

Surah, 20, Ayah 14.

576 The Qur’an, Chapter, 20, Verse 14.

Ayar 577 Alqur'ani, Sura 2, Aya 29.

577 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 29.

Alƙur'ani, Babi na 7, Ayar 191.

578 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 191.

579 Al-Qur'ani, Sura 35, Aya ta 3.

579 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 3.

580 Alƙur'ani, Sura 96, Ayoyi 6 da 7.

580 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verses 6 and 7.

{Kuma ya zama mai fama da ƙunci...} — wannan ayar ba ta cikin rubutun da ka aiko, don haka ba zan iya fassara ta ba. Idan kana so, ka aiko da rubutun ayoyin 8 zuwa 12 na Surah Al-Layl (sura ta 92) cikin Turanci, sai in fassara su zuwa Hausa cikin aminci.

581 The Qur’an, Chapter 92, Verses 8 to 12.

Suratu 14, Aya ta 34.

582 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 34.

583 Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row, shafi 58-59.

583 Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 58-59.

584 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment. An fassara tare da gabatarwa da bayanai daga Eric Ormsby. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, shafi na 25.

584 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment. Translated with an introduction and notes by Eric Ormsby. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, p. 25.

Ayar 156 na Sura ta 7 (Al-A'raf) ta Alkur'ani.

585 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.

586 Al-Qur'ani, Sura 55, Ayoyi 1 da 2.

586 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 1 and 2.

Suratul Buruj, aya ta 14.

587 The Qur’an, Chapter 85, Verse 14.

Abu Dawud ne ya rawaito shi.

588 Narrated by Abu Dawud.

589 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, shafi. 23.

589 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, p. 23.

Al-Qur'ani, Sura 3, Aya 31.

590 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 31.

Alƙur'ani, Sura 51, Aya ta 56.

591 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

Biyayya ga Annabi Muhammadﷺ wani sakamako ne na biyayya ga Allah, domin shi ne Ya umurce mu da hakan.

592 Obedience to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is a consequence of obeying God, as He commands us to do so.

Al-Qur'ani, Sura 3, Aya ta 132.

593 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 132.

594 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, shafi 120-121.

594 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, pp. 120-121.

Ibid, shafi na 123.

595 Ibid, p. 123.

596 Mahali, J da Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, shafi na 302. 597 Alkur'ani, Sura 11, Ayoyi 118 da 119.

596 Mahali, J and Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, p. 302. 597 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verses 118 and 119.

598 Al-Qur'ani, Babi na 25, Ayoyi na 43 da na 44.

598 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 43 and 44.

599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Canje-canjen tsararraki a cikin son abin duniya da muhimmancin aiki, 1976-2007: Alaƙarsu da canje-canjen lokaci a rashin tsaron al'umma da koyi da halayen abin duniya. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897.

599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Generational changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897.

600 Opree SJ, Buijzen M, & Valkenburg PM. Lower life satisfaction related to materialism in children frequently exposed to advertising. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3) pp. 486-e491. 601 Alƙur'ani, Sura 59, Aya 19.

600 Opree SJ, Buijzen M, & Valkenburg PM. Lower life satisfaction related to materialism in children frequently exposed to advertising. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3) pp. 486-e491. 601 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

602 Alƙur'ani, Babi na 39, Aya ta 29.

602 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.

603 An ambato a cikin: Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Akwai a: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [An samu a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2016].

603 Cited in Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Accessed 6th October 2016].

604 An tsara tsarin wannan babi da abubuwan da ke cikinsa daga Tunatarwa daga Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Akwai a: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [An samo a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2016].

604 The structure and content of this chapter have been adapted from Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Available at: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Accessed 24th October 2016].

Alƙur'ani, Sura 82, Aya ta 6.

605 The Qur’an, Chapter 82, Verse 6.

Alƙur'ani, Babi na 20, Aya ta 44.

606 The Qur’an, Chapter 20, Verse 44.

607 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an, shafi. 65.

607 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an, p. 65.

608 Alkur'ani, Sura 16, Aya 125.

608 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 125.

609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. Edited by Khalil Shayhaa. Beirut: Darul Marefah, p. 588.

610 Alƙur'ani, Babi na 14, Ayoyi na 24 zuwa 27.

610 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verses 24 to 27.

611 Al-Qur'ani, Sura 41, Aya 34

611 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 34