Kesan Gerakan Mubaligh
The Impact Of The Missionary Movement
Gerakan mubaligh (misionaris) memberi kesan yang amat dahsyat ke atas dunia Islam. Apa yang orang-orang kafir tidak mampu capai selama seribu tahun dengan menggunakan kekerasan, para mubaligh berjaya capai dalam masa satu abad.
The missionary movement had a devastating impact on the Muslim world. What the Kuffar could not achieve in a thousand years by the use of force, the missionaries achieved within a century.
Pertumbuhan secara semula jadi gerakan mubaligh (mubasyir) dan penyertaan terbuka serta berkesannya dalam gerakan pendidikan berpunca daripada usaha pembaharuan yang dicuba oleh Negara Islam pada abad ke-19. Penubuhan sekolah, kolej dan universiti membolehkan para mubaligh menyuntik budaya Kufur dengan budaya Islam. Konsep jihad ofensif diserang, prinsip Barat tentang kesamarataan semua warganegara di sisi undang-undang didakwahkan, dan keraguan dibangkitkan tentang kesesuaian Syari‘ah dalam zaman teknologi. Toleransi terhadap agama-agama diajarkan, walaupun penganut agama-agama tersebut melanggar batas-batas Syari‘ah. Sejarah yang diajar dari sudut tertentu digunakan untuk menanamkan rasa bangga dalam kalangan pelbagai orang Islam, dan yang tidak kurang pentingnya, gagasan negara bangsa dikemukakan sebagai satu-satunya cara untuk kebangkitan dan kemajuan orang Islam.
The organic growth of the missionary movement and its open and effective participation in the educational movement resulted from the attempted reforms by the Islamic State in the 19th Century. The establishment of schools, colleges and universities enabled the missionaries to infuse the Kufr culture with the culture of Islam. The concept of offensive jihad was attacked, the Western principle of equality of all citizens before the law was preached, and doubts raised about the suitability of Shari‘ah in the age of technology. Tolerance of religions was taught, even if the proponents of these religions contravened the limits of the Shari‘ah. History taught from a certain angle was used to inject pride amongst the various Muslims and last, but not least, the idea of nation states was proposed as the only means of revival and progress for the Muslims.
Para mubaligh itu memberikan kesan yang berpanjangan terhadap pemikiran umat Islam, dan mereka berjaya mencetuskan permusuhan antara rakyat Negara Islam atas nama kebebasan beragama, serta berjaya menimbulkan dalam kalangan umat Islam, Kristian dan Druze pelbagai jenis kegiatan keagamaan yang berkaitan dengan aqidah.
The missionaries had a lasting impact on the minds of the Muslims and they succeeded in creating animosity between the citizens of the Islamic State in the name of religious freedom and managed to initiate among the Muslims, Christians and Druze various kinds of religious activities related to the ‘aqeedah.
Kesilapan Negara Islam kerana membenarkan para mubaligh ini beroperasi sejak awal, serta ketidakupayaannya untuk menentang serangan terhadap Islam selepas itu, menyebabkan tokoh-tokoh seperti Mustapha Kamal dan Rifa'a Badawi Rafi al-Tahtawi tertarik kepada cita-cita Barat, lalu mereka tunduk, sama ada secara sedar atau tidak sedar, kepada konsep-konsep Barat. Kebanyakan mereka sebenarnya dididik di negara-negara Eropah, atau mempunyai hubungan lain dengannya, dan pendedahan inilah yang memukau mereka. Mereka bermimpi tentang kebangkitan semula umat Islam berdasarkan pemikiran Barat tentang pemisahan deen daripada negara, tanpa menyedari bahawa yang bermasalah bukanlah deen itu sendiri, melainkan kefahaman yang tidak tepat terhadap Islam, dan kaedah penerapannya itulah titik kelemahannya.
The mistake of the Islamic State in allowing these missionaries to operate in the first place, and its inability to counteract the attacks on Islam subsequently, meant that the likes of Mustapha Kamal and Rifa’a Badawi Rafi al-Tahtawi7 were attracted by Western ideals and they became subservient, consciously or unconsciously, to Western concepts. Most of these people were actually educated by, or had some other contact, with European countries, and it was this exposure that mesmerised them. They dreamt of revival of the Muslims based on the Western thought of separating deen from the state, not realising that it was not the deen that was at fault but the correct understanding of Islam, and the method of its application was the failing point.
Kemunculan individu-individu sedemikian, sebahagian daripada mereka sebenarnya menerima gaji daripada pihak Barat, membolehkan Barat melancarkan fasa akhir konspirasi mereka - iaitu pencerobohan politik ke atas dunia Islam. Ini dilakukan melalui galakan dan sokongan terhadap pelbagai idea nasionalisme, yang kemudiannya dikukuhkan dengan penubuhan parti-parti politik Arab dan Turki seperti Parti Turkiyyah al-Fatat, Parti Ittihad dan Taraqqi (juga dikenali sebagai 'Young Turks'), Parti Kemerdekaan Arab dan Covenant (al-'Ahd).
The rise of such people, some of whom were actually on Western payrolls, enabled the West to launch the final phase of their conspiracy - that of the political invasion of the Muslim world. This was done by the encouragement and support of various nationalistic ideas, which were later solidified by the establishment of Arab and Turkish political parties such as the Turkiyyah al-Fatat Party, the Union and Progress Party (also known as ‘Young Turks’), the Arab Independence Party and Covenant (al-‘Ahd)
Parti. Pemberontakan terhadap Khilafah 'Uthmaniyyah dianjurkan dan dibiayai oleh Barat melalui kumpulan-kumpulan politik nasionalis ini dan beberapa individu utama. Salah seorang daripada individu tersebut ialah Sharif Hussain dari Makkah, yang dibayar £200,000 sebulan oleh Pejabat Luar British untuk berkempen bagi sebuah negara Arab yang merdeka, yang dijanjikan kepadanya melalui McMahon, Pesuruhjaya Tinggi British di Mesir, pada tahun 1916: "Dua daerah Mersina dan Iskenderun [kedua-duanya kini di dalam Turki] dan sebahagian Syria yang terletak di sebelah barat Damsyik, Homs, Hama dan Aleppo, tidak boleh dikatakan sebagai sepenuhnya Arab, dan hendaklah dikecualikan daripada had yang dituntut... Bagi wilayah-wilayah yang terletak dalam sempadan tersebut di mana Great Britain bebas bertindak tanpa menjejaskan kepentingan sekutunya, Perancis... Great Britain bersedia untuk mengiktiraf dan menyokong kemerdekaan bangsa Arab."9
Party. Revolts against the ‘Uthmani Khilafah were organised and financed by the West through these nationalistic political groups and some key individuals. One such individual was Sharif Hussain8 of Makkah, who was paid £200,000 a month by the British Foreign Office to campaign for an independent Arab state, which was promised to him through McMohan, the British High Commissioner of Egypt, in 1916, “The two districts of Mersina and Alexandretta [both now in Turkey] and portions of Syria lying to the west of Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo, cannot be said to be purely Arab, and should be excluded from the limits demanded...As for the regions lying within those frontiers where Great Britain is free to act without detriment to the interest of her ally France...Great Britain is prepared to recognise and support the independence of the Arabs.”9
Begitulah benih mematikan nasionalisme ditanam dalam Negara Islam. Menjelang akhir abad ke-20, demam nasionalisme telah merebak ke setiap sudut Negara Islam, menggoncangkan Negara itu dengan dahsyat seperti belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya.
This is how the deadly seed of nationalism was implanted in the Islamic State. By the turn of the 20th Century the fever of nationalism had spread to all corners of the Islamic State, shaking the State violently as never before.
Serangan terakhir dan paling kejam terhadap Negara Islam dilancarkan selepas Perang Dunia Pertama oleh bangsa Eropah apabila mereka menghantar tentera mereka untuk menakluk negara yang pernah tidak terkalahkan itu. Negara Islam, selepas berabad-abad mengalami kemerosotan, runtuh begitu sahaja tanpa sebarang tentangan. Apabila Jeneral Allenby memasuki al-Quds (Jerusalem) pada tahun 1917, beliau berkata, "Hanya hari ini Perang Salib telah berakhir."10
The final and the most brutal assualt on the Islamic State was launched in the wake of the 1st World War by the Europeans when they despatched their forces to conquer the once invincble state. The Islamic State, aftre centuries of decay, just crumbled without any resistence. When General Allenby entered al-Quds (Jeruslame) in 1917, he said, “Only today the Crusades have ended.”10
Impian setiap orang Eropah pada ketika itu menjadi kenyataan.
The dream of every European then became a reality.
Rifa'a Badawi Rafi al-Tahtawi (meninggal dunia pada tahun 1873) menyeru kepada Wataniyya dan sekularisme. Watan di sini merujuk kepada kawasan geografi dan bukan Ummah Islam. Sumber seruannya ialah kebebasan, dan pusatnya ialah Mesir.
7Rifa’a Badawi Rafi al-Tahtawi (died in 1873) called for Wataniyya and secularism. Watan here refereed to the geographical area and not the Muslim Ummah. The source of his call being freedom, and its centre Egypt.
8 Sharif Hussain ialah gabenor Hijaz pada zaman Khilafah ‘Uthmaniyyah.
8 Sharif Hussain was the governor of Hijaz during the time of the ‘ Uthmani Khilafah.
9 The Middle East - The Arab World and its Neighbours by Peter Sluglett and Marion Farouk-Sluglett, halaman 12, Times Books, 1993.
9 The Middle East - The Arab World and its Neighbours by Peter Sluglett and Marion Farouk- Sluglett, page 12, Times Books, 1993.
The Islamic State oleh Taqiuddin an-Nabhani, halaman 189, Al-Khilafah Publications, 1994
10The Islamic State by Taquiddin an- Nabhani, page 189, Al-Khilafah Publications, 1994