Kuɗi sun kasu gida biyu, na ƙarfe da na takarda. Kuɗin ƙarfe ana yin sa ne daga karafuna kamar zinariya, azurfa, tagulla, gubar da nikel. Kuɗin takarda kuwa ana yin sa ne daga takarda a matsayin maye gurbin zinariya ko azurfa, ko kuma an ɗaura shi da zinariya ko azurfa ko duka biyun, ko an ɗaura shi gaba ɗaya ko a wani ɓangare, ko kuma ba zai kasance yana da maye gurbi ba, haka kuma ba a ɗaura shi da ɗayansu ba.

Currencies are of two types, metallic and paper. Metallic currency is taken from metals like gold, silver, copper, lead and nickel. Paper currencies are taken from paper as a substitute for gold or silver, or backed by gold or silver or both whether backed in full or partially, or it can neither have a substitute nor be backed by either of them.

Duniya ta ci gaba da amfani da zinariya da azurfa a matsayin tushen kuɗi da dukiya har zuwa ɗan lokaci kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, lokacin da ta daina yin mu'amala da su. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ta sake komawa amfani da zinariya da azurfa a wani ɓangare, sannan ta fara rage wannan mu'amala. A shekarar 1971, an soke mu'amala da zinariya da azurfa gaba ɗaya lokacin da Nixon, Shugaban Amurka, ya sanar a hukumance a ranar 15/7/71 soke tsarin Bretton Woods na rufe dalar Amurka da zinariya da kuma haɗa su a farashin da aka ƙayyade.

The world proceeded in adopting gold and silver as the basis of currency and money until little before World War I when it stopped dealing with them. After World War I it returned to using gold and silver partially then began to decrease this dealing. In 1971, dealing with gold and silver was abolished completely when Nixon, the American President, officially announced on 15/7/71 the abolition of the Bretton Woods system of covering dollars with gold and linking the two at a fixed price.

Tsarin kuɗi shi ne jigon ƙa'idodi wanda bisa tushensa ake gudanar da ƙera kuɗi da sarrafa su a kowace Ƙasa. Babban aikin kowane tsarin kuɗi shi ne ƙayyade babban rukunin kuɗi wanda darajar sauran nau'o'in kuɗi ke da alaƙa da shi. Don haka idan, misali, babban kuɗi kaɗai an iyakance shi zuwa wata ƙayyadaddun daraja ta zinariya, wannan rukuni shi ne babban kuɗi na wannan tsarin. Sunan tsarin kuɗi yawanci yana dogara ne da yanayin babban kuɗin da yake karɓa. Idan babban kuɗin zinariya ne, ana kiran wannan tsarin ma'aunin zinariya. Idan babban kuɗin azurfa ne, ana kiransa ma'aunin azurfa. Idan babban kuɗin ya ƙunshi rukuni biyu, zinariya da azurfa, ana kiransa ma'aunin karfe biyu. Idan darajar babban rukunin kuɗi ba ta da alaƙa ta ƙayyadaddiyar dangantaka da zinariya ko azurfa, ana kiransa ma'aunin kuɗi na tilas, ko an samo shi daga karafa kamar kuɗin tagulla ko kuɗin takarda (takardun banki). Ma'aunin Karfe Ma'aunin karfe shi ne ma'auni wanda babban rukunin kuɗinsa an yi shi ne da karafa. Ko dai babban rukunin kuɗi an yi shi ne da karfe ɗaya ko karafa biyu.

The currency system is the host of principles upon whose basis manufacturing of currency and managing them are carried out in any State. The principal role for each currency system is to specify the principal currency unit to which relates the value of other types of currencies. So if, for example, the sole principal currency is limited to a specific value of gold, this unit is the principal currency for this system. The currency system’s name usually depends upon the nature of the principal currency that it adopts. So if the principal currency is gold this system is called the gold standard. If the principal currency is silver, it is called the silver standard. If the principal currency is composed of two units gold and silver it is called the bi-metallic standard. If the value of the principal currency unit is not linked in a fixed relationship with gold or silver, it is called a compulsory currency standard, whether it is taken from metals like copper currency or paper currency (bank notes). The Metallic Standard The metallic standard is the standard whose principal currency unit is composed of metals. Either the principal currency unit is composed of one metal or two metals.

Wannan ita ce ma'aunin kuɗi na ƙarfe da ya dogara da ƙarfe ɗaya, ko zinariya ko azurfa. Wannan ma'auni zai iya bayyana ta hanyoyi uku, waɗanda sune:

This is the metallic currency standard depending upon one metal, gold or silver. This standard could appear in three forms which are:

1. Tsarin kuɗin zinariya ko azurfa.

1. The gold or silver coinage standard.

2. Tsabar zinariya ko azurfa da ke a ma'aunin sabaik.

2. The gold or silver ingots Sabaik standard.

3. Ma'aunin musayar kudin zinariya ko azurfa (Sarf).

3. The gold or silver currency exchange Sarf standard.

Wannan ma'auni ne wanda a cikinsa tsabar zinariya ko azurfa mai takamaiman daraja ko nauyi ke yawo a matsayin kayan musaya kanta. Haka kuma, tare da tsabar zinariya ko azurfa, za a iya samun takardar kuɗi a matsayin madadin zinariya ko azurfa, tana wakiltarta gaba ɗaya, ta yadda za a iya musanya ta a kowane lokaci ba tare da wani takura ko shinge ba. Ma'aunin Sandar Zinariya ko Azurfa Wannan ma'auni ne wanda a cikinsa ake cire tsabar zinariya ko azurfa daga yawo. Gwamnati ko bankunan tsakiya suna adana sandunan zinariya ko azurfa a cikin ma'ajiyarsu, sannan su fitar da takardar kuɗi a matsayin madadin zinariya ko azurfa wanda ake sakawa a yawo, tare da yiwuwar a musanya shi da zinariya ko azurfa.

This is the standard in which gold or silver coin pieces circulate in a specific, established value or weight which is the circulating tool itself. There could also circulate, together with gold or silver pieces, paper as substitute for gold or silver representing it completely such that it can be exchanged at any time without any restriction or barrier. The Gold or Silver Ingot Standard This is the standard in which gold or silver pieces are withdrawn from circulation. The State or central banks preserve gold or silver ingots in their treasuries and issue paper currency as substitute for gold or silver which is submitted for circulation with the ability of being exchanged for gold or silver.

Amma idan Gwamnati ta tsara wannan ma'aunin tsabar zinariya ko azurfa, tana takaita cikakken ikon musayar zinariya ko azurfa da kudin takardar doka. Tana takaita hakan cikin kunkuntar iyaka, kuma tana tsara tsabar zinariya ko azurfa a yawa mai girma ta yadda ba kowa ne zai iya saye su ba, don kiyaye ajiyar zinariya ko azurfa, da kuma ba da damar biyan su idan an sami ƙarancin daidaito a biyan kuɗi tsakanin ƙasashe, da kuma hana duk wani fasa-ƙwabri na zinariya ko azurfa zuwa ƙasashen waje. Don haka, Gwamnatin da ta karɓi wannan ma'auni a matsayin ma'aunin kuɗinta tana kafa wani nau'in sa ido kan kudi, da kuma wani iko kan motsin zinariya ko azurfa.

However, when the State designs this ingot standard it limits the absolute potential for exchanging gold or silver with compulsory currency. It limits this to within narrow limits and designs coin ingots in large quantities such that not everyone can purchase them, in order to preserve the reserves of gold or silver, allowing payment of them in case of deficit in payments balance and to prevent any smuggling of gold or silver abroad. Thus a State that adopts this standard as its currency standard creates a type of currency supervision and some control over the movement of gold or silver.

Wannan tsarin yana da banbanci a cikin cewa naúrar kuɗin da ƙasa ta karɓa ba a ayyana ta kai tsaye bisa zinariya ko azurfa ba. Maimakon haka, ana ayyana ta dangane da kuɗin wata ƙasa wadda take da alaƙa da zinariya ko azurfa, kamar abin da ya faru a lokacin da aka haɗa kuɗin wata ƙasa ta mulkin mallaka da kuɗin ƙasar mai mulkin mallaka wadda ta bi ƙa'idar zinariya ko azurfa. Misali a kan haka shi ne cewa an haɗa kuɗin Siriya da na Lebanon da kuɗin Faransa a lokacin "Mandate", kuma an haɗa kuɗin Masar da na Iraƙi da kuɗin Ingila a lokacin da suke ƙarƙashin mulkin Birtaniya.

This system is distinct in that the currency unit adopted by the country is not directly defined according to gold or silver. Rather, it is defined in relation to the currency of another country that is linked to gold or silver like what occurred in linking the currency of a satellite country with the colonising state’s currency which followed the gold or silver principle. As an example to that is that Syrian and Lebanese currency were linked to French currency during the “Mandate” period, and Egyptian and Iraqi currency were linked to English currency during the period they were under British dominion.

Wannan ma'auni ne wanda kuɗinsa na asali ya kunshi raka'o'i biyu, zinariya da azurfa. Babu makawa wannan ma'auni ya tsayar da wani takamaiman rabo a nauyi da ma'auni tsakanin rakar zinariya da rakar azurfa, ta yadda za a iya auna ɗaya da ɗayan, kuma a san darajar musayarsu. A cikin wannan tsari, guntuwar rakar zinariya suna yawo tare da guntuwar rakar azurfa. Wasu ƙasashe suna tsayar da wani kewayo na doka da aka ƙayyade don musayar rakar zinariya da rakar azurfa, domin farashin musayar kuɗi ya tsaya kan ƙayyadadden adadi tsakanin su.

This is the standard whose principal currency is composed of two units, gold and silver. It is inevitable for this standard to define a specific proportion in weight and measure between the gold and silver units, such that one can measure against the other and knows its exchange value it. In this system, gold unit pieces circulate together with silver unit pieces. Some States define a specific statutory range for exchanging gold units with silver units so that the currency exchange price is fixed between them.

Karɓar ma'aunin zinariya da azurfa yana buƙatar ayyana manyan raka'o'in kuɗi na zinariya da azurfa da ƙimarsu ƙayyadaddu kuma tabbatacciya, da barin mutane su saya, sayarwa, shigo da fitar da zinariya da azurfa ba tare da hani ba. Haka kuma yana ba su damar canza kuɗaɗensu zuwa zinariya da azurfa, da akasin haka, don sauƙaƙe cinikayya ta ƙasashen waje, da kuma barin mutane su canza ingots na zinariya da azurfa zuwa tsabar kuɗi da akasin haka, don wani ƙaramin kuɗi da gidan sikari na ƙasa ke karɓa.

Adopting the gold and silver standard requires defining the principal currency units of gold and silver in specific and fixed values and allowing people to buy, sell, import and export gold and silver without restriction. Also it enables them to change their currencies into gold and silver and vice versa, to facilitate foreign trade and allow people to change gold and silver ingots into coins and vice versa, for a simple cost taken by the coining house in the State.