Hadis Mudallas & Tadlis.

Mudallas hadith & Tadlis.

Pelbagai cara melaporkan, contohnya (dia meriwayatkan kepada kami), (dia memaklumkan kepada kami), (saya mendengar), dan (daripada), digunakan oleh para perawi hadith. Tiga yang pertama menunjukkan bahawa perawi itu sendiri mendengar secara langsung daripada syeikhnya, manakala cara keempat boleh menunjukkan sama ada mendengar secara langsung atau melalui perawi lain. Hadith mudallas ("tersembunyi") ialah hadith yang lemah kerana ketidakpastian yang disebabkan oleh tadlis. Tadlis (menyembunyikan) merujuk kepada isnad apabila seorang perawi telah menyembunyikan identiti syeikhnya. Ibn al-Salah menerangkan dua jenis tadlis:

Different ways of reporting, e.g. (he narrated to us), (he informed us), (I heard), and (on the authority of) are used by the reporters of hadith. The first three indicate that the reporter personally heard from his shaikh, whereas the fourth mode can denote either hearing in person or through another reporter. A mudallas ("concealed") hadith is one which is weak due to the uncertainty caused by tadlis. Tadlis (concealing) refers to an isnad where a reporter has concealed the identity of his shaikh. Ibn al-Salah describes two types of tadlis:

1. Tadlis al-isnad. Seseorang meriwayatkan daripada syaikhnya yang pernah dia temui, sesuatu yang tidak didengarnya daripada syaikh tersebut, atau daripada seorang sezamannya yang tidak pernah dia temui, dengan cara yang memberi gambaran seolah-olah dia mendengar hadis itu secara langsung. Seorang mudallis (orang yang mengamalkan tadlis) di sini biasanya menggunakan lafaz ʿan ("daripada") atau qāla ("dia berkata") untuk menyembunyikan kebenaran tentang sanad.

1. tadlis al-isnad. A person reports from his shaikh whom he met, what he did not hear from him, or from a contemporary of his whom he did not meet, in such a way as to create the impression that he heard the hadith in person. A mudallis (one who practises tadlis) here usually uses the mode ("on the authority of") or ("he said") to conceal the truth about the isnad.

2. Tadlis al-shuyukh. Perawi menyebut nama syeikhnya, tetapi menggunakan nama yang kurang dikenali, gelaran atau nama panggilan, dan sebagainya, supaya identiti syeikhnya tidak didedahkan.38

2. tadlis al-shuyukh. The reporter does mention his shaikh by name, but uses a less well-known name, by-name, nickname etc., in order not to disclose his shaikh's identity.38

Al-'Iraqi (w. 806), dalam catatan beliau ke atas Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah, menambah satu jenis tadlis yang ketiga:

Al-'Iraqi (d. 806), in his notes on Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah, adds a third type of tadlis:

3. Tadlis al-taswiyyah. Untuk menjelaskannya, andaikan suatu isnad yang mengandungi seorang syeikh yang thiqah meriwayatkan daripada seorang perawi yang lemah, yang kemudiannya meriwayatkan daripada seorang syeikh lain yang thiqah. Kini, perawi bagi isnad ini menggugurkan perawi lemah yang berada di tengah-tengah itu, sehingga isnad tersebut nampaknya hanya terdiri daripada perawi-perawi yang boleh dipercayai. Dia jelas menunjukkan bahawa dia mendengar daripada syeikhnya, tetapi dia menggunakan lafaz "dari" (ʿan) untuk menghubungkan syeikh terdekatnya dengan syeikh thiqah yang berikutnya. Bagi penuntut biasa, isnad ini kelihatan bebas daripada sebarang keraguan atau percanggahan. Amalan ini diketahui pernah dilakukan oleh Baqiyyah bin al-Walid, Walid bin Muslim, al-A'mash dan al-Thauri. Dikatakan bahawa ia adalah yang paling buruk antara tiga jenis tadlis.39.

3. tadlis al-taswiyyah. To explain it, let us assume an isnad which contains a trustworthy shaikh reporting from a weak authority, who in turn reports from another trustworthy shaikh. Now, the reporter of this isnad omits the intermediate weak authority, leaving it apparently consisting of reliable authorities. He plainly shows that he heard it from his shaikh but he uses the mode "on the authority of" to link his immediate shaikh with the next trustworthy one. To an average student, this isnad seems free of any doubt or discrepancy. This is known to have been practised by Baqiyyah b. al-Walid, Walid b. Muslim, al-A'mash and al- Thauri. It is said to be the worst among the three kinds of tadlis.39.

Ibn Hajar mengelaskan mereka yang mengamalkan tadlis kepada lima kategori dalam risalahnya Tabaqat al-Mudallisin: • Mereka yang diketahui melakukannya sekali-sekala, seperti Yahya b. Sa'id al-Ansari.

Ibn Hajar classifies those who practised tadlis into five categories in his essay Tabaqat al- Mudallisin: • Those who are known to do it occasionally, such as Yahya b. Sa'id al-Ansari.

• Mereka yang diterima oleh ahli hadis, sama ada kerana reputasi baik dan kes tadlis yang agak sedikit, contohnya Sufyan al-Thauri (w. 161), atau kerana mereka hanya meriwayatkan daripada sumber yang sahih, contohnya Sufyan Ibn 'Uyainah (w. 198).

• Those who are accepted by the traditionists, either because of their good reputation and relatively few cases of tadlis, e.g. Sufyan al-Thauri (d. 161), or because they reported from authentic authorities only, e.g. Sufyan Ibn 'Uyainah (d. 198).

• Mereka yang banyak mengamalkannya, dan para ahli hadis telah menerima hadis-hadis daripada mereka yang diriwayatkan dengan penyebutan yang jelas tentang mendengar secara langsung. Antara mereka ialah Abu 'l-Zubair al-Makki, yang hadis-hadisnya daripada sahabat Jabir b. 'Abdullah telah dihimpunkan dalam Sahih Muslim. Pendapat berbeza-beza mengenai sama ada hadis-hadisnya itu boleh diterima atau tidak.

• Those who practised it a great deal, and the traditionists have accepted such ahadith from them which were reported with a clear mention of hearing directly. Among these are Abu 'l- Zubair al Makki, whose ahadith narrated from the Companion Jabir b. 'Abdullah have been collected in Sahih Muslim. Opinions differ regarding whether they are acceptable or not.

• Sama seperti kategori sebelumnya, tetapi para ahli hadith sepakat bahawa hadith mereka harus ditolak kecuali mereka secara jelas menyatakan bahawa mereka mendengarnya, seperti dengan mengucapkan "Aku mendengar"; contoh bagi kategori ini ialah Baqiyyah b. al-Walid.

• Similar to the previous category, but the traditionists agree that their ahadith are to be rejected unless they clearly admit of their hearing, such as by saying "I heard"; an example of this category is Baqiyyah b. al- Walid.

• Mereka yang dicela kerana sebab selain tadlis; hadis mereka ditolak, walaupun mereka mengakui mendengarnya secara langsung. Dikecualikan daripada mereka ialah perawi seperti Ibn Lahi'ah, hakim Mesir yang terkenal, yang kelemahannya didapati berada pada tahap yang lebih rendah. Ibn Hajar menyebut nama 152 perawi sedemikian.40.

• Those who are disparaged due to another reason apart from tadlis; their ahadith are rejected, even though they admit of hearing them directly. Exempted from them are reporters such as Ibn Lahi'ah, the famous Egyptian judge, whose weakness is found to be of a lesser degree. Ibn Hajar gives the names of 152 such reporters.40.

Tadlis, terutamanya yang tergolong dalam tiga kategori terakhir, sangat dibenci sehingga Shu'bah (m. 170) berkata, "Tadlis adalah saudara kepada dusta," dan "Berzina lebih aku sukai daripada meriwayatkan secara tadlis."41.

Tadlis, especially of those in the last three categories, is so disliked that Shu'bah (d. 170) said, "Tadlis is the brother of lying" and "To commit adultery is more favourable to me than to report by way of Tadlis."41.

Musalsal.

Musalsal.

Isnad musalsal (berantai seragam) ialah isnad yang mana kesemua perawi, begitu juga Nabi ﷺ, menggunakan lafaz penyampaian yang sama seperti 'an, haddathana, dan sebagainya, mengulangi sesuatu kenyataan atau ucapan tambahan, atau melakukan perbuatan tertentu ketika meriwayatkan hadis. Al-Hakim memberikan lapan contoh isnad sedemikian, setiap satunya mempunyai ciri pengulangan yang berbeza: 1. penggunaan frasa sami'tu (aku mendengar).

A musalsal (uniformly-linked) isnad is one in which all the reporters, as well as the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), use the same mode of transmission such as 'an, haddathana, etc., repeat any other additional statement or remark, or act in a particular manner while narrating the hadith. Al-Hakim gives eight examples of such isnads, each having a different characteristic repeated feature: l use of the phrase sami'tu (I heard):

"berdiri dan tuangkan air untuk saya supaya saya dapat menggambarkan cara syeikh saya berwudhu".

• the expression "stand and pour water for me so that I may illustrate the way my shaikh performed ablution".

• haddathana (beliau meriwayatkan kepada kami).

• haddathana (he narrated to us).

• amarani (dia memerintahkan saya).

• amarani (he commanded me).

• memegang janggut.

• holding one's beard.

• menggambarkan dengan menghitung menggunakan lima jari.

• illustrating by counting on five fingers.

"I testify that ..."; dan.

• the expression "I testify that ..."; and.

mengaitkan jari-jari.42.

•interlocking the fingers.42.

Pengetahuan tentang musalsal membantu dalam menafikan kemungkinan berlakunya tadlis.

Knowledge of musalsal helps in discounting the possibility of tadlis.