Bu kitob ikki kitobga bo‘lingan. Birinchisi farz ro‘za haqida, ikkinchisi esa mustahab ro‘za haqida. Farz ro‘za bahsi ikki qismga bo‘linadi. Birinchisi ro‘zani tutish haqida, ikkinchisi ro‘zani ochish haqida. Ro‘zani tutish qismi ikki bobga bo‘linadi. Birinchisi farz ro‘za turlari haqida, ikkinchisi uning arkonlarini aniqlash haqida. Ro‘zani ochish bahsini o‘z ichiga olgan qism esa ro‘zani buzuvchi narsalarni aniqlash va uni buzgan shaxslarga oid ahkomlarga bo‘linadi.

This book is divided into two books. The first is about obligatory fasting and the other about recommended fasting. The study of obligatory fasting is divided into two parts. The first is about fasting and the other about breaking the fast. The first part, fasting, is divided into two chapters. The first is about the kinds of obligatory fasts and the other is about the identification of its elements (arkdn). The part that includes the study of breaking the fast is divided into the identification of things which break (annul) the fast and the ahkdm related to persons who break it.

Biz ushbu (asosiy) kitobning birinchi kitobi bilan boshlaymiz.

We begin with the first book in this (main) book.

Biz ro‘zaning turlarini aniqlashni o‘z ichiga olgan birinchi bobdan boshlaymiz

We begin with the first chapter that covers the identification of the kinds of fasting

Biz deymiz: Shariat tomonidan belgilangan ro‘za farz va mustahab bo‘ladi. Farz ro‘za uch turli bo‘ladi. Birinchisi aniq vaqtda farz bo‘ladigan ro‘za bo‘lib, bu Ramazon oyining ro‘zasining o‘zidir. Ikkinchisi sabab tufayli belgilangan ro‘za bo‘lib, bu kaffara ro‘zasidir. Uchinchisi inson o‘ziga o‘zi majburiy qilib oladigan ro‘za bo‘lib, bu nazr qilingan ro‘zadir. Ushbu kitobda farz ro‘zaning turlari haqidagi bahs faqat Ramazon oyining ro‘zasi bilan bog‘liqdir. Kaffara ro‘zasi kaffara vojib bo‘ladigan holatlarda bayon qilinadi. Shuningdek, nazr tufayli bo‘ladigan ro‘za Nazr kitobida bayon qilinadi.

We Say: Fasting prescribed by law is obligatory and recommended. Obligatory fasting is of three kinds. The first is obligatory during a fixed time, and this is fasting during the month of Ramadan itself. The second is prescribed due to a reason, and this is fasting for expiation (kaffara). The third is fasting that a person imposes on himself; this is fasting after a vow (nadhr). The discussion in this book about the kinds of obligatory fasting is related to fasting during the month of Ramadan alone. Fasting for expiation will be discussed on those occasions where expiation is an obligatory consequence. Similarly, fasting due to a vow will be discussed in the Book of Vows.

Ramazon oyida ro‘za tutish Qur’on, sunnat va ijmoga asosan farzdir. Qur’ondagi dalil Ulug‘ Zotning quyidagi so‘zlaridir: “Ey iymon keltirganlar! Sizdan oldingilarga farz qilinganidek, sizlarga ham ro‘za farz qilindi, toki (gunohlardan) saqlanasiz”.211 Sunnatdagi dalil Payg‘ambarimiz ﷺ ning: “Islom besh narsa ustiga qurilgan”, deganlari va bu orada “ro‘za”ni zikr qilganlaridir; shuningdek, bedavga: “Ramazon oyining ro‘zasi”, degan so‘zlari hamdir. U kishi: “Bundan boshqa menga biror narsa farzmi?” deb so‘radilar. Payg‘ambarimiz ﷺ: “Yo‘q, faqat nafl bo‘lsa, bundan mustasno”, deb javob berdilar. Ijmo esa, bu masalada imomlarning hech biriga nisbat berilgan ixtilof yo‘q, shu sababli ijmo hosil bo‘lgan.

Fasting during the month of Ramadan is obligatory on the basis of the Qur’an, the sunnay and consensus. In the Qur’an the basis are the words of the Exalted, “O ye who believe! Fasting is prescribed for you, even as it was prescribed for those before you, that ye may ward off [evil]”.211 In the sunna it is the saying of the Prophet (God’s peace and blessings be upon him), “Islam is structured on five things”—and he mentioned “fasting”; and also his words to the Bedouin, “And the fast of the month of Ramadan”. He asked, “Am I obliged for something else besides (all) this”. He replied, “No! Unless it is voluntary”. Consensus is found as there is no disagreement that has been attributed to any of the imams over this.

Ixtiyoriy emas, balki majburiy ravishda ro'za tutish farz bo'lgan kishi – bu balog'atga yetgan, aqli joyida bo'lgan, safarda bo'lmagan, sog'lom bo'lgan va ro'zani buzuvchi uzrlardan xoli bo'lgan musulmon kishidir. Ayollar uchun bunday uzr hayz (haydash) hisoblanadi. Bu masalada hech qanday ixtilof yo'q, chunki Allohning Oliy Zoti shunday deydi: "Sizlardan kim (o'sha oyga) hozir bo'lsa, u shu oyda ro'za tutsin".212