Kila mali isiyohamishika ya ardhi au jengo ambalo limeambatanishwa na haki ya Waislamu wote, na ambalo si mali ya umma, ni mali ya Dola. Mali ya Dola inajumuisha mali ambazo zinaweza kumilikiwa binafsi, kama ardhi, majengo na mali zinazohamishika. Lakini kwa kuwa haki ya Waislamu wote imeambatanishwa nayo, kuisimamia na kuiendesha kumekabidhiwa kwa Khalifah, kwa sababu yeye ndiye mtu halali mwenye jukumu la kuamua kuhusu kila kitu ambacho kimeambatanishwa na haki ya Waislamu wote. Mali hizi si mali ya umma, kwani inaruhusiwa kwa Khalifah kutoa umiliki wa asili yake (Asl) na manufaa yake kwa watu binafsi, ilhali hairuhusiwi kwake kutoa umiliki wa asili ya mali ya umma kwa mtu yeyote, awe mtu binafsi au kikundi. Kwa hiyo, mali hizi huwa mali ya Dola, kwa kuwa Dola ina mamlaka ya kuziamua, na hii ndiyo maana ya umiliki.

Each asset of land or building to which is attached a right for all the Muslims, and which does not belong to the public property, is a State property. The State property consists of assets which can be owned privately, like land, buildings and movable property. But since a right for all the Muslims is attached to it, taking charge of it and running it are entrusted to the Khalifah because he is the legitimate person responsible for the disposal of everything to which is attached a right for all the Muslims. These assets are not of the public property, as it is permitted for the Khalifah to grant the ownership of their origins (Asl) and their benefit to individuals, whereas it is not permitted for him to grant the ownership to anyone, whether an individual or group, the origin of public property. Therefore, these assets become State property, for the State has the authority to dispose of them, and this is the meaning of ownership.

Ingawa Dola inasimamia mali ya umma na mali ya serikali, kuna tofauti kati ya mali hizo mbili. Mali yote inayohusu mali ya umma, kama vile mafuta ya petroli, gesi, madini yanayoweza kujizalisha upya, bahari, mito, chemchemi, viwanja vya wazi, misitu, malisho na misikiti, hairuhusiwi kwa Khalifah kumpa umiliki wake mtu yeyote, awe mtu binafsi au kikundi, kwani ni mali ya Waislamu wote. Khalifah ana wajibu wa kuwawezesha watu wote, kupitia aina maalum ya usimamizi, kunufaika na mali hizi kulingana na ijtihad yake mwenyewe katika kusimamia mambo na kutekeleza maslahi ya Waislamu.

Though the State takes charge of managing the public property and state property, there is a distinction between the two properties. All that is part of the public property such as petroleum, gas, replenishable minerals, seas, rivers, springs, open squares, forests, pastures and mosques, is not permitted for the Khalifah to grant its ownership to anyone, whether an individual or group, as they are property for all Muslims. The Khalifah has to enable all the people, through a specific type of management, to benefit from these properties according to his own Ijtihad in looking after the affairs and discharging the interests of the Muslims.

Kuhusu kile kilicho sehemu ya mali ya dola katika ardhi na majengo, ni jukumu la Khalifah kuwapa watu binafsi umiliki wake, iwe ni umiliki wa asili yake na manufaa yake, au manufaa yake bila kutoa umiliki wa asili yake, au kuruhusu kulimwa kwake na kumilikiwa kwake. Yeye ndiye anayesimamia haya yote kulingana na anavyoona kuwa ni sahihi na jema kwa Waislamu.

As for what is part of state property of land and buildings, it is for the Khalifah to grant ownership of it to individuals, whether its origin and its benefit or its benefit without granting ownership of its origin, or to allow its cultivation and possession. He disposes of all this, according to what he views as proper and good for the Muslims.

1. Jangwa, milima, fukwe za bahari (ufuo) na ardhi isiyolimwa (iliyokufa) ambayo haimilikiwi na watu binafsi.

1. Deserts, mountains, sea coasts (beaches) and uncultivated (dead) land not owned by individuals.

Kila jangwa na kila mlima, kilima, bonde, ufukwe au ardhi isiyolimwa, iwe ni ardhi iliyokufa tangu zamani sana na ambayo haijawahi kulimwa hapo awali au ambayo ilikwisha kulimwa, kisha ikageuka kuwa ardhi iliyokufa kwa sababu wamiliki wake walitoweka. Ardhi zote hizi za majangwa, milima, fukwe na ardhi isiyolimwa huchukuliwa kuwa ardhi isiyolimwa (iliyokufa) na ni mali ya Serikali, na Khalifah huitumia kwa kadiri ya maoni yake na Ijtihad yake, kulingana na anavyoona inafaa kwa maslahi ya Waislamu. Ni jukumu lake kugawa sehemu yake au kutoa ruhusa ili ilimwe au ifungwe kama mali binafsi (Tahjeer). Kutoka kwa Bilal b. al-Harith al-Muzni: “Mtume wa Allah ﷺ alimgawia yote ya Al-‘Aqeeq.” Na katika simulizi nyingine, “Mtume wa Allah ﷺ alimgawia Bilal bin al-Harith al-Muzni kile kilichokuwa kati ya bahari na miamba.” Kutoka kwa ‘Amru b. Shu’aib, kutoka kwa baba yake aliyesema: “Mtume wa Allah ﷺ aliwagawia watu wa Muzaina au Juhaina.” Kutoka kwa ‘Adi ibn Hatim inasimuliwa “kwamba Mtume wa Allah ﷺ alimgawia Furat b. Hayyan al-‘Ajli ardhi huko Al-Yamama.” Kutoka kwa Abyadh bin Hammal al-Mazini “kwamba alitumwa kama mjumbe kwa Mtume wa Allah ﷺ, akamwomba amgawie chumvi, naye akamgawia. Alipokuwa akigeuka, mtu mmoja katika kikao alisema: ‘Je, unajua ulichomgawia? Umemgawia kiasi kikubwa cha chumvi, maji (ya madini).’ Hivyo Mtume ﷺ akalichukua kutoka kwake.” Na kutoka kwa ‘Amru b. Dinar, aliyesema: “Mtume wa Allah ﷺ alipofika Madinah, alimgawia Abu Bakr, na alimgawia ‘Umar kama vile Mtume ﷺ alivyofanya mgawanyo kwa Az-Zubair b. al-‘Awwam, ardhi pana. Pia alimgawia mahali pa kutosha farasi wake kukimbia katika ardhi isiyolimwa ya An-Naqi’i, na alimgawia ardhi yenye miti na mitende.” Ahadith hizi zinazofafanua kwamba Mtume wa Allah (ﷺ) aligawa ardhi kwa Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, Az-Zubair, Bilal al-Muzni, Abyadh b. Hammal, Furrat b. Hayyan, watu wa Muzaina na Juhaina, na wengine, zinaonyesha kwamba jangwa, milima, mabonde na ardhi isiyolimwa isiyomilikiwa na mtu yeyote ni mali ya Dola, na ni jukumu la Khalifah kuigawa kwa Waislamu kwa jinsi anavyoona inafaa. Mtume wa Allah (ﷺ) kuamua juu ya ardhi hizi, na kuzigawa kwa watu hao, bila kuwa mali yake binafsi kwa urithi au kwa ushindi, kunaonyesha wazi kwamba ni mali ya Dola. Lau zisingekuwa mali ya Dola, asingekuwa na mamlaka juu yake, wala asingezigawa, kwa kuwa yeye hakuwa mmiliki wa yoyote kati yazo kwa umiliki binafsi.

Every desert and every mountain, hill, valley, beach or uncultivated land, whether dead from a very long time and had never been cultivated before or had been cultivated before, then it changed into dead land because its landlords had vanished. All these lands of deserts, mountains, beaches and uncultivated land are considered as uncultivated (dead) and are owned by the State, and the Khalifah disposes of them according to his opinion and Ijtihad according to what he sees fit for the interests of Muslims. It is for him to allocate of it or give permission so as to be cultivated or closed off as private property (Tahjeer). From Bilal b. al-Harith al-Muzni: “The Messenger of Allah (saw) allocated to him the whole of Al-‘Aqeeq.” And in another narration, “The Messenger of Allah (saw) allocated to Bilal bin al-Harith al-Muzni what was between the sea and the rocks.” From ‘Amru b. Shu’aib from his father who said: “The Messenger of Allah (saw) allocated to people from Muzaina or Juhaina.” From ‘Adi ibn Hatim it is narrated “that the Messenger of Allah (saw) allocated to Furat b. Hayyan al-‘Ajli a land in Al-Yamama.” From Abyadh bin Hammal al-Mazini “that he was sent as an envoy to the Messenger of Allah (saw) and he asked him to allocate the salt to him and he allocated it to him. When he was turning away a man in the gathering said: ‘Do you know what you have allocated to him? You have allocated to him vast quantities of salt, water (mineral).’ He said: So the Messenger (saw) took it back from him.” And from ‘Amru b. Dinar, who said: “When the Messenger of Allah (saw) came to Madinah he allocated to Abu Bakr and allocated to ‘Umar as the Messenger (saw) made allocations to Az-Zubair b. al- ‘Awwam spacious land. He also allocated to him a place enough for his horse to race in the uncultivated land of An-Naqi’i, and he allocated to him land with trees and palm trees.” These Ahadith which clarify that the Messenger of Allah (saw) allocated to Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, Az-Zubair, Bilal al-Muzni, Abyadh b. Hammal, Furrat b. Hayyan, the people of Muzaina and Juhaina and others, denote that the desert, mountains, valleys and uncultivated land not owned by anyone are State property and it is for the Khalifah to dispose of as he sees proper to Muslims. The disposal of the Messenger of Allah (saw) of these lands, and his allocation of them to such persons, without their being personal property for him either by inheritance or conquest, clearly indicate that they are owned by the State. Were they not property of the State he would not have had authority over them, nor would he have allocated them for he was not owner of any of them in a personal (or private ownership) capacity.

Hizi ni nchi za chini zenye maji yanayofurika, kama vile mabonde ya mito yaliyopo kati ya Kufa na Basra ambako hupita maji ya Dijla na al-Furati baada ya kuvunja baadhi ya kingo zinazozunguka njia ya maji ya mito hiyo miwili, na kufanya maji yatoke kwenye sehemu za kuvunjika na kusababisha ardhi kufurika, hivyo kuifanya isifae kwa kilimo, ijapokuwa hapo awali ilikuwa bustani, mashamba na nyumba. Mabonde haya ya mafuriko (al-Bata’ih) yalitokea wakati wa Qabath ibn Firoz, kisha yakaongezeka baadaye na kuenea kutokana na kupuuzwa kwake na kutojaliwa kwa sababu ya vita kati ya Waislamu na Waajemi. Hivyo eneo lake lilifikia Farsakh 30 kwa Farsakh 30, yaani sawa na kilomita za mraba 27,225, kwani Farsakh moja ni takriban sawa na kilomita 5.5. Ardhi hizi ambazo maji hufurika na kuwa zisizofaa kwa kupanda kutokana na mafuriko ya maji, huchukua hukumu ya ardhi isiyolimwa (iliyokufa), hata kama hapo awali ilikuwa na majengo na mimea. Hivyo huwa mali ya Bait ul-Mal na mali ya Dola mradi tu haimilikiwi na mtu yeyote. Zinazohusiana na mabonde haya ya mito ni misitu minene, vichaka na mabwawa, kwa kuwa vinafanana nayo na huchukua hukumu yake.

These are the low lands over which water overflows such as the riverplains present between Kufa and Basra over which flows the water of Dijla and al-Epherate after it breaks some of the fences that surround the watercourse of the two rivers and make the water gush from the places of breaching and cause the lands to overflow thus making them unsuitable for cultivation even though they were gardens, farms and houses. These riverplains (al-Bata’ih) resulted at the time of Qabath ibn Firoz, and they increased afterward and spread due to the negligence and ignoring of them because of the wars between the Muslims and Persians. Thus their area reached 30 Farsakh times 30 Farsakh i.e. what is equivalent to 27,225 square kilometres as a Farsakh is approximately equal to 5.5 kilometres. These lands which the water overflows and become unsuitable for planting due to the overflow of water take the rule of uncultivated (dead) land even if they happened to be inhabited with buildings and plants before. Thus they become property of Bait ul-Mal and property of the State as long as they are not owned by anybody. Linked with these river-plains are the thick forests, jungles and swamps as they are similar to them and take their rule.

Hizi ni ardhi zote ambazo Khalifah anaamua kuziongeza kwenye Bait ul-Mal, kutoka katika ardhi zilizoshindwa ambazo zinabaki bila mmiliki baada ya watu wake kuihama, au ambazo zilikuwa zikimilikiwa na dola iliyoshindwa, watawala wake na viongozi wake, au wale waliouawa vitani au walioikimbia vita na kuiacha.

These are all lands which the Khalifah decides to add to Bait ul-Mal from the conquered lands which remain without an owner after its people evacuated it or was owned by the conquered State, its rulers and leaders or those who were killed in the war or fled from the battle and abandoned it.

Kundi aliyekuwa wa kwanza kutenga sehemu hii ya ngawira na kuifanya kwa Bait ul-Mal pekee alikuwa ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab. Abu Yusuf alisema: Abdullah b. Al-Walid, mtumwa wa Abdullah ibn Abi Hurra, alinisimulia na akasema: “‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab alitenga kutoka kwa watu wa Iraq aina kumi za mali: ardhi za aliyeuawa vitani, ardhi za aliyekimbia, ardhi zote za Khosrau (mfalme wa Kiajemi (Kisra)), ardhi zote za mtu yeyote wa familia yake, mashamba yote ya maji, na kila ofisi ya posta ya kimonaki. Kisha akasema: Nilisahau mali nne zilizobaki za wafalme wa Kiajemi.” Akasema: “Na Kharaj ya kile ‘Umar alichokitwaa ilifikia Dirham milioni saba.”

The first to segregate this share of the booty, and make it purely for Bait ul-Mal, was ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab. Abu Yusuf said: Abdullah b. Al-Walid, the slave of Abdullah ibn Abi Hurra, narrated to me and said: “‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab segregated from the people of Iraq ten types (of property): The lands of the one killed in the war, the one who fled, all lands belonging to Khosrau (the Persian king (Kisra)), all lands belonging to anyone of his family, all thickets of water, and every monastic post office, and he said: I forgot four remaining properties belonging to the Persian kings’, he said: ‘And the Kharaj of what ‘Umar sequestered amounted to seven million Dirhams.’.

Kwa hiyo, pale dola ya Khilafah inapoteka ardhi, Khalifah analazimika kuongeza katika mali ya Bait ul-Mal, yaani mali ya Dola, majengo yote na ardhi zote zilizokuwa zikimilikiwa na dola iliyoshindwa, au na watawala wake au viongozi wake, au na wale waliouawa katika medani za vita, au na wale waliokimbia vita huku wakiacha ardhi yao nyuma. Khalifah ataitumia kama atakavyoona inafaa na yenye maslahi kwa Uislamu na Waislamu.

Therefore, when the Khilafah state conquers lands the Khalifah has to add to the property of Bait ul-Mal, i.e. State property, all buildings and lands which were owned by the conquered state, or its rulers or leaders, or those killed in the fields of war or those who fled from the war leaving their land behind. The Khalifah will dispose of it as he sees fit and of interest to Islam and Muslims.

Hizi ni majumba ya kifalme, majengo au nyumba zenye paa ambazo Dola imezichukua katika ardhi ilizoishinda, na ambazo zilikuwa zimetengwa kwa ofisi na idara za dola iliyoshindwa, au kwa taasisi zake, huduma zake, vyuo vikuu na shule, hospitali, makumbusho, kampuni na viwanda. Pia ni mali zilizokuwa zikimilikiwa na Dola, watawala wake, viongozi wake, au wale waliokimbia vita au uwanja wa mapambano, au wale waliokuwa wakiogopa Waislamu na kukimbia wakiwaacha nyuma. Majumba yote haya, majengo na nyumba zenye paa huwa ghanima na nyara kwa Waislamu, na ni haki ya Bait ul-Mal, na yanamilikiwa na Dola.

These are the palaces, buildings or roofed houses seized by the State in the land it conquered and which were designated to the offices and departments of the conquered state, or to its institutions, utilities, universities and schools, hospitals, museums, companies and factories. They were also properties owned by the State, its rulers, leaders or those who fled the war or the battlefield, or those who were frightened of the Muslims and fled leaving them behind. All these palaces, buildings and roofed houses become booty and spoils to the Muslims, and they are due to the Bait ul-Mal and owned by the State.

Vivyo hivyo hivyo, kila jengo au nyumba yenye paa iliyojengwa na Dola au kununuliwa kwa fedha za Bait ul-Mal inamilikiwa na Dola, na imetengwa kwa ajili ya ofisi za Dola au taasisi zake, idara zake, huduma zake, vyuo vikuu na shule, hospitali, au huduma yoyote inayoisimamia. Dola pia inamiliki kila jengo au nyumba zenye paa zilizotolewa kwake, zilizotolewa kama zawadi au kuachiwa kwake kwa wosia, au zilizorithiwa kutoka kwa wale wasio na warithi, au kutoka kwa mtu aliyeacha Uislamu aliyekufa au kuuawa kwa sababu ya kuacha kwake Uislamu.

Similarly every building or roofed house built by the State or purchased by funds from Bait ul-Mal is owned by the State and is designated for the offices of the State or its institutions, departments, utilities, universities and schools, hospitals or any utility which it supervises. The State also owns every building or roofed houses awarded, donated or bequeathed to her, or inherited from those who have no inheritor or from the apostate who has died or been killed due to his apostasy.

Sharia imemkabidhi Khalifa jukumu la kusimamia mambo ya Waislamu, kutekeleza maslahi yao na kukidhi mahitaji yao kwa yale yaliyo mema na yenye manufaa, kulingana na Ijtihad yake mwenyewe. Ni lazima atumie mali ya Dola kwa uwezo wake wote, ili kuongeza mapato ya Bait ul-Mal, kwa manufaa ya Waislamu wote, na kuzuia mali ya Dola isipuuzwe, manufaa yake yapotee na mapato yake yakome.

Shari’ah has entrusted to the Khalifah the taking care of the affairs of Muslims, discharging their interests and fulfilling their needs with what is of good and benefit, according to his own Ijtihad. He has to utilise the State properties to the best of his ability, so as to increase the revenues of Bait ul- Mal, to benefit all Muslims, and to prevent the State properties from being neglected, their benefits wasted and their revenues stopped.

Mtume wa Allah ﷺ, pamoja na Makhalifa baada yake, walikuwa wakitumia mali hizi kulingana na walichoona kuwa na manufaa kwa Uislamu na Waislamu.

The Messenger of Allah (saw) , and the Khulafa’a after him, all used to utilise these properties according to what they saw as beneficial to Islam and Muslims.

Kuwekeza mali za Dola hakumaanishi kwamba Dola inakuwa mfanyabiashara, mzalishaji au mjasiriamali, hata ikaenenda kama mfanyabiashara, mtengenezaji au mjasiriamali. Dola ni mlezi, kwa hiyo katika matumizi yake ya mali za Dola inapaswa kuonekana kujali mambo ya watu, kutekeleza maslahi yao na kuwatimizia mahitaji yao. Kazi yake kwa msingi ni ulezi, wala si kujipatia mali.

Investing the State properties does not mean that the State becomes a merchant, a producer or a businessman, such that it behaves as a merchant, manufacturer or businessman. The State is a guardian, therefore there should appear in its utilisation of the State properties, the taking care of the affairs of the people, discharging their interests and providing for their needs. So its job in principle is guardianship and not one of acquisition.

Mali za Serikali zinaweza kutumika kwa njia kadhaa, zikiwemo: -.

The State properties can be used in a number of ways including: -.

1. Uuzaji au ukodishaji: Mali yote ambayo ni mali ya Dola, na ambayo maslahi ya umma yanahitaji kutolewa umiliki wake, au umiliki wa manufaa yake, kwa watu, ya ardhi au majengo, inaweza kuuzwa au kukodishwa kwao kulingana na mtazamo wake katika kufikia maslahi hayo. Hii ni iwe ardhi iliyo ndani ya mji ili kuanzisha masoko au nyumba, au nje au karibu nao ili kuanzisha maghala au zizi za ng'ombe, kondoo, mifugo au ndege wa nyumbani, au pwani ya bahari au mito ili kuanzisha viwanda au miundombinu ya kiuchumi, au ardhi ya kilimo iliyolimwa kwa ajili ya kilimo na upandaji miti. Ardhi ya kilimo ni tofauti na hili na huuzwa tu, si kukodishwa.

Huduma za umma (Marafiq) ni mali ambazo manufaa hupatikana kutoka kwake, kama vile zile za nyumba, ardhi na serikali. Neno hili linatokana na maneno Rafiqe Bihi, yenye maana ya ‘alimsaidia na kumnufaisha’. Huduma za umma ni mali na huduma zilizoanzishwa na Dola kwa manufaa ya raia wote, na zinajumuisha:

Utilities (Marafiq) are the assets from which benefit is derived, such as those of a house, land and government. This is derived from the word Rafiqe Bihi which means ‘helped him and benefited him’. The public utilities are the assets and services established by the State for the benefit of all citizens, and they include:

1. Huduma za Mawasiliano kama vile barua, simu, telegramu, telex, televisheni na mawasiliano ya satelaiti n.k.

1. Communications Services such as for letters, telephones, telegrams, telex, television and satellite communications etc.

2. Huduma za kubadilisha fedha kwa ajili ya kuhamisha, kuweka amana, kubadilisha sarafu, kutengeneza sarafu za dhahabu na fedha au kuzigeuza kuwa mabaa. Benki ya Serikali ndiyo itakayosimamia huduma hizi pamoja na zile huduma zisizo na riba zinazoruhusiwa kutekelezwa.

2. Money-exchange Services for transferring, depositing, changing currency, minting gold and silver currency or transforming it into ingots. The State bank will take charge of these services and those non-usurious services allowed to be executed.

3. Huduma za Usafiri wa Umma, kama treni zinazopita nje ya barabara za umma, kwani reli zilizo kwenye barabara za umma ni mali ya umma zinazofuata kanuni ya barabara za umma, ambayo pia inatumika kwa ndege na njia za usafiri wa baharini.

3. Public Transport Services, such as trains in other than the public roads, as railroads in public roads are public property following the rule of public roads, which also applies to planes and means of sea transport.

Njia hizi ni mali ya binafsi ambazo watu binafsi wanaruhusiwa kuzimiliki. Wakati huo huo, inaruhusiwa kwa Dola kumiliki njia hizi, kama vile ndege, treni na meli za mvuke, ikiwa itaona inafaa kwa Waislamu kusaidiwa na kurahisishwa usafiri wao.

These means are of individual property which are permitted for individuals to own. At the same time, it is allowed for the State to own these means, such as planes, trains and steamships, if it sees it fit for Muslims to help them and to facilitate their transport.

4. Viwanda: Dola ina wajibu wa kuanzisha aina mbili za viwanda, kutokana na wajibu wa kulinda maslahi ya watu.

4. Factories: The State is obliged to set up two types of factories, owning to the obligation upon it to take care of the interests of the people.