Fedha za kwanza ambazo Waislamu walizipata—baada ya Allah (SWT) kuwapa ruhusa ya kupigana, kufuatia Hijra ya Mtume ﷺ kwenda Madina, na baada ya yeye kujenga msikiti wake na kuanza kujenga Dola ya Kiislamu tofali kwa tofali—zilikuwa ngawira ya msafara wa Abdullah bin Jahsh. Ngawira hii ilikuwa baadhi ya ngamia wa Quraysh waliokuwa wamebeba ngozi na bidhaa za biashara, waliochukuliwa katika mwezi wa Jumada Al-Akhirah mwaka wa pili wa Hijra. Katika mwaka huo huo, mwezi wa Ramadhani, vita vya Badr vilifanyika, ambapo Waislamu walipata mali nyingi na silaha, lakini walikuwa na mzozo juu ya mgawanyo wake, hivyo Allah (SWT) akateremsha Surat Al-Anfal, akisema:

The first funds the Muslims gained –after permission was given to them by Allah (swt) to fight, following the Hijra of the Messenger of Allah (saw) to Madinah, and after he built his mosque and began building the Islamic State brick by brick –was the booty of the caravan belonging to Abdullah b. Jahsh. This booty was some of the camels belonging to Quraysh and loaded with leathers and trading goods, taken during Jumada Al-Akhirah in the second year of Hijra. In the same year, during Ramadhan, the battle of Badr took place, where the Muslims acquired much wealth and weaponry but disputed in its distribution, so Allah (swt) revealed Surah Al-Anfal, saying:

"Wanakuuliza kuhusu ngawira za vita. Sema: "Ngawira hizo ziko mikononi mwa Allah (SWT) na Mtume ﷺ..." [Al-Anfal:1]

“They ask you concerning (the) spoils of war. Say: “(Such) spoils are at the disposal of Allah (swt) and the Messenger (saw)...” [Al-Anfal:1]

Hivyo, Allah (swt) amefanya ugawaji wake kuwa jukumu la Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ, ambaye aliligawa bila kuchukua sehemu ya tano. Kisha Waislamu walichukua mali ya Bani Qaynuqa', baada ya kuvunja ahadi, na Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ aliwafukuza hadi Azra'rat katika Ash-Sham. Hili lilitokea mwezi mmoja baada ya vita vya Badr, hivyo akaligawa lile ngawira na kuchukua sehemu ya tano kulingana na Aya kuhusu nyara za vita, iliyoteremshwa baada ya Badr:

Thus, Allah (swt) made it’s distribution the responsibility of the Messenger of Allah (saw) , who divided it, without taking out the fifth. Then the Muslims seized the booty of Bani Qaynuqa’, after having violated the covenant, and the Messenger of Allah (saw) banished them to Azra’rat in Ash-Sham. This followed Badr by one month, so he divided the booty and took out the fifth in accordance to the Ayah regarding the spoils of war, revealed after Badr:

"Na jueni kwamba katika kila ngawira mtakayopata (vitani), theluthi moja ya tano ni ya Allah (SWT), na ya Mtume ﷺ, na ya jamaa wa karibu, mayatima, masikini, na msafiri." [Al-Anfal: 41]

“And know that out of all the booty that you may acquire (in war), a fifth share is assigned to Allah (swt) and to the Messenger (saw), and to the close relatives, orphans, the needy, and the wayfarer.” [Al-Anfal: 41]

Ardhi ya kwanza iliyofunguliwa na Mtume ﷺ ilikuwa ardhi ya Bani Al-Nadheer, baada ya kuvunja ahadi, kufuatia vita vya Uhud. Hivyo akawazingira kwa usiku kumi na tano, kisha akafanya suluhu nao kwa sharti kwamba waondoke Madina, wakichukua tu kile wanachoweza kupakia kwenye ngamia wao, isipokuwa silaha na aina mbalimbali za zana za vita. Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ aligawanya mali yao, isipokuwa ardhi zao, miongoni mwa Muhajirina wa mwanzo, bila kumpa mtu yeyote miongoni mwa Answari, isipokuwa Sahl bin Hunaif na Abu Dajana Samak bin Kharsha, kwa kuwa walitaja hali yao ya umaskini, hivyo akawapa sehemu ya ngawira. Alihifadhi ardhi, akichukua kutoka humo chakula cha mwaka mmoja kwa familia yake, na kutenga kilichobaki kwa ajili ya wanyama wanaotumika vitani na silaha zinazotumika katika Jihadi. Katika vita hivi ilishushwa Surat Al-Hashr, ambapo Allah (SWT) alisema:

The first land opened by the Messenger (saw) was the land of Bani Al- Nadheer, after having violated the covenant, following the battle of Uhud. So he besieged them for fifteen nights, then made peace with them on condition that they leave Madinah, taking only what they can load onto their camels, excluding the arms and the various weaponry. The Messenger of Allah (saw) divided their wealth, excluding their lands, between the early Muhajireen, giving none to the Ansar, except for Sahl b. Hunaif and Abu Dajana Samak b. Kharsha, since they mentioned their state of poverty, so he gave them of the booty. He reserved the lands, taking from it a year’s worth of sustenance to his family, dedicating what remained of that to the animals used for war and the weaponry used for Jihad. In this battle Surat Al- Hashr was revealed, where Allah (swt) said:

"Kile ambacho Allah (SWT) amempa Mtume wake (ﷺ) kutoka kwao, kwa hilo hamkupanda farasi wala ngamia; lakini Allah (SWT) humpa uwezo Mtume wake (ﷺ) juu ya yeyote anayemtaka; na Allah (SWT) ana uwezo juu ya kila kitu." [Al-Hashr: 6]

“What Allah (swt) has bestowed on His Messenger (saw) from them, for this you made no expedition with either cavalry or camels, but Allah (swt) gives power to His Messenger (saw)s over any He pleases; and Allah (swt) has power over all things.” [Al-Hashr: 6]

Hivyo, Allah (swt) alimtolea yote hayo Mtume (ﷺ) peke yake. Baada ya hapo ulikuja vita vya Bani Qurayzha, baada ya wao kuvunja agano, kuwasaliti Waislamu, na kujiunga na makabila yaliyopinga katika vita vya Al-Khandaq (Handaki). Basi Mjumbe wa Allah (ﷺ) aligawanya mali yao kati ya Waislamu, akampa kila mpanda farasi sehemu tatu na kila mwenye kwenda kwa miguu sehemu moja. Baadaye ulikuja vita vya Khaybar, baada ya Mtume (ﷺ) kufanya mkataba wa amani na Quraysh huko Hudaybia. Hivyo Allah (swt) alimfungulia Mjumbe wake (ﷺ) na Waislamu Khaybar kwa nguvu, akawapa umiliki wa ardhi yao, nyumba zao na mali yao. Kisha Mtume (ﷺ) aligawanya nyara na ardhi baada ya kutoa sehemu ya tano. Aligawanya ardhi hiyo kuwa hisa 1800 na sehemu 18, kila sehemu ikiwa na hisa 100, akakubaliana na watu wake wapewe nusu ya yale ardhi ilitoa ya matunda na nafaka. Baada ya ushindi wa Khaybar, watu wa Fadak walimjia Mtume wa Allah (ﷺ), naye akafanya nao amani, kwa sharti kwamba achukue nusu ya ardhi yao na miti yao ya tende, nao waendelee kufanya kazi humo, na yeye aache nusu nyingine kwa ajili yao wamiliki. Hivyo nusu ya Fadak ilikuwa ya Mjumbe wa Allah (ﷺ) peke yake, kwa sababu ilipatikana bila nguvu, naye alikuwa akitumia chochote kilichomfikia kutoka humo kama sadaka. Vivyo hivyo na watu wa Wadi Al-Qura, alifanya nao amani baada ya kuifungulia ardhi yao kwa nguvu, kwa sharti kwamba awaache wadhibiti ardhi yao, kama vile alivyokubaliana na watu wa Khaybar. Kwa upande wa watu wa Tima’, walifanya amani na Mtume (ﷺ) kwa kumlipa Jizya, na kubakiwa na nchi yao na ardhi yao.

Thus, Allah (swt) dedicated all of it to the Messenger (saw) alone. After this was the battle of Bani Qurayzha, after they had violated the covenant, betrayed the Muslims, and sided with the opposing tribes in the battle of Al-Khandaq (The Ditch). So the Messenger of Allah (saw) divided their wealth between the Muslims and dedicated to each rider three shares and to each footman one share. Later on the battle of Khaybar came, after the Prophet (saw) concluded the peace treaty with Quraysh in Hudaybia, thus Allah (swt) opened Khaybar for His Messenger (saw) and the Muslims by force, giving them ownership over their land, homes and wealth. The Prophet (saw) then divided the spoils and lands taking out the fifth. He divided the land into 1800 shares and 18 sections, each section having 100 shares, and agreed with its people to take half of what the land produced of fruits and grains. After the victory of Khaybar, the people of Fadak came to the Prophet of Allah (saw) where he made peace with them, on condition that he take half of their land and date trees, on which they continue to work and he leaves the other half for them to keep. So half of Fadak was made completely for the Messenger of Allah (saw) , because it was gained without force, and he used to spend whatever would come to him of it as charity. Similarly with the people of Wadi Al-Qura, he made peace with them after he opened their land by force, on condition that he keeps their land under their control, similar to what he concluded with the people of Khaybar. As for the people of Tima’, they made peace with the Prophet (saw) by paying him Jizya, keeping their country and land to them.

Baada ya kutekwa kwa Makka kilifuata vita vya Hunayn, ambapo Mtume wa Allah ﷺ aligawanya mali yao na kuwaachilia wanawake na watoto wao, baada ya wajumbe kutoka Hawazin kuomba hivyo. Na katika vita vya Tabuk, Nabii ﷺ alifanya amani na Yahya b. Ru’ba, kiongozi wa Al-Aqaba, – naye alikuwa Mkristo – kwa sharti kwamba alipe Jizya, pia alifanya amani na watu wa Azrah na Jarba na Maqna – nao walikuwa Mayahudi – kwa sharti kwamba nao walipe Jizya. Alifanya pia amani na Akidra, kiongozi Mkristo wa Domat-Al-Jandal, juu ya kulipa Jizya baada ya kukamatwa na Khalid b. Al-Walid na kusamehewa na Nabii ﷺ.

After the conquering of Makkah came the battle of Hunayn, where the Messenger of Allah (saw) divided their wealth and released their women and children, after envoys from Hawazin appealed for this. And in the battle of Tabuk, the Prophet (saw) made peace with Yahya b. Ru’ba, the leader of Al- Aqaba, –and he was a Christian –on the condition that he pays the Jizya, and he made peace with the people of Azrah and Jarba and Maqna –and they were Jews –on the condition that they pay the Jizya as well. He also made peace with Akidra, the Christian head of Domat-Al-Jandal, on paying the Jizya after being arrested by Khalid b. Al-Walid and forgiven by the Prophet (saw).

Kisha wakaja wajumbe wa Najran na Al-Yemen, ambapo yeyote miongoni mwao aliyesilimu aliamrishwa kulipa Zakat, na yeyote aliyebaki kuwa Mkristo au Myahudi alilazimika kulipa Jizya, baada ya aya kuhusu Jizya kushushwa, na Zakat ikawa wajibu. Wakati wa vita hivi Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ alihifadhi (Naqi’) kwa ajili ya ngamia wa sadaka, na ngamia na farasi wa vita kwa ajili ya Jihad. Pia alizitangaza madini, maji, mazao ya malisho na moto kuwa mali ya umma kwa Waislamu wote. Baada ya Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ kufariki dunia na Abu Bakr akachukua uongozi, kisha ‘Umar, ushindi uliendelea na kuleta utajiri mkubwa, kutoka kwenye ngawira za vita, Jizya na Kharaj, vyote vikimiminika katika Bait ul-mal ya Waislamu huko Madinah.

Then came the envoys of Najran and Al-Yemen, where whoever of them became Muslim was enjoined to pay Zakat, and whoever remained a Christian or a Jew were obliged to pay the Jizya, after the verse regarding the Jizya was revealed, and Zakat became obligatory. During these battles the Messenger of Allah (saw) reserved the (Naqi’) for the camels of charity and the camels and steeds of war for Jihad. He also designated the minerals, water, the produce of grazing land and fire as public property for all Muslims. After the Messenger of Allah (saw) passed away and Abu Bakr took over, then ‘Umar, the conquests followed and brought great wealth, from spoils of war, Jizya and Kharaj, all pouring into the Bait ul-mal of the Muslims in Madinah.

Katika muhtasari huu tunaweza kupata picha ya aina za mapato yaliyoingia katika Bait ul-Mal ya Waislamu, na yale ambayo Allah (SWT) ameyafanya halali kwao, na kuifanya haki ya Bait ul-Mal kutumiwa katika kila jambo ambalo hukumu za kiungu zimeamuru. Hii ni kulingana na Ijtihad ya Khalifah kuhusu kile anachoona kinafaa zaidi kwa maslahi ya Waislamu na kwa kusimamia mambo yao.

In this quick summary we can get a picture of the type of funds that reached the Bait ul-mal of the Muslims, and which Allah (swt) has made permissible for them, and made the right due to the Bait ul-Mal, to be spent on whatever the divine rules decreed. This was according to the Ijtihad of the Khalifah regarding what he sees most fitting for the interest of the Muslims and for looking after their affairs.

Kwa hiyo, mali katika Dola ya Khilafah inaundwa na aina zifuatazo:

Thereupon, funds in the Khilafah State are made up of the following types:

Ngawira za vita, na Al-Fai' na sehemu ya tano.

u The booties and the spoils of war, Al-Fai’ and the fifth.

Al-Kharaj. Al-Jizya.

u Al-Kharaj. u Al-Jizya.

Mali ya umma (katika aina zake zote).

u Public property (in all its forms).

Mali ya serikali ya ardhi, majengo, huduma za umma na mapato yake.

u State property of land, buildings, utilities and their revenues.

Al-‘Ushur

u Al-‘Ushur.

Pesa zilizopatikana kinyume cha sheria na watawala, wafanyakazi wa Serikali, pesa haramu, na pesa zitokanazo na adhabu.

u Money attained illegaly by the rulers, the employees of the State, illicit money and money from penalties.

Sehemu ya tano: Al-Rikaz (hazina zilizofichwa) na madini.

u The fifth of Al-Rikaz (hidden treasures) and minerals.

Mali ya urithi wa mtu ambaye hana warithi.

u The inheritance property of the one who has no inheritors.

Mali ya walioritadi.

u The property of apostates.

Fedha za kodi. Fedha za sadaka – Zakat.

u Tax funds. u Charity funds – Zakat.

Tutajadili kila moja ya aina hizi ili kuelewa uhalisia wake, nani mwenye haki ya kuitumia, namna ya kuitoa, mahali pa kuitumia na nani wanastahiki kuipokea.

We will discuss each of these different types to understand its reality, who is entitled to dispose of it, the manner of expenditure, the area of its expenditure and who are eligible of it.