The user message is just "Notes" — a label/heading, which I translate. 注释
Notes
1 由艾卜·达伍德记载。我在引用圣训时，都标明了编纂者。例如，“由布哈里记载”表示该段圣训载于布哈里所编纂的圣训集中。您可以通过在线英文和阿拉伯文数据库搜索各段圣训。请注意，译文可能有所不同。
1 Narrated by Abu Dawud. I have referenced the Prophetic traditions by their compilers. For example, “Narrated by Bukhari” means that it is in the hadith book compiled by Bukhari. You can search for the various hadiths using online English and Arabic databases. Please note translations may vary.
2 Al-Ghazali. (2015). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. 2
2 Al-Ghazali. (2015). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. 2
2nd Edition.
nd Edition.
由T. J. Winter翻译并附导言与注释。剑桥:伊斯兰文本协会,第8页。
Translated with an Introduction and Notes by T. J. Winter. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, p. 8.
你可以在 www.hamzatzortzis.com 观看其中一些辩论 [访问日期：2016年10月3日]。
3 You can watch some of these debates at www.hamzatzortzis.com [Accessed 3rd October 2016].
4 段圣训是经过考证确认为真实可靠的先知穆罕默德ﷺ的言语、行为以及默许。
4 Prophetic traditions are authentic and verified words, statements, actions and consent of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم.
5 Bullivant, S. (2015). Defining ‘Atheism’. In: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.
5 Bullivant, S. (2015). Defining ‘Atheism’. In: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.
牛津:牛津大学出版社,第11–21页。
Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-21.
6 Schweizer, B. (2010). Hating God: The Untold Story of Misotheism. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 28.
6 Schweizer, B. (2010). Hating God: The Untold Story of Misotheism. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 28.
7同上，第216页。
7Ibid, p. 216.
8. 同上，第217-218页。
8Ibid, pp. 217-218.
同上，第217-218页。
9Ibid, pp. 217-218.
10 Dawkins, R. (2006)。《上帝的妄念》（The God Delusion）。伦敦：Bantam Press，第14页。
10 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion. London: Bantam Press, p. 14.
11 由穆斯林（Muslim）记载。
11 Narrated by Muslim.
12 《古兰经》第52章第36节。本书通篇使用了多种《古兰经》译本。我最常使用的译本是Abdel Haleem教授的译本[参见Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & Reissue Edition, 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press]，以及Sahih International的译本[可见于www.quran.com]。13 “除了愚蠢的人，谁会舍弃易卜拉欣的宗教呢？”《古兰经》第2章第130节。
12 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 36. Throughout this book I have used various Qur’anic translations. The translations I have used most frequently are the translation by Professor Abdel Haleem [See Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & Reissue Edition, 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] and the translation by Sahih International [available at: www.quran.com]. 13 “Who but a fool would forsake the religion of Abraham?” The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 130.
14 Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Accessed 1st October 2016].
14 Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Accessed 1st October 2016].
15 同上。
15 Ibid.
16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. 克劳德·菲尔德译。吉隆坡：伊斯兰书籍信托出版社，第22页。译者所指的是物理学家；然而在原文语境中，它指的是那些否认真主之天命的人。 17 《古兰经》，第10章，第99节。
16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 22. The translator refers to physicists; however, in the original context it refers to those who reject God’s providence. 17 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 99.
《古兰经》第2章第256节。
18 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.
19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Available at: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Accessed 1st October 2016].
19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Available at: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Accessed 1st October 2016].
20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1st Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11.
20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1st Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11.
21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 29.
21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 29.
22 Addison, J. (1753). The Evidence of the Christian Religion. London, pp. 224-223.
22 Addison, J. (1753). The Evidence of the Christian Religion. London, pp. 224-223.
23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, p. 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity's Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4. 25 Ibid, p. 23. Chinese translation: 23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History（《现代史中的无神论》），第31页。24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity's Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh（《不信之所益：布拉德劳作品选》）. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4（伦敦：Watts & Co.，《思想家文库》第4辑）。25 同上，第23页。
23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, p. 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity’s Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4. 25 Ibid, p. 23.
26 同上，第1页。
26 Ibid, p. 1.
27 将上帝的论证现代化。《时代》杂志，1980年4月7日，第65-66页。可在以下网址获取：http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [访问日期：2
27 Modernizing the Case for God. Time Magazine, 7 April 1980, pp. 65-66. Available at: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [Accessed 2
[2 October 2016].
nd October 2016].
28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. London: Futura Publications, pp. 117-129.
28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. London: Futura Publications, pp. 117-129.
29 Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. New York: Atlantic Books, p. 13.
29 Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. New York: Atlantic Books, p. 13.
30 Harris, S. (2006). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. London: The Free Press, p. 227.
30 Harris, S. (2006). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. London: The Free Press, p. 227.
31 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 20.
31 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 20.
引自William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41。
32 Cited in William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41.
同上，第44页。
33 Ibid p. 44.
34 英国国家统计局。(2011)。《2011年英格兰和威尔士的宗教》。[在线] 可获取于: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade。[访问日期:2016年10月1日]。
34 Office for National Statistics. (2011). Religion in England Wales 2011.[online] Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [Accessed 1st October 2016].
35 Biotechnology Report. Fieldwork January 2010 – February 2010. Bruxelles: TNS Opinion & Social, p. 203. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].
35 Biotechnology Report. Fieldwork January 2010 – February 2010. Bruxelles: TNS Opinion & Social, p. 203. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].
36 中国无神论的历史有其自身的复杂性，不能等同于西方的无神论。中国的无神论并非源于达尔文主义，也不是道金斯式的新无神论。中国的无神论基于一套独特的文化、政治和思想因素，必须作为其自身来加以研究。
36 The history of atheism in China has its own complexities and cannot be equated with Western atheism. Chinese atheism is not due to Darwinism or a Dawkins type of new atheism. Atheism in China is based on a unique set of cultural, political and intellectual factors. It has to be studied on its own.
37 Zuckerman, P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. In: M. Martin, ed, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 61.
37 Zuckerman, P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. In: M. Martin, ed, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 61.
38 同上，第55页。
38 Ibid, p. 55.
39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Available at: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Accessed 2nd October 216].
39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Available at: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Accessed 2nd October 216].
40本章中的一些观点受到 Craig, W.L. 的启发并加以改编。参见：Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Accessed 23rd November 2016]。
40Some of ideas in this chapter have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Accessed 23rd November 2016].
41. 叔本华, A. (2014). 《悲观主义研究:论世界的苦难》[电子书]. 阿德莱德大学图书馆. 第1章. 网址: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [访问日期:2016年10月2日].
41Schopenhauer, A. (2014). Studies in Pessimism: On the Sufferings of the World. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapter 1. Available at: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].
《古兰经》第12章第87节。
42 The Qur’an, Chapter 12, Verse 87.
43 《古兰经》第99章，第6至8节。
43 The Qur’an, Chapter 99, Verses 6 to 8.
44 《古兰经》，第45章，第22节。
44 The Qur’an, Chapter 45, Verse 22.
《古兰经》第50章第35节。
45 The Qur’an, Chapter 50, Verse 35.
《古兰经》第10章第26节。
46 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 26.
47 古兰经，第36章，第55至58节。
47 The Qur’an, Chapter 36, Verses 55 to 58.
《古兰经》第17章第70节。
48 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 70.
49 古兰经，第3章，第191节。
49 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.
《古兰经》，第32章，第18节。
50 The Qur’an, Chapter, 32, Verse 18.
51 Nasr, S. H. (2004). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, p. 275.
51 Nasr, S. H. (2004). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, p. 275.
第52条 《古兰经》第57章，第20至21节。
52 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verses 20 to 21.
53 引自 BBC（无日期）Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein。可访问：http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [检索日期：2016年10月1日]。
53 Cited in BBC (no date) Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [Accessed 1st October 2016].
54 引自 Pollan, S. M. 与 Levine, M. (2006)。《It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness》。纽约：HarperCollins，第 4 页。
54 Cited in Pollan, S. M. and Levine, M. (2006). It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, p. 4.
55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Available at:
55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Available at:
http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Accessed 2
http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Accessed 2
[2 October 2016].
nd October 2016].
《古兰经》第三章，第191节。
56 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.
57 Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. 30th Anniversary edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
57 Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. 30th Anniversary edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
第58条 《古兰经》第7章第128节。
58 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 128.
《古兰经》第39章，第29节。
59 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.
60 Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. 2nd Edition. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, p. 55.
60 Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. 2nd Edition. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, p. 55.
《古兰经》第11章第105节。
61 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 105.
62 《古兰经》第二十五章，第七十五节。
62 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verse 75.
《古兰经》第59章，第19节。
63 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.
64 Dawkins, R. (2001). River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. London: Phoenix, p. 155.
64 Dawkins, R. (2001). River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. London: Phoenix, p. 155.
BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100-102. BonJour, L.（1998）。《为纯粹理性辩护》（In Defense of Pure Reason）。剑桥：剑桥大学出版社，第100–102页。
65 BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100-102.
BonJour, L. (1995). “Toward a Moderate Rationalism.” Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.
66 BonJour, L. (1995). “Toward a Moderate Rationalism.” Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.
67 Basic assumptions of science (no date) Available at: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [Accessed 14th November 2016].
67 Basic assumptions of science (no date) Available at: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [Accessed 14th November 2016].
68 达尔文通信项目(2016)。可查阅:https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [访问日期:2016年10月4日]。
68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) Available at: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [Accessed 4th October 2016].
69 O’Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.
69 O’Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.
70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Available at: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Accessed 4th October 2016].
70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Available at: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Accessed 4th October 2016].
71 Francis, C. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 262。72 Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 305。
71 Francis, C. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, p. 262. 72 Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 305.
73 Harris, S. (2010). The Moral Landscape. New York: Free Press, p. 66.
73 Harris, S. (2010). The Moral Landscape. New York: Free Press, p. 66.
74 Sage, James. "Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties." Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102.
74 Sage, James. “Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102.
同上，第104页。
75 Ibid, p. 104.
同上。
76 Ibid.
同上。
77 Ibid.
78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Can evolution adequately explain our truth-reliable cognitive faculties? Available at: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Accessed 30th September 2019].
78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Can evolution adequately explain our truth-reliable cognitive faculties? Available at: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Accessed 30th September 2019].
第79段 《古兰经》第41章第53节。
79 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 53.
80 《古兰经》第四十七章第24节。
80 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 24.
第十一章，第51节。
81 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 51.
第82条 《古兰经》第三章第190节。
82 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.
83 Tallis, R. (2014). Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity. New York: Routledge, p. 87.
83 Tallis, R. (2014). Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity. New York: Routledge, p. 87.
84 摘自 Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.(经改编)
84 Taken and adapted from Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.
85 本反驳的回应改编自 Kane B.（2014）《心灵哲学 4.2——对功能主义的反驳》。取自：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [访问日期：2016年10月24日]
85 The response to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Accessed 24th October 2016].
Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, pp. 32-33. Searle, J.(1984)。《心灵、大脑与科学》(Minds, Brains and Science)。马萨诸塞州剑桥市:哈佛大学出版社,第32-33页。
86 Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, pp. 32-33.
87 Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262: 27.
87 Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262: 27.
注88 同上，第30页。
88 Ibid, p. 30.
89 同上。关于对其他异议的回应及该主题的更多细节，请参阅：Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424；Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456；Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708；Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31；Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
89 Ibid. For responses to other objections and more detail on this topic please see: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer's Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49, and see: "The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism," Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, pp. 175–83.
90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer’s Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49, and see: “The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, pp. 175–83.
91 BBC Today. (2008). 可从以下网址获取: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [访问日期:2016年10月1日]。
91 BBC Today. (2008). Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Accessed 1st October 2016].
92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. 2nd Edition. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al Islamiyah. Vol 8, p. 482.
92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. 2nd Edition. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al Islamiyah. Vol 8, p. 482.
93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. 4th Edition. Edited by Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beirut: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, p. 640. Note: the reference list entry is a bibliographic citation, so I've kept the author, title, and publication details in their original form, translating only the words that have Chinese equivalents.
93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. 4th Edition. Edited by Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beirut: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, p. 640.
94 Petrovich, O. (1997). Understanding the Non-Natural Causality in Children and Adults: A Case Against Artificialism. Psyche en Geloof, 8, pp. 151-165.
94 Petrovich, O. (1997). Understanding the Non-Natural Causality in Children and Adults: A Case Against Artificialism. Psyche en Geloof, 8, pp. 151-165.
95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Accessed 4th October 2016]。 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151。 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children "Intuitive Theists"? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301。
95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Accessed 4th October 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children “Intuitive Theists”? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301.
Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F. & Kelemen, D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition, 140, pp. 72-88.
98 Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F. & Kelemen, D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition, 140, pp. 72-88.
注释99 同上，第74页。
99 Ibid, 74.
100 Ibid.
100 Ibid.
101 Ibid, 79.
101 Ibid, 79.
注释102 同上，第81页。
102 Ibid, 81.
103 同上，第82页。
103 Ibid, 82.
104 同上，第83页。
104 Ibid, 83.
105 同上，第84页。
105 Ibid, 84.
106 Ibid.
106 Ibid.
107 Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. and Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, pp. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children's Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, pp. 35-36.
107 Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. and Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, pp. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children’s Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, pp. 35-36.
109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. 第3版. 利雅得: Dar al-Salam, 第316页。110 穆斯林(Muslim)所传。
109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. 3rd Edition. Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, p. 316. 110 Narrated by Muslim.
111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 10. Note: the user's text is a bibliographic citation, which is to be translated faithfully. Book titles and names stay as written in the original.
111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 10.
112 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Madina: Mujama’ Malik Fahad. Vol 16, p. 324.
112 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Madina: Mujama’ Malik Fahad. Vol 16, p. 324.
113 同上，第6卷，第73页。
113 Ibid. Vol 6, p. 73.
114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. Vol 7, p. 219.
114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. Vol 7, p. 219.
第115条 《古兰经》第十六章第六十九节。
115 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 69.
《古兰经》第10章，第24节。
116 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.
117 《古兰经》第52章，第35和36节。
117 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.
《古兰经》第28章第56节。
118 The Qur’an, Chapter 28, Verse 56.
《古兰经》第14章第10节。
119 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 10.
Farfur, M. S. (2010). 《有益的讯息与关于神学研究的确凿证据》(The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology)。Wesam Charkawi 译注。奥本:Wesam Charkawi,第85–86页。
120 Farfur, M. S. (2010). The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology. Translation and notes by Wesam Charkawi. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, pp. 85-86.
121 Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur'an: God's Arguments. Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, p. ix. Note: this is a bibliographic citation, so I've kept the English title, publisher and place as they appear in the original, translating only where a Chinese equivalent is standard practice. Chinese (Simplified): 121 Gwynne, R. W. (2004)《古兰经中的逻辑、修辞与法律推理：真主的论证》（Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur'an: God's Arguments）。Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, p. ix.
121 Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur’an: God's Arguments. Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, p. ix.
同上，第203页
122 Ibid, p. 203
引自 Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 31.
123 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 31.
第124 《古兰经》第52章，第35和36节。
124 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.
125 Mohar, M. A. (2003). A word for word meaning of the Qur'ān. Vol III. Ipswich: JIMAS, p. 1713.
125 Mohar, M. A. (2003). A word for word meaning of the Qur’ān. Vol III. Ipswich: JIMAS, p. 1713.
126 本论证的灵感来源于并改编自 Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God's Existence。网址：http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [访问日期：2016年11月23日]。
126 This argument has been inspired by and adapted from Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence. Available at: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [Accessed 23rd November 2016].
127 Hilbert, D. (1964). On the Infinite. In: P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam (eds), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 151.
127 Hilbert, D. (1964). On the Infinite. In: P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam (eds), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 151.
128 Quine: Terms explained. Available at: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Accessed 23rd October 2016].
128 Quine: Terms explained. Available at: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Accessed 23rd October 2016].
129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Available at: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Accessed 23rd November 2016].
129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Available at: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Accessed 23rd November 2016].
130 Leibniz, G. W. (1714). The Principles of Nature and Grace, Based on Reason.
130 Leibniz, G. W. (1714). The Principles of Nature and Grace, Based on Reason.
1714年。可在以下网址获取：http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf［访问日期：4
1714. Available at: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [Accessed 4
[2016年10月th日]
th October 2016].
131 Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, p. 170.
131 Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, p. 170.
132 Ibid.
132 Ibid.
133 同上，第105页。
133 Ibid, p. 105.
134 Albert, D. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing,’ by Lawrence M. Krauss. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Accessed 1st October 2016].
134 Albert, D. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing,’ by Lawrence M. Krauss. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Accessed 1st October 2016].
135 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. 可访问：http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [访问日期：9
135 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9
[2016年10月th日]
th October 2016].
136 个类比改编自 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. 可见于：http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [访问日期：2016年10月9日]。
136 Analogies adapted from Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9th October 2016].
137 Krauss, L. A (2012). Universe from Nothing, p. 174.
137 Krauss, L. A (2012). Universe from Nothing, p. 174.
138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. 载于: Psillos, S 和 Curd, M 编, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, 第137-138页。
138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 137-138.
Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.
139 Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.
140 同上书，第147页。
140 Ibid p. 147.
141 iERA. (2013). 劳伦斯·克劳斯 对 哈姆扎·佐尔齐斯 ——伊斯兰教与无神论辩论。可访问于：http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [引用日期：2016年9月10日]。
141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [Accessed 10th September 2016].
142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. 可获取地址：https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [访问日期：2016年10月2日]
142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. Available at: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].
143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Translated by Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, p. 33.
143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Translated by Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, p. 33.
144 引自 Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. 由 Abdullah Al-Hashidi 编辑。开罗：Maktabatu al-Suwaadi。第 2 卷，第 271 页。
144 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Edited by Abdullah Al-Hashidi. Cairo: Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Vol 2, p. 271.
Example: 这个例子取自 Green, A. R. 《The Man in the Red Underpants》。
145 This example has been taken from Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.
2
2
第二版。伦敦：One Reason，第9-10页。
nd Edition. London: One Reason, pp. 9-10.
146 这个例子改编自 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. 可访问：http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [访问日期：2016年10月2日]。
146 This example has been adapted from Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2nd October 2016].
147 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God's Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2
147 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2
[2 October 2016].
nd October 2016].
引自 Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.
148 Cited in Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.
Flew, A. (2007). There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne. 2007, p. 165.
149Flew, A. (2007). There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne. 2007, p. 165.
150 由布哈里（Bukhari）传述。
150 Narrated by Bukhari.
151 引自 Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. 第2卷，第270页。
151 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Vol 2, p. 270.
第152条 《古兰经》第112章，第2节和第3节。
152 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 2 and 3.
153 Lennox, J. C. (2009). 《上帝的掘墓人：科学是否已埋葬了上帝？》(God's Undertaker: Has Science Buried God?)。牛津：Lion Books，第 183 页。
153 Lennox, J. C. (2009). God’s Undertaker: Has Science Buried God? Oxford: Lion Books, p. 183.
154 Hoover, J. (2004). Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya's Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.
154 Hoover, J. (2004). Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya’s Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.
《古兰经》第42章第11节。
155 The Qur’an, Chapter 42, Verse 11.
第156条 《古兰经》第58章第7节。
156 The Qur’an, Chapter 58, Verse 7.
这一数字是根据可观测宇宙中估计的恒星总数所包含的氢原子数量推算出来的。如果把其他原子也计算在内，这个数字还会更大。
157 This is an estimate based on the number of hydrogen atoms that are contained in the estimated total number of stars in the observable universe. The number is higher if other atoms are included.
《古兰经》第二十四章第四十五节。
158 The Qur’an, Chapter 24, Verse 45.
159 Al-Tahawi. (2007). The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi. Translated from Arabic, Introduced and Annotated by Hamza Yusuf. California: Zaytuna Institute, p. 50.
159 Al-Tahawi. (2007). The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi. Translated from Arabic, Introduced and Annotated by Hamza Yusuf. California: Zaytuna Institute, p. 50.
《古兰经》第2章第20节
160 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 20.
161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. 由 Dr. Adullah Al-Turki 与 Muhammad ‘Arqasusi 编辑。贝鲁特：Mu’assasa al-Risalah 出版社。第1卷，第338-9页。
161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. Edited by Dr. Adullah Al-Turki and Muhammad ‘Arqasusi. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah. Vol 1, pp. 338-9.
162 受 Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2 的启发并加以改编。可访问：http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [访问日期：2016年11月13日]。
162 Inspired and adapted from Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2. Available at: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [Accessed 13th November 2016].
Swinburne, R. (2004). 《上帝的存在》（The Existence of God）。第2版。纽约：牛津大学出版社，第52–72页。
163 Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 52-72.
《古兰经》第十一章，第一百零七节。
164 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 107.
165 Al-Ghazali, M. (2005). Ihyaa ‘Ulum al-Deen. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, p. 107.
165 Al-Ghazali, M. (2005). Ihyaa ‘Ulum al-Deen. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, p. 107.
Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 127.
166 Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 127.
167 这一反驳的回应受到Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime的启发并加以改编。可在以下网址获取：https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [访问日期：2019年9月27日]。
167 The answer to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Available at: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Accessed 27th September 2019].
Huemer, H 和 Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.
168 Huemer, H and Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.
这个例子改编自伊曼努尔·康德。参见 Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin's Press, A203。
169 This is example is adapted from Immanuel Kant. See Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin’s Press, A203.
170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].
170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].
171 改编自 Craig, W. 和 Sinclair, D.(2009)。《宇宙论论证（Kalam）》。载于：Craig, W. L. 与 Moreland, J. P. 合编《Blackwell自然神学指南》。西萨塞克斯：Wiley-Blackwell，第196页。
171 Adapted from Craig, W. and Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 196.
172 Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].
172 Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].
173 Randhawa, S. (2011). The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Problem of Divine Creative Agency and Purpose. Draft version. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Accessed 22nd October 2016].
173 Randhawa, S. (2011). The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Problem of Divine Creative Agency and Purpose. Draft version. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Accessed 22nd October 2016].
本章所提出论证的许多概念,都改编自伊斯兰学术传统以及当代基督教哲学著作,并受到其启发。参见:Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah;Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Cairo: Dal al Mar'rif;Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq;Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1st Edition, Riyadh: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj;Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Accessed 20th October 2019].
174 Many concepts of the argument presented in this chapter have been adapted from and inspired by the Islamic scholarly tradition and contemporary Christian philosophical work. See Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Cairo: Dal al Mar’rif; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1st Edition, Riyadh: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Accessed 20th October 2019].
关于必然性的深入讨论，请参阅：Pruss, R. 与 Rasmussen, J. L.（2018）。《必然存在》（Necessary Existence）。牛津：牛津大学出版社，第11–32页。
175 For an in-depth discussion on necessity please see Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-32.
本节的灵感与内容改编自 Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig。
176 This section is inspired by adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig.
可在以下网址获取：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [访问日期：2019年10月20日]。
Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [Accessed 20th October 2019].
177 改编自 Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2nd . Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
177 Analogy adapted from Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2nd . Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
《古兰经》第3章第97节。
178 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 97.
第179 《古兰经》第35章第15节。
179 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 15.
180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Adheem. Edited by Saami As-Salaama. 2
180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Adheem. Edited by Saami As-Salaama. 2
nd Edition（第二版）。利雅得：Dar Tayiba出版社。第6卷，第541页。 181 Hossein, S.（1993）。《伊斯兰宇宙论学说导论》（An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines）。奥尔巴尼：纽约州立大学出版社，第197-200页。
nd Edition. Riyadh: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200.
182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada’ih al-Batiniyya. Edited by Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, p. 82.
182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada’ih al-Batiniyya. Edited by Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, p. 82.
183 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. 3rd Edition. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, p. 109.
183 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. 3rd Edition. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, p. 109.
184 Godwin, S. J. (无出版日期). Transcript of the Russell/Copleston radio debate（罗素与科普尔斯顿广播辩论记录）。可访问于：http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm［访问日期：2016年10月4日］。
184 Godwin, S. J. (no date). Transcript of the Russell/Copleston radio debate. Available at: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].
185 改编自 Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. 可查阅于:
185 Adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Accessed 20th October 2019].
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Accessed 20th October 2019].
这一反驳的部分内容改编自并受启发于 Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20)。网址：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM。[访问日期：2019年10月20日]。
186Parts of the answer to this objection has been adapted from and inspired by Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Accessed 20th October 2019].
Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Note: the original text is a bibliographic reference. Here is the translation: Pruss, R. 与 Rasmussen, J. L. (2018)。《Necessary Existence》。牛津:牛津大学出版社。
187Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
188 Hijab, M. (2019). Kalam Cosmological Arguments. Independently Published.
188 Hijab, M. (2019). Kalam Cosmological Arguments. Independently Published.
189 Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. Lahore: Suhail Academy, pp. 18-19.
189 Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. Lahore: Suhail Academy, pp. 18-19.
New Scientist: The Collection. The Big Questions. Vol I, Issue I, p. 51.
190 New Scientist: The Collection. The Big Questions. Vol I, Issue I, p. 51.
Koch, C. (2012). Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 23-24.
191 Koch, C. (2012). Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 23-24.
192 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 5.
192 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 5.
193 Alter, T. (2014). Hard Problem of Consciousness. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 340.
193 Alter, T. (2014). Hard Problem of Consciousness. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 340.
194 以下五点摘自并改编自 Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13。
194 The following 5 points have been taken and adapted from Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13.
195 Discover Magazine. (2016). What is Consciousness? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Available at: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Accessed 1st October 2016].
195 Discover Magazine. (2016). What is Consciousness? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Available at: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Accessed 1st October 2016].
196 Revonsuo. A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, p. 202.
196 Revonsuo. A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, p. 202.
197 Manzoti, R. 与 Moderato, P.(2014)。《神经科学:伪装的二元论》。载于 Lavazza, A. 与 Robinson, H.(编)。《当代二元论:一种辩护》。阿宾登:Routledge,第 82 页。
197 Manzoti, R. and Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 82.
198 同上。
198 Ibid.
199 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 105.
199 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 105.
200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. 载于：Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P.（编）。《牛津意识伴侣》（The Oxford Companion to Consciousness）。牛津：牛津大学出版社，第280页。
200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280.
201 Stoljar, D. (2016). "Physicalism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Accessed 4th October 2016].
201 Stoljar, D. (2016). “Physicalism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Accessed 4th October 2016].
202 Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary Didn't Know. The Journal of Philosophy, 83, 5, pp. 291-295.
202 Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary Didn't Know. The Journal of Philosophy, 83, 5, pp. 291-295.
203 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 108.
203 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 108.
204 同上，第109页。
204 Ibid, p. 109.
205 Loar, Brian. (1997). “Phenomenal Consciousness”, in The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. by Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
205 Loar, Brian. (1997). “Phenomenal Consciousness”, in The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. by Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
206 上述讨论取材并改编自我在哲学硕士学位期间的相关讲座与研讨课内容。Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.
206 The above discussion has been taken and adapted from the relevant lecture and seminar discussion that was held during my postgraduate degree (Masters in Philosophy). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.
207 Tye, Michael. (2009). Consciousness Revisited: Materialism without Phenomenal Concepts. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 49-51.
207 Tye, Michael. (2009). Consciousness Revisited: Materialism without Phenomenal Concepts. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 49-51.
208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). "Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts." Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.
208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). “Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.
209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) "Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts." Diametros, 11, pp. 10-39.
209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) “Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Diametros, 11, pp. 10-39.
210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. A version of this essay can be found online at: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].
210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. A version of this essay can be found online at: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].
211 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 111.
211 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 111.
212 Churchland, P. (1988). Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 43-39.
212 Churchland, P. (1988). Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 43-39.
213 同上。
213 Ibid.
214 同上。
214 Ibid.
215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Accessed August 30, 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html.
215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Accessed August 30, 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html.
216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip and Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations(New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.
216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip and Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.
217 同上，第31页。
217 Ibid, 31.
218 同上，第30页。
218 Ibid, 30.
219 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, pp. 180-181.
219 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, pp. 180-181.
220 同上，第21页。
220 Ibid, p. 21.
221 同上，第22页。
221 Ibid, p. 22.
222 同上，第24页。
222 Ibid, p. 24.
223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 57.
223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 57.
224 Solomon, R. (2005). Introducing Philosophy: A Text with Integrated Readings. 8
224 Solomon, R. (2005). Introducing Philosophy: A Text with Integrated Readings. 8
第416页,牛津:牛津大学出版社,第th版。
th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 416.
225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. In: Block, N. (ed.). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vol 1, pp. 268-205. 226 Van Gulick, R. (2008). Functionalism and Qualia. In: Velmans, M. and Schneider, S. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 381.
225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. In: Block, N. (ed.). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vol 1, pp. 268-205. 226 Van Gulick, R. (2008). Functionalism and Qualia. In: Velmans, M. and Schneider, S. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 381.
227 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, p. 39.
227 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, p. 39.
228 同上，第26页。
228 Ibid, p. 26.
同上,第29-30页。
229 Ibid, pp. 29-30.
230 同上，第30页。
230 Ibid, p. 30.
231 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S. and Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.
231 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S. and Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.
232 Eccles, J. C. (1989). Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 241.
232 Eccles, J. C. (1989). Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 241.
233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. 2nd Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 24.
233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. 2nd Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 24.
234 Seager, W. and Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.
234 Seager, W. and Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.
Feser, E. (2006). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: OneWorld, p. 138.
235 Feser, E. (2006). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: OneWorld, p. 138.
236 Moreland, J. P. (2008). Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 35.
236 Moreland, J. P. (2008). Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 35.
237 同上，第192页。
237 Ibid, p. 192.
238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. In: Craig, W. L. and. Moreland, J. P. (ed.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 148-9.
238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. In: Craig, W. L. and. Moreland, J. P. (ed.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 148-9.
同上,第150页。
239 Ibid p. 150.
《古兰经》第二章第255节。
240 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 255.
241 《古兰经》第67章第14节。
241 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 14.
242 Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 202-203.
242 Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 202-203.
第243条 《古兰经》第17章第85节。
243 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 85.
第244条 《古兰经》第30章第8节。
244 The Qur’an, Chapter 30, Verse 8.
245 本段类比改编自 Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. 改编版。可在以下网址获取：http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [访问日期：2016年10月24日] 246 《古兰经》，第55章，第5至7节。
245 Analogy adapted from Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016] 246 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 5 to 7.
247 《古兰经》第三章第190节。
247 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.
《古兰经》第16章，第12节。
248 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 12.
249 Tibawi, A.L.(编辑并翻译)。(1965)。《Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya》(《耶路撒冷书信》)“Al-Ghazali’s Tract on Dogmatic Theology”(“安萨里论教义神学的小册子”)。载于:《The Islamic Quarterly》,9:3–4(1965),3-4。
249 Tibawi, A.L. (ed. and tr.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (The Jerusalem Epistle) “Al-Ghazali’s Tract on Dogmatic Theology”. In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.
250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). 《泰哈维信条注释》。穆罕默德·阿卜杜勒-哈克·安萨里译。利雅得：美国伊斯兰与阿拉伯科学研究所，第9页
250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Commentary on the Creed of At-Tahawi. Translated by Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, p. 9
251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 212.
251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 212.
252 Ibid.
252 Ibid.
253 John Leslie. (2001). Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 205.
253 John Leslie. (2001). Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 205.
254 Collins, R. The Teleological Argument, p. 212.
254 Collins, R. The Teleological Argument, p. 212.
255 引自 Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 150。
255 Cited in Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 150.
256 Dawkins, R. (1999). Unweaving the Rainbow. London: Penguin, p. 4.
256 Dawkins, R. (1999). Unweaving the Rainbow. London: Penguin, p. 4.
257 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16.
257 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16.
258 同上，第221-222页。
258 Ibid, pp. 221-222.
259 “没有木星，就没有高等生命？”——没有巨行星的恒星系统中，进化可能不可能发生。（2012）。可访问：http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [访问日期：2016年10月2日]。
259 ‘No Jupiter, no advanced life? ’ - Evolution May Be Impossible in Star Systems without a Giant Planet. (2012). Available at: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].
Rasio, F.A. 和 E.B. Ford。(1996)。Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, pp. 954-956。
260 Rasio, F.A. and E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, pp. 954-956.
261 Ward, P. D. 和 Brownlee, D.(2004)。《稀有的地球:为什么复杂生命在宇宙中并不常见》。纽约:Copernicus Books 出版社,第 238–239 页。
261 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, pp. 238 – 239.
262 同上，第227页。
262 Ibid, p. 227.
263 同上，第223页。
263 Ibid, p. 223.
同上书，第264页。
264 Ibid.
265 受 Collins, R. 《微调设计论证》(The Fine-Tuning Design Argument)PowerPoint 演示文稿的启发并改编。可在以下网址查阅:http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [访问日期:2016年10月24日]。
265 Inspired by and adapted from Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Accessed 24th October 2016].
266 同上。
266 Ibid.
267 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, p. 161. 268 Davies, P. (1993). The Mind of God: Science and the Search for Ultimate Meaning. London: Penguin, p. 169.
267 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, p. 161. 268 Davies, P. (1993). The Mind of God: Science and the Search for Ultimate Meaning. London: Penguin, p. 169.
引自 Flew, A.(2007)《There is a God》,第119页。
269 Cited in Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119.
270 Ibid.
270 Ibid.
Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Available at: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Accessed 5th October 2016].
271 Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Available at: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Accessed 5th October 2016].
272 改编自 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, pp. 262-265。
272 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, pp. 262-265.
273 我感谢艾布·胡莱赖为回应这些异议所作的贡献。274 道金斯,R.(2006)。《上帝的妄念》,第158页。
273 I am grateful to Abu Hurayra for his contribution in responding to these objections. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 158.
275 这两点改编自威廉·莱恩·克雷格教授对此问题的论述。Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins's Delusion. In: Copan, P. and Craig, W. L. (ed.). Contending with Christianity's Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, p. 4.
275 Both points have been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the issue. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. In: Copan, P. and Craig, W. L. (ed.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, p. 4.
276 《古兰经》第112章，第1至4节。
276 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 1 to 4.
Flew, A. (2007). There is a God, p. 111.
277 Flew, A. (2007). There is a God, p. 111.
278 Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016].
278 Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016].
279 改编自 Collins, R.(2009)《The Teleological Argument》,第 276 页。
279 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, p. 276.
Ibid.
280 Ibid.
281 Markham, I. S. (2010). Against Atheism: Why Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris are Fundamentally Wrong. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 34.
281 Markham, I. S. (2010). Against Atheism: Why Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris are Fundamentally Wrong. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 34.
282 Pölzer, Thomas. Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2018, pp. 2 - 4.
282 Pölzer, Thomas. Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2018, pp. 2 - 4.
本章所提出的论证,其中的一些观点,受到了Craig, W. L. 的启发并加以改编。参见:Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Accessed 24th October 2016];Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics Wheaton. Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183。
283 The arguments presented in this chapter, including some of the ideas, have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Accessed 24th October 2016]; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics Wheaton. Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183.
284 Ibid.
284 Ibid.
285 《古兰经》第52章第28节。
285 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 28.
《古兰经》第7章，第28节。
286 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.
287 Mackie, J. L. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin. 1990, p. 15.
287 Mackie, J. L. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin. 1990, p. 15.
288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p.99.
288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p.99.
289 古兰经，第二章，第163节。
289 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 163.
290 《古兰经》第五十九章，第22至24节。
290 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verses 22 to 24.
291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].
291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].
292 National Geographic。(1996)。《鲨鱼之爱》。可访问:http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [访问日期:2016年10月24日]。
292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Available at: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Accessed 24th October 2016].
293 引自 Linville, M. D.(2009)。《道德论证》。载于: Craig, W. L. 与 Moreland, J. P.(编)。《布莱克威尔自然神学指南》。西萨塞克斯: Wiley-Blackwell,第400页。
293 Cited in Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.
第294 《古兰经》第21章第22节。
294 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 22.
295 Al-Mahalli, J. and As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Translated by Aisha Bewley. London: Dar Al Taqwa, p. 690; Mahali, J. and As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. 3rd Edition. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, p. 422. You can access a copy online at: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].
295 Al-Mahalli, J. and As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Translated by Aisha Bewley. London: Dar Al Taqwa, p. 690; Mahali, J. and As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. 3rd Edition. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, p. 422. You can access a copy online at: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].
296 Avveroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Translated with footnotes, index and bibliography by Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40.
296 Avveroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Translated with footnotes, index and bibliography by Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40.
第297页 《古兰经》第7章第28节。
297 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.
有关《古兰经》神圣本质的更多内容，请阅读：Khan, N. A. 与 Randhawa, S.（2016）。《神圣的言语：将古兰经作为文学来探索》。德克萨斯：Bayyinah Institute；以及 Zakariya, A.（2015）。《永恒的挑战：穿越奇妙的古兰经之旅》。伦敦：One Reason。
298For more on the Divine nature of the Qur’an, please read: Khan, N. A. and Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur’an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute and Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason.
《古兰经》第二十九章，第46节。
299 The Qur’an, Chapter 29, Verse 46.
由提尔米兹圣训集记载。
300 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
301 关于恶与苦难的论证（"恶的问题"）已经以多种不同的方式被表述。有些论证交替使用"善良""仁慈""慈爱"或"仁爱"等词。尽管用词各异，论证的实质并无不同。不使用"善良"一词，而改用"仁慈""慈爱""仁爱"等词，同样可以。恶的问题预设了上帝的传统概念必然包含某种属性，这种属性意味着上帝不希望恶与苦难存在。因此，改用"仁慈""慈爱""仁爱"等替代词并不会影响论证。 302 《恶的问题》，圣母大学幻灯片。网址：https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of% 20Evil%20Slides.pdf [访问日期：2020年10月1日]。
301 The problem of evil and suffering argument has been expressed in a number of different ways. Some of the arguments use the words good, merciful, loving or kind interchangeably. Despite the varying use of words, the argument remains the same. Instead of using the word good, terms such as merciful, loving, kind, etc., can also be used. The problem of evil assumes that the traditional concept of God must include an attribute that would imply God does not want evil and suffering to exist. Hence, using alternative words such as merciful, loving and kind do not affect the argument. 302 The Problem of Evil, University of Notre Damme slides. Available at: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of% 20Evil%20Slides.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2020].
同上。
303 Ibid.
同上。
304 Ibid.
305 同上。
305 Ibid.
306 Ibid.
306 Ibid.
307 本前提改编自威廉·莱恩·克雷格教授关于恶的问题的论述。Moreland, J. P. and Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. 参见第27章。
307 This assumption has been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the problem of evil. Moreland, J. P. and Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. See chapter 27.
308 Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist's Handbook, p. 51.
308 Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist’s Handbook, p. 51.
309 这段故事体现了真主的慈悲。所有孩子都会进入乐园——那是永恒的福乐——无论他们的信仰和行为如何。因此，真主启示那人杀死那男孩，应当从慈悲与怜悯的角度来理解。
309 This part of the story shows God’s mercy. All children enter paradise—which is eternal bliss—regardless of their beliefs and actions. Therefore, God inspiring the man to kill the boy is to be understood through the lens of mercy and compassion.
310 《古兰经》第18章，第65至82节。
310 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verses 65 to 82.
311 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 5, p. 181.
311 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 5, p. 181.
312 同上。
312 Ibid.
313 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu' al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Vol 14, p. 266.
313 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Vol 14, p. 266.
314 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh: Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Vol 3, p142. Note: the translation instructions require returning only the translation of the user's text, so here is the translated version: 314 伊本·泰米叶，A.（1986）。《Minhaj al-Sunnah》。穆罕默德·拉沙德·萨利姆编辑。利雅得：伊玛目穆罕默德·本·沙特伊斯兰大学。第3卷，第142页。
314 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh: Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Vol 3, p142.
315 引自 Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p.4.
315 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p.4.
《古兰经》第51章，第56节。
316 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.
317 古兰经，第67章，第2节。
317 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 2.
318 《古兰经》第39章第7节。
318 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 7.
319 由提尔米兹圣训集收录。
319 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
320 《古兰经》第二章第214节。
320 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 214.
321 古兰经 第2章 第286节。
321 The Qur’an Chapter 2, Verse 286.
322 《古兰经》第五章第100节。
322 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 100.
323 艾哈迈德·拜哈基的《信仰分支》（Shuʿab al-Iman），追溯至哈桑·巴士里，他将其归于先知穆罕默德ﷺ。学者们将此圣训评定为“哈桑”（hasan）等级；其真实性等级良好。
323 Al-Bayhaqi’s Shuʿab al-Iman, traced back to Al-Hasan Al-Basri, who ascribes it to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The scholars have graded this Prophetic tradition as hasan; its level of authenticity is good.
324 《古兰经》第57章，第20节。
324 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verse 20.
由穆斯林圣训集收录。
325 Narrated by Muslim.
326 由布哈里（Bukhari）传述。
326 Narrated by Bukhari.
由穆斯林（Muslim）记载。
327 Narrated by Muslim.
328 由布哈里记载。 329 凡是实施自杀式爆炸或从事恐怖主义行为而死亡的人，不被视为殉道者。这些恶行在伊斯兰教中是被禁止的。
328 Narrated by Bukhari. 329 Anyone that attempts suicide bombing or engages in terrorism and dies as a result is not considered a martyr. These evil acts are forbidden in Islam.
由穆斯林（Muslim）辑录。
330 Narrated by Muslim.
由艾哈迈德记录。
331 Narrated by Ahmad.
由穆斯林（Muslim）记录。
332 Narrated by Muslim.
333 Ibid.
333 Ibid.
同上。
334 Ibid.
335 Gauch, H. G, Jr. (2012). Scientific Method in Brief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 98.
335 Gauch, H. G, Jr. (2012). Scientific Method in Brief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 98.
336 Farhad, A. (2013). Richard Dawkins - science works bitches! Available at:
336 Farhad, A. (2013). Richard Dawkins - science works bitches! Available at:
https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].
https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].
337 Russell, B. (1935). Religion and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 8.
337 Russell, B. (1935). Religion and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 8.
338 改编自 DPMosteller。(2011)。《科学是否已使信仰上帝变得不合理?》,J. P. Moreland。获取于:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [访问日期:2016年10月2日]。
338 Adapted from DPMosteller. (2011). Has science made belief in god unreasonable, J. P. Moreland. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [Accessed 2nd October 2016].
339 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.
339 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.
340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].
340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].
341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. 可获取于：https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [访问日期：2016年10月18日] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. 英国：Dangerous Little Books，第19–20页。
341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Accessed 18th October 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, pp. 19-20.
Craig, W.L. (2011)。《科学主义是否自我反驳？》。可访问于：http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [访问日期：2016年10月4日]。
343 Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Accessed 4th October 2016].
344 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 3.
344 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 3.
345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introduction. In: Lackey, J. and Sosa, E. (ed.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 10.
345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introduction. In: Lackey, J. and Sosa, E. (ed.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 10.
Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 82.
347 Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 82.
参见 Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. and Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 以及 Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
348 See Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. and Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; and Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
349 Barker, G. 和 Kitcher, P.(2013)。《科学哲学:新导论》。牛津:牛津大学出版社。2014年,第17页。
349 Barker, G. and Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, p. 17.
350 Annas, J. and Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.
350 Annas, J. and Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.
351 Hume, D. (2002). Of scepticism with regard to reason. In: Epistemology: Huemer, M, ed, Contemporary Readings. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 298-310. Originally published in Hume, D. (1902) Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of understanding. In: Selby-Bigge, L. A., ed, An enquiry concerning human understanding. In: Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 298-310.
351 Hume, D. (2002). Of scepticism with regard to reason. In: Epistemology: Huemer, M, ed, Contemporary Readings. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 298-310. Originally published in Hume, D. (1902) Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of understanding. In: Selby-Bigge, L. A., ed, An enquiry concerning human understanding. In: Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 298-310.
352 同上，第305页。
352 Ibid, p. 305.
353 同上，第304-5页。
353 Ibid, pp. 304-5.
354 Rosenburg, A. (2012). Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction. New York: Routledge, p. 182.
354 Rosenburg, A. (2012). Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction. New York: Routledge, p. 182.
355 Okasha, S. (2002). Philosophy of Science, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 77.
355 Okasha, S. (2002). Philosophy of Science, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 77.
356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p.37.
356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p.37.
357 Moreland, J. P. (2009). The Recalcitrant Imago Dei. London: SCM Press, p. 4.
357 Moreland, J. P. (2009). The Recalcitrant Imago Dei. London: SCM Press, p. 4.
Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 Sept. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Accessed 10th May 2018].
358 Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 Sept. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Accessed 10th May 2018].
359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. 可从以下网址获取：http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [访问日期：2
359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Accessed 2
[2 October 2016].
nd October 2016].
360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 88. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].
360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 88. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].
361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244.
361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244.
Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony, p.145.
362 Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony, p.145.
363 同上，第149页。
363 Ibid, p.149.
364 同上，第150页。
364 Ibid, p.150.
365 Ibid.
365 Ibid.
Ibid.
366 Ibid.
367 同上，第151页。
367 Ibid, p.151.
注368 同上,第156页。
368 Ibid, p.156.
369 同上，第156–157页。
369 Ibid, pp. 156-157.
370 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 66.
370 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 66.
371 同上，第69页。
371 Ibid, p 69.
372 Hume, D. (1902). 《人类理解研究》(An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding),第91节。可访问:http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [访问日期:2016年10月4日]。
372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 91. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].
373 同上，第99节。 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, p.56.
373 Ibid, section 99. 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, p.56.
375 同上，第64-65页。
375 Ibid, pp. 64-65.
376 Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. Also available at: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2
376 Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. Also available at: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2
0H.%20Harman%20- %20The%20Inference%20to%20the%20Best%20Explanation.pdf [Accessed 4th October 2016].
0H.%20Harman%20- %20The%20Inference%20to%20the%20Best%20Explanation.pdf [Accessed 4th October 2016].
《古兰经》第96章第1节。
377 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verse 1.
378 《伟大的古兰经：独特的保存历史》。（2010）。伦敦：Exhibition Islam，第145–204页。
378 The Magnificent Qur’an: A Unique History of Preservation. (2010). London: Exhibition Islam, pp. 145-204.
379 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1875.
379 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1875.
380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma'riful Qur'an. 2nd Edition. 穆罕默德·贾桑·阿斯卡里与穆罕默德·沙米姆译。卡拉奇：Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom。第1卷，第139–149页。
380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma’riful Qur’an. 2nd Edition. Translated by Muhammad Jasan Askari and Muhamad Shamim. Karachi: Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Vol 1, pp. 139- 149.
381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Translated by Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. Revised and Edited by Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Ishaat, p. 260.
381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Translated by Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. Revised and Edited by Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Ishaat, p. 260.
382 引自 Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.
382 Cited in Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.
383 Ibn Khaldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. Chapter 6, Section 58. Available at: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [Accessed 9th October 2016].
383 Ibn Khaldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. Chapter 6, Section 58. Available at: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [Accessed 9th October 2016].
384 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi. Edited by Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. Cairo: Maktabu al-Khaniji, p. 89. Note: The user's text is a bibliographic citation. Translation: 384 伊本·拉希格，A. H.（2000）。《诗歌的艺术与批评之范式》（Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi）。Nabwi Sha'lan 博士编。开罗：Maktabu al-Khaniji 出版社，第 89 页。
384 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi. Edited by Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. Cairo: Maktabu al-Khaniji, p. 89.
385 Al-Qutaybah, A. (1925) ‘Uyun al-Akhbar. 贝鲁特：Dar al-Kutub al-Arabi。第2卷，第185页。
385 Al-Qutaybah, A. (1925) ‘Uyun al-Akhbar. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Arabi. Vol 2, p. 185.
386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108.
386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108.
387 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press, p.64.
387 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press, p.64.
388 与 Angelika Neuwrith 教授的个人访谈（德语）。录音副本可应要求提供。
388 Personal interview with Professor Angelika Neuwrith in German. A copy of the recording is available on request.
389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Translated by Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26. Note: the reference text itself is kept as given, since it is a citation with names, titles and publisher details.
389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Translated by Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.
390 引自 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur'an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. 第1卷，第26页。
390 Cited in Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1, p. 26.
391 Palmer, E. H. (tr.). (1900). The Qur'an. Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. lv.
391 Palmer, E. H. (tr.). (1900). The Qur’an. Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. lv.
Draz, M. A. (2000). Introduction to the Qur’an. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 90.
392 Draz, M. A. (2000). Introduction to the Qur’an. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 90.
393 Zammit, M. R. (2002). A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur'anic Arabic. Leiden: Brill, p. 37.
393 Zammit, M. R. (2002). A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur’anic Arabic. Leiden: Brill, p. 37.
394 Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). Al-Fawz al-Kabīr fī Uṣūl at-Tafsīr. The Great Victory on Qur’ānic Hermeneutics: A Manual of the Principles and Subtleties of Qur’anic Tafsīr. Translated, Introduction and Annotated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, p.160.
394 Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). Al-Fawz al-Kabīr fī Uṣūl at-Tafsīr. The Great Victory on Qur’ānic Hermeneutics: A Manual of the Principles and Subtleties of Qur’anic Tafsīr. Translated, Introduction and Annotated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, p.160.
Arberry, A. J. (1998)。《古兰经》:阿瑟·J·阿伯里导论并译。牛津:牛津大学出版社,第 x 页。
395 Arberry, A. J. (1998). The Koran: Translated with an Introduction by Arthur J. Arberry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. x.
396 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 262. Note: the instructions say to translate, and this is a citation line (author, year, title, page), which is translated as text without the title being altered. Translation: 396 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 262.
396 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 262.
397 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1881.
397 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1881.
Ibid.
398 Ibid.
Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, p 8.
399 Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, p 8.
400 Gibb, H. A. R. (1980). Islam: A Historical Survey. Oxford University Press, p. 28.
400 Gibb, H. A. R. (1980). Islam: A Historical Survey. Oxford University Press, p. 28.
401 Van Gelder, G. J. H. (2013). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. New York: New York University Press, pp. 31-33.
401 Van Gelder, G. J. H. (2013). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. New York: New York University Press, pp. 31-33.
402 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi's Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.93.
402 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.93.
403 同上，第94页。
403 Ibid, p. 94.
404 引自 D. E.(2012)。《伊本·阿拉比的神秘主义诗学》。牛津:牛津大学出版社,第94页。
404 Cited in D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94.
Bonebakker, S. A.(1984)。《Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch》。牛津:北荷兰出版公司,第47页。
405 Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47.
406 同上，第15页；另见 Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press。 407 同上，第44页。
406 Ibid, p.15; and see Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ibid, p. 44.
408 Mabillard, A. (1999). 莎士比亚十四行诗基础:抑扬五音步与英式十四行诗风格。网址:http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [访问日期:2016年10月5日]。
408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. Available at: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Accessed 5th October 2016].
409 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Accessed 9th October 2016].
409 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Accessed 9th October 2016].
410 引自 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur'an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 184。
410 Cited in Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 184.
411 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.
411 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.
412 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles, p. 185.
412 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles, p. 185.
413 同上，第188页。
413 Ibid, p. 188.
414 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Updated Edition. London: Ad-Duha, p. 99.
414 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Updated Edition. London: Ad-Duha, p. 99.
同上书，第415页。
415 Ibid.
《古兰经》第108章，第1至3节。
416 The Qur’an, Chapter 108, Verses 1 to 3.
417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.
417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.
418 转引自 Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur'an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, p. 269。原译文已作修改;名称"Allah"已替换为"God"。
418 Cited in Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, p. 269. The original translation has been amended; the name Allah has been replaced with God.
419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110.
419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110.
420 《古兰经》第16章第103节。
420 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 103.
421 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Atheem. Vol 4, p. 603.
421 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 4, p. 603.
422 Vanlancker–Sidtis, D. (2003). Auditory recognition of idioms by native and nonnative speakers of English: It takes one to know one. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, pp. 45–57.
422 Vanlancker–Sidtis, D. (2003). Auditory recognition of idioms by native and nonnative speakers of English: It takes one to know one. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, pp. 45–57.
同上书，第423页。
423 Ibid.
424 Hyltenstam, K. and Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some, or none? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166.
424 Hyltenstam, K. and Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some, or none? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166.
425 Ali, M. M. (2004). The Qur’an and the Orientalists. Ipswich: Jam’iyat Iḥyaa’ Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, p. 14. Note: The user's message is a bibliographic citation, which I've translated by keeping the reference information in its original form, since names, titles, and publisher details are kept as they appear in the source.
425 Ali, M. M. (2004). The Qur’an and the Orientalists. Ipswich: Jam’iyat Iḥyaa’ Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, p. 14.
426 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language, p. 108.
426 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language, p. 108.
427 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 261.
427 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 261.
Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Translated and Edited by Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p. 83.
428 Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Translated and Edited by Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p. 83.
Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, pp. 53-79.
429 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, pp. 53-79.
430 Islamic Awareness. (无日期)。《古兰经》的文本。载于：http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [访问日期：2016年10月1日]。
430 Islamic Awareness. (no date). The text of the Qur’an. Available at: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].
431 Arberry, A. J. (1967). Poems of Al-Mutanabbi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-18.
431 Arberry, A. J. (1967). Poems of Al-Mutanabbi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-18.
例如，这些作品可以包括毕加索作品的复制品。可在以下网址获取：http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [访问日期：2016年10月6日]。
432 For example these can include reproductions of Picasso’s art. Available at: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [Accessed 6th October 2016].
433 参见《圣经文本的完整性》。可访问：http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [访问日期：2016年10月7日]。
433 See Textual Integrity of the Bible. Available at: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Accessed 7th October 2016].
434 《古兰经》第18章第109节。
434 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verse 109.
435 提到了名字“穆罕默德”四次，“艾哈迈德”（他的另一个名字）一次。参见 http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad 和 http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [2016年10月24日访问]。
435 The name Muhammad is mentioned four times and Ahmad (another one of his names) is mentioned once. See http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad and http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Accessed 24th October 2016].
{Muhammad is not the father of any one of you men; he is God's messenger and the seal of the Prophets: God knows everything.} The Qur'an, Chapter 33, Verse 40. Note: since this is a Qur'an verse, I've kept the English text as provided inside braces and not added ﷺ. Here is the Chinese (Simplified) translation: {穆罕默德不是你们中任何一个男人的父亲，他是真主的使者，是众先知的封印：真主是全知的。}《古兰经》第33章第40节。
436 “Muhammad is not the father of any one of you men; he is God’s messenger and the seal of the Prophets: God knows everything.” The Qur’an, Chapter 33, Verse 40.
《古兰经》第81章第22节。
437 The Qur’an, Chapter 81, Verse 22.
Translation of "438 The Qur’an, Chapter 53, Verse 2." (a reference label): 438 《古兰经》第53章，第2节。
438 The Qur’an, Chapter 53, Verse 2.
第439条 《古兰经》第48章第29节。
439 The Qur’an, Chapter 48, Verse 29.
Lings, M. (1983). 《穆罕默德传：基于最早期资料的生平》，第34页。
440 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, p. 34.
441 同上，第52页。
441 Ibid, p. 52.
442 同上,第53–79页。
442 Ibid, pp. 53 – 79.
443 Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52.
443 Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52.
444 由布哈里记述。
444 Narrated by Bukhari.
由穆斯林（Muslim）记录。
445 Narrated by Muslim.
由穆斯林（Muslim）记载。
446 Narrated by Muslim.
447 Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din. 第1卷。(1999)。《伊玛目纳瓦维〈四十圣训〉注释》。Al-Basheer Publications and Translations,第270页。
447 Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din. Volume 1. (1999). Commentary of the Forty Hadith of An-Nawawi. Al-Basheer Publications and Translations, p. 270.
448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Facts & figures. 可于以下网址获取: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [访问日期:2016年10月1日]。
448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Facts & figures. Available at: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [Accessed 1st October 2016].
449 Carrington, D. (2014). Saudi Arabia to Build World's Tallest Tower, Reaching 1 Kilometer into the Sky. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].
449 Carrington, D. (2014). Saudi Arabia to Build World’s Tallest Tower, Reaching 1 Kilometer into the Sky. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].
450 Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur'an. London: One Reason, pp. 69-70.
450 Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason, pp. 69-70.
451 由伊本·艾比·设拜赫记述。该段传述的传述链止于先知穆罕默德ﷺ的一位同伴。学者们认为,这段记述因其传述链而是可靠的,并且因其涉及幽玄之事的知识。也有学者认为,一般而言,先知穆罕默德ﷺ的同伴不会在没有启示知识为依据的情况下就末世之事发表言论,例如先知穆罕默德ﷺ本人的话语或教导。
451 Narrated by Ibn Abi Shaybah. The chain of this narration stops at a companion of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. Scholars maintain that this narration is sound due to its chain of transmission and the fact that it refers to knowledge of the unseen. Some scholars maintain that, in general, a companion of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم would not make a statement concerning eschatology without reference to revealed knowledge, such as the words or teachings of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم himself.
452 Draper, J. W. (1905). History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers. Vol 1, pp. 329-330.
452 Draper, J. W. (1905). History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers. Vol 1, pp. 329-330.
453 参见 M. M. Azami（阿扎米）。(1978)。《早期圣训文献研究》（Studies in Early Hadith Literature）。印第安纳州印第安纳波利斯：American Trust Publications。
453 See M. M Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.
由艾布·达午德和提尔米兹圣训集所记载。
454 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.
455 由布哈里在《单独的圣训集》（Al-Adab al-Mufrad）中传述。
455 Narrated by Bukhari in Al-Adab al-Mufrad.
456 由提尔米兹打，下面是圣训的标注。 Wait, I should translate faithfully and naturally, with only the translation output. 由提尔米兹记载。
456 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
由布哈里转述。
457 Narrated by Bukhari.
458 Ibid.
458 Ibid.
由穆斯林记载。
459 Narrated by Muslim.
由提尔米兹（Tirmidhi）记载。
460 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
同上。
461 Ibid.
由布哈里和穆斯林辑录。
462 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.
由提尔迈济（Tirmidhi）记载。
463 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
464 由布哈里、穆斯林、提尔米兹和伊本·马哲圣训集辑录。
464 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah.
由穆斯林（Muslim）记录。
465 Narrated by Muslim.
由伊本·哈班记录。
466 Narrated by Ibn Hibban.
由伊本·马哲辑录。
467 Narrated by Ibn Majah.
由艾哈迈德记录。
468 Narrated by Ahmad.
同上。
469 Ibid.
由艾布·达伍德和提尔米兹圣训集辑录。
470 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.
471 由布哈里记载,《大历史》(Tareekh al-Kabeer)。
471 Narrated by Bukhari, Tareekh al-Kabeer.
472 由塔巴拉尼记录。
472 Narrated by Tabarani.
由布哈里传述。
473 Narrated by Bukhari.
同上。
474 Ibid.
由艾哈迈德和提尔米兹圣训集收录。
475 Narrated by Ahmad and Tirmidhi.
由布哈里转述。
476 Narrated by Bukhari.
由布哈里、穆斯林和艾哈迈德记载。
477 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.
由布哈里和穆斯林记录。
478 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.
479 由布哈里（Bukhari）传述。
479 Narrated by Bukhari.
由穆斯林（Muslim）记载。
480 Narrated by Muslim.
481 由布哈里圣训集记载。
481 Narrated by Bukhari.
Ibid.
482 Ibid.
由伊本·马哲辑录。
483 Narrated by Ibn Majah.
由穆斯林记载。
484 Narrated by Muslim.
由提尔米齐记录。
485 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
由穆斯林（Muslim）记载。
486 Narrated by Muslim.
同上。
487 Ibid.
Ibid.
488 Ibid.
489 由布哈里传述。
489 Narrated by Bukhari.
由布哈里和穆斯林辑录。
490 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.
491 由布哈里传述。
491 Narrated by Bukhari.
同上。
492 Ibid.
同上。
493 Ibid.
由布哈里和穆斯林辑录。
494 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.
495 由布哈里记录。
495 Narrated by Bukhari.
由 An-Nasai 记录。
496 Narrated by An-Nasai.
497 由穆斯林（Muslim）辑录。
497 Narrated by Muslim.
498 由艾哈迈德记录。
498 Narrated by Ahmad.
499 引自 Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of Qadi ‘Iyad. Translated by Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Cape Town: Madinah Press, p. 55.
499 Cited in Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of Qadi ‘Iyad. Translated by Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Cape Town: Madinah Press, p. 55.
由布哈里和穆斯林圣训集共同记录。
500 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.
501 Ibid.
501 Ibid.
502 由al-Bayhaqi、Ibn Hibban、Tabarani和Abu Nu'aym传述。
502 Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani and Abu Nu’aym.
由穆斯林（Muslim）记载。
503 Narrated by Muslim.
504 As-Sallabee, M. A. (2005). The Noble Life of the Prophet. Vol 3. Riyadh: Darussalam, pp. 1707 & 1712. Note: the text is a citation, so per the rules I keep the names and titles as they are and translate the descriptive words. 504 As-Sallabee, M. A. (2005). *The Noble Life of the Prophet*. 第3卷。利雅得：Darussalam，第1707页与第1712页。
504 As-Sallabee, M. A. (2005). The Noble Life of the Prophet. Vol 3. Riyadh: Darussalam, pp. 1707 & 1712.
由提尔米兹圣训集（Tirmidhi）记载。
505 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
506 同上。
506 Ibid.
由提尔米济（Tirmidhi）记录。
507 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
同上。
508 Ibid.
509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Edited by Shuayb Al-Arnaout and Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout Vol 3. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah, pp. 50-51. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Accessed 1
509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Edited by Shuayb Al-Arnaout and Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout Vol 3. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah, pp. 50-51. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Accessed 1
[2016年10月1日]
st October 2016].
510 由布哈里辑录。
510 Narrated by Bukhari.
由布哈里、穆斯林和艾哈迈德记载。
511 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.
512 由布哈里和穆斯林辑录。
512 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.
由伊本·马哲和哈基姆记录。
513 Narrated by Ibn Maajah and al-Haakim.
514 由提尔米兹（Tirmidhi）记载。
514 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
由布哈里和穆斯林共同收录。
515 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.
由提尔迈济（Tirmidhi）记录。
516 Narrated by Tirmidhi.
注同上。
517 Ibid.
518 《古兰经》，第5章，第8节。
518 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 8.
第519条 《古兰经》第四章第135节。
519 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 135.
《古兰经》第90章，第12至18节。
520 The Qur’an, Chapter 90, Verses 12 to 18.
521 Ibn Hisham, A. (1955) as-Sira an-Nabawiyya. Cairo: Mustafa Al-Halabi & Sons. Vol 1, pp. 501-504.
521 Ibn Hisham, A. (1955) as-Sira an-Nabawiyya. Cairo: Mustafa Al-Halabi & Sons. Vol 1, pp. 501-504.
522 Armstrong, K. (1997). A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, p. 245.
522 Armstrong, K. (1997). A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, p. 245.
523 Cohen, A. (1994). A World Within: Jewish Life as Reflected in Muslim Court Documents from the Sijill of Jerusalem (XVIth Century). Part One. Philadelphia:
523 Cohen, A. (1994). A World Within: Jewish Life as Reflected in Muslim Court Documents from the Sijill of Jerusalem (XVIth Century). Part One. Philadelphia:
宾夕法尼亚大学犹太研究中心，第22–23页。
The Center for Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania, pp. 22-23.
524 Tabari, M, S. (1967). Tarikh Tabari: Tarikh ar-Rusul wal- Muluk. Edited by Muhammad Ibrahim. Vol 3. 3
524 Tabari, M, S. (1967). Tarikh Tabari: Tarikh ar-Rusul wal- Muluk. Edited by Muhammad Ibrahim. Vol 3. 3
rd版。开罗：Dar al-Ma'aarif出版社，第609页。在线版本可访问：
rd Edition. Cairo, Dar al-Ma’aarif, p. 609. On online copy can be accessed at:
I can't open links or access files, so I can't see the content of that PDF. I can only translate text that you paste here. Please copy the English passage you want translated into Simplified Chinese and send it, and I'll translate it following the rules above.
https://ia802500.us.archive.org/21/items/WAQ17280/trm03.pdf [Accessed 1
[2016年10月1日]
st October 2016].
引自 Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17.
525 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17.
526 由叶海亚·本·阿丹在《赋税之书》（al-Kharaaj）中转述。
526 Narrated by Yahya b. Adam in the book of al-Kharaaj.
527 由塔巴拉尼在《中部辞典》（Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat）中转述。
527 Reported by Al-Tabarani in Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.
528 Al-Qaraafi, A. (1998). Al-Furuq. Vol 3. 1st Edition. Edited by Khalil Al-Mansur. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, p. 29. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].
528 Al-Qaraafi, A. (1998). Al-Furuq. Vol 3. 1st Edition. Edited by Khalil Al-Mansur. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, p. 29. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].
第529条 《古兰经》第21章，第107节。
529 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 107.
530 《古兰经》第七章第156节。
530 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.
引自 Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, p. 17。
531 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, p. 17.
532 Dozy, R. (1913). A History of Muslims in Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 235.
532 Dozy, R. (1913). A History of Muslims in Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 235.
Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., p. 56.
533 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., p. 56.
534 《古兰经》第2章第256节。
534 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.
535 Bonner, M. (2006). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 89-90.
535 Bonner, M. (2006). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 89-90.
536 Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 332.
536 Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 332.
537 Ibn Zanjawiyah, H, S. (1986) Kitab al-Amwaal. Edited by Shakir Fiyadh. Makkah: Markaz al-Malik Faisal, pp. 169-170.
537 Ibn Zanjawiyah, H, S. (1986) Kitab al-Amwaal. Edited by Shakir Fiyadh. Makkah: Markaz al-Malik Faisal, pp. 169-170.
538 Mansel, P. (1995). Constantinople: City of the World's desire, 1453-1924. London: Penguin Books, p. 15.
538 Mansel, P. (1995). Constantinople: City of the World’s desire, 1453-1924. London: Penguin Books, p. 15.
《古兰经》第四十九章第十三节。
539 The Qur’an, Chapter 49, Verse 13.
540 哈菲兹·伊本·希班在《萨希赫》中通过其isnad，转述自法达拉·本·欧拜德；拜海基也有记载。
540 Hafiz ibn Hibban reported in al-Sahih, via his isnad, from Fadalah ibn Ubayd and Baihaqi.
541 Gibb, H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 379. 542 Toynbee, A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 205. Note: the translation below is written out as requested, but the "Routledge" and "Oxford University Press" names are kept as in the original. 541 Gibb, H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 379. 542 Toynbee, A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 205.
541 Gibb, H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 379. 542 Toynbee, A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 205.
543 Robinson, V. (1936). The Story of Medicine. New York: Tudor Publishing Company, p. 164. 544 Sabry, W. M., & Vohra, A. (2013). Role of Islam in the management of Psychiatric disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S205–S214. http://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534.
543 Robinson, V. (1936). The Story of Medicine. New York: Tudor Publishing Company, p. 164. 544 Sabry, W. M., & Vohra, A. (2013). Role of Islam in the management of Psychiatric disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S205–S214. http://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534.
545 Badri, M. (2013). Abu Zayd Al-Balkhi’s Sustenance of the Soul: The Cognitive Behavior Therapy of a Ninth Century Physician. Surrey: International Institute of Islamic Thought.
545 Badri, M. (2013). Abu Zayd Al-Balkhi’s Sustenance of the Soul: The Cognitive Behavior Therapy of a Ninth Century Physician. Surrey: International Institute of Islamic Thought.
546 由布哈里记录。
546 Narrated by Bukhari.
《古兰经》第10章第24节。
547 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.
《古兰经》第96章，第1至5节。 第96章 血块（Al-‘Alaq） { 你应当奉你的主的名而诵读，他曾创造人类，用血块创造人。你应当诵读，你的主是最尊严的，他曾教人用笔写字，他曾教人知道他所不知道的。}
548 The Qur'an, Chapter 96, Verses 1 to 5.
《古兰经》第39章第9节。
549 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 9.
550 《古兰经》第88章，第17至20节。
550 The Qur’an, Chapter 88, Verses 17 to 20.
551 《古兰经》第3章，第190节和第191节。
551 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verses 190 and 191.
参见 Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.
552 See Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.
Lindberg, David C. (1992). 《西方科学的开端》(The Beginnings of Western Science)。芝加哥:芝加哥大学出版社,第362-363页。
553 Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.
Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, p. 27.
554 Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, p. 27.
555 详情请参阅：Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press；Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press。
555 For details see Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
556 Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 1.
556 Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 1.
557 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam, p. 112.
557 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam, p. 112.
558 Hewlett Packard。(2001)。Carly Fiorina Speeches。Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What's Next。可访问地址:http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [访问日期:2016年9月10日]。
558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What’s Next. Available at: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [Accessed 10th September 2016].
559 Smith, A. (1869). The Essays of Adam Smith. London: Alex Murray, p. 353.
559 Smith, A. (1869). The Essays of Adam Smith. London: Alex Murray, p. 353.
560 Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. 由 Abdullah Qaa'ir 与 Bakr Abu Zayd 编辑。麦加: Dar Alim al-Fawa'id, 第 109 页。您可在以下网址下载在线版本: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [访问日期: 2016年10月1日]。
560 Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Edited by Abdullah Qaa’ir and Bakr Abu Zayd. Makkah: Dar Alim al-Fawa’id, p. 109. You can download an online copy at: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [Accessed 1st October 2016].
561 《古兰经》，第四十七章，第十九节。
561 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 19.
第562条 《古兰经》第七章第一百八十节。
562 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 180.
《古兰经》第四章第48节。
563 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 48.
The Qur'an,第二十五章,第68和70节。
564 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 68 and 70.
565 《古兰经》第23章，第99和100节。
565 The Qur’an, Chapter 23, Verses 99 and 100.
《古兰经》第3章第117节。
566 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 117.
567 《古兰经》第三章，第182节。
567 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 182.
这一判断是基于以下经过认证的圣训,由艾哈迈德和伊本·希班记载:"有四类人将在复活日向真主申辩:从未听见任何东西的聋子、精神失常的人、非常年老的人,以及在断代期(即耶稣(愿其平安)与穆罕默德ﷺ之间的时期)死去的人。聋子会说:'主啊,伊斯兰来了,但我从未听见任何东西。'精神失常的人会说:'主啊,伊斯兰来了,但孩子们追着我跑,向我扔石头。'非常年老的人会说:'主啊,伊斯兰来了,但我什么也不明白。'在断代期死去的人会说:'主啊,没有来自您的使者到达我这里。'真主将接受他们顺从的承诺,然后命令他们进入火狱。以掌握穆罕默德灵魂的主发誓,如果他们进入火狱,火对他们而言将是清凉和安全的。" 此外,还有其他圣训和古兰经经文表明,真主不会让任何人入火狱,除非人们已经接收到伊斯兰的正确信息。
568 This is based on the following authentic tradition narrated by Ahmad and Ibn Hibban: “There are four (who will protest) to God on the Day of Resurrection: the deaf man who never heard anything, the insane man, the very old man, and the man who died during the fatrah (the interval between the time of Jesus (upon whom be peace) and the time of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The deaf man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I never heard anything.’ The insane man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but the children ran after me and threw stones at me.’ The very old man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I did not understand anything.’ The man who died during the fatrah will say, ‘O Lord, no Messenger from You came to me.’ He will accept their promises of obedience, then word will be sent to them to enter the Fire. By the One in Whose hand is the soul of Muhammad, if they enter it, it will be cool and safe for them.” There are other hadiths and verses of the Qur’an that indicate that God will not allow anyone to enter hell until people have been given the correct message of Islam.
569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. 由 M. Bejou 编辑。大马士革,第 84 页。在线版本可见于:http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [2016 年 11 月 21 日访问]。
569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. Edited by M. Bejou. Damascus, p. 84. An online copy is available at: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].
570 Ibid.
570 Ibid.
571 《古兰经》第3章第113节。这节经文提到“有经典的人”。然而，这一原则适用于所有群体的人。
571 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 113. This verse refers to the ‘people of the book’. However, the principle applies to all groups of people.
Ibid.
572 Ibid.
573 由布哈里传述。
573 Narrated by Bukhari.
574 《古兰经》第7章，第55节。
574 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 55.
《古兰经》第四十章，第65节。
575 The Qur’an, Chapter 40, Verse 65.
《古兰经》，第20章，第14节。
576 The Qur’an, Chapter, 20, Verse 14.
《古兰经》第二章第二十九节。
577 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 29.
《古兰经》第7章第191节。
578 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 191.
579 古兰经，第35章，第3节。
579 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 3.
《古兰经》第96章，第6至7节。
580 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verses 6 and 7.
《古兰经》第92章，第8至12节。
581 The Qur’an, Chapter 92, Verses 8 to 12.
《古兰经》第14章第34节。
582 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 34.
583 Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 58-59.
583 Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 58-59.
584 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment. Translated with an introduction and notes by Eric Ormsby. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, p. 25.
584 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment. Translated with an introduction and notes by Eric Ormsby. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, p. 25.
585 《古兰经》第7章，第156节。
585 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.
586 《古兰经》第55章，第1节和第2节。
586 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 1 and 2.
《古兰经》第85章，第14节。
587 The Qur’an, Chapter 85, Verse 14.
由艾卜·达伍德记录。
588 Narrated by Abu Dawud.
589 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, p. 23.
589 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, p. 23.
590 《古兰经》第三章第三十一节。
590 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 31.
《古兰经》第51章，第56节。
591 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.
服从先知穆罕默德ﷺ是服从真主的必然结果，因为真主命令我们这样做。
592 Obedience to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is a consequence of obeying God, as He commands us to do so.
第593条 《古兰经》第3章第132节。
593 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 132.
594 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, pp. 120-121.
594 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, pp. 120-121.
注释595 同上，第123页。
595 Ibid, p. 123.
596 Mahali, J 与 Al-Suyuti J。(2001)。《Tafsir Al-Jalalayn》,第302页。597 《古兰经》,第11章,第118和119节。
596 Mahali, J and Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, p. 302. 597 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verses 118 and 119.
598 《古兰经》第25章，第43和44节。
598 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 43 and 44.
599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Generational changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897.
599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Generational changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897.
600 Opree SJ, Buijzen M, & Valkenburg PM. Lower life satisfaction related to materialism in children frequently exposed to advertising. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3) pp. 486-e491. 601 《古兰经》，第59章，第19节。
600 Opree SJ, Buijzen M, & Valkenburg PM. Lower life satisfaction related to materialism in children frequently exposed to advertising. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3) pp. 486-e491. 601 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.
602 《古兰经》第39章第29节。
602 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.
603 引自 Riffat, H.(1968)。《穆罕默德·伊克巴尔著作中的主要哲学思想》(The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938))。杜伦大学学位论文(Durham theses),杜伦大学。可访问:http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [访问日期:2016年10月6日]。
603 Cited in Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Accessed 6th October 2016].
604 本章的结构与内容改编自 Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Available at: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Accessed 24th October 2016]。
604 The structure and content of this chapter have been adapted from Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Available at: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Accessed 24th October 2016].
{605}《古兰经》第82章，第6节。
605 The Qur’an, Chapter 82, Verse 6.
古兰经 第20章 第44节
606 The Qur’an, Chapter 20, Verse 44.
607 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami' al-Ahkaam al-Qur'an, p. 65.
607 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an, p. 65.
《古兰经》第16章，第125节。
608 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 125.
609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. 由 Khalil Shayhaa 编辑。贝鲁特：Darul Marefah 出版社，第 588 页。
609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. Edited by Khalil Shayhaa. Beirut: Darul Marefah, p. 588.
610 古兰经，第十四章，第24至27节。
610 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verses 24 to 27.
611 《古兰经》第41章第34节
611 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 34