Baada ya kuwashinda pande mbili zenye nguvu za muungano wa Makafiri, Mtume ﷺ alianza maandalizi ya kuwaadhibu upande wa tatu, yaani Waarabu wa jangwani (Mabedui), waliochukua Najd kuwa makazi yao na waliendelea na desturi zao za kawaida za kupora na kuiba. Tofauti na Mayahudi wa Khaybar na watu wa Makka, walipenda kuishi nyikani wametawanyika katika maeneo mbalimbali, hivyo ikawa ni vigumu kuwadhibiti, na kufanya kampeni za kuwazuia kuwa hazina maana. Hata hivyo, Mtume ﷺ alikuwa na azma ya kukomesha hali hii isiyokubalika, akawaita Waislamu waliokuwa karibu naye wajiandae kuanzisha kampeni madhubuti dhidi ya waasi hao wanaosumbua. Wakati huohuo, aliarifiwa kuwa Banu Muharib na Banu Tha'lbah wa kabila la Ghatfan walikuwa wanakusanya jeshi ili kukabiliana na Waislamu. Mtume ﷺ alisafiri kuelekea Najd akiongoza watu 400 au 700, baada ya kumwagiza Abu Dhar, na katika toleo jingine, 'Uthman bin 'Affan, asimamie mambo ya Madina wakati wa kutokuwepo kwake. Wapiganaji wa Kiislamu waliingia ndani kabisa ya nchi yao hadi walipofika mahali paitwapo Nakhlah, ambako walikutana na baadhi ya Mabedui wa Ghatfan, lakini hakuna mapigano yaliyotokea kwa sababu hao walikuwa wamekubali kufanya suluhu na Waislamu. Mtume ﷺ aliwaongoza wafuasi wake siku hiyo katika Sala ya hofu. Al-Bukhari, kwa mapokezi ya Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari, alisimulia kwamba walianza safari ya kijeshi pamoja na Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ. "Tulikuwa watu sita na tulikuwa na ngamia mmoja tu tuliyempanda zamu kwa zamu. Miguu yetu ilijeruhiwa. Miguu yangu ilijeruhiwa vibaya sana hata kucha zangu zikatoka. Kwa hiyo tuliifunga miguu yetu kwa vitambaa vilivyochanika, na ndiyo maana safari hii iliitwa Dhat-ur-Riqa' (yaani, safari ya vitambaa)."

Having subdued two powerful sides of the Confederates coalition, the Prophet peace be upon him started preparations to discipline the third party, i.e. the desert bedouins, who took Najd for habitation, and continued in their usual practices of looting and plundering. Unlike the Jews of Khaibar and people of Makkah, they had a liking for living in the wilderness dispersed in scattered spots, hence the difficulty of bringing them under control, and the futility of carrying out deterrent campaigns against them. However, the Prophet peace be upon him was determined to put an end to this unacceptable situation and called the Muslims around him to get ready to launch a decisive campaign against those harassing rebels. Meanwhile it was reported to him that Bani Muharib and Banu Tha'lbah of the Ghatfan tribe were gathering army in order to encounter the Muslims. The Prophet peace be upon him proceeded towards Najd at the head of 400 or 700 men, after he had mandated Abu Dhar - in another version, 'Uthman bin 'Affan - to dispose the affairs of Madinah during his absence. The Muslim fighters penetrated deep into their land until they reached a spot called Nakhlah where they came across some bedouins of Ghatfan, but no fighting took place because the latter had agreed to go into reconciliation with the Muslims. The Prophet peace be upon him led his followers that day in a prayer of fear. Al-Bukhari, on the authority of Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari, narrated that they set out on an expedition with the Messenger of Allâh peace be upon him. "We were six in number and had (with us) only one camel which we rode turn by turn. Our feet were injured. My feet were so badly injured that my nails came off. We, therefore, bandaged our feet with rags, so this expedition was called Dhat-ur-Riqa' (i.e. the expedition of rags.)".

Jabir alisimulia: Katika safari ya Dhat-ur-Riqa', tulifika kwenye mti wenye majani mengi ambapo Mtume ﷺ alikaa akijikinga na jua kali. Wengine walitawanyika huku na huku wakitafuta kivuli kutokana na joto. Mtume ﷺ alilala usingizi mfupi baada ya kuning'iniza upanga wake juu ya mti. Wakati huo, mshirikina mmoja alikuja, akauchukua upanga huo na kuutoa kutoka kwenye ala yake.

Jabir narrated: In the course of Dhat-ur-Riqa' expedition, we came to a leafy tree where the Prophet peace be upon him sat shading himself off the burning sun. The others dispersed here and there seeking shelter from heat. The Prophet peace be upon him had a short nap after he had hung his sword on the tree. A polytheist, meanwhile came, seized the sword and unsheathed it.

Mtume aliamka na kukuta upanga wake umechomolewa mkononi mwa yule mtu. Mbedui huyu alimuuliza Mtume (wakati huo hakuwa na silaha): "Ni nani atakayenizuia kukuua sasa hivi?" Mtume ﷺ akajibu: "Ni Allāh." Katika toleo jingine, imepokewa kwamba Mtume ﷺ alichukua upanga ulipodondoka, na yule mtu akasema: "Wewe (Mtume ﷺ) ndiye bora wa kushika upanga." Mtume ﷺ alimuuliza yule mtu kama angeshuhudia Umoja wa Allāh na Utume wa Muhammad ﷺ. Mwarabu huyo alijibu kwamba hatapigana naye kamwe, wala hatashirikiana na watu wanaopigana na Waislamu. Mtume ﷺ alimwachia huru yule mtu na kumruhusu arudi kwa watu wake ili awaambie kwamba ameona mbora kuliko watu wote.

The Prophet peace be upon him woke up to find his sword drawn in the man's hand. The bedouin here asked the Prophet (unarmed then): "Who would hold me back from killing you now?" The Prophet peace be upon him then answered: "It is Allâh." In another version, it was reported that the Prophet peace be upon him took the sword when it had fallen down and the man said: "You (the Prophet) are the best one to hold a sword." The Prophet peace be upon him asked the man if he would testify to the Oneness of Allâh and the Messengership of Muhammad. The Arabian answered that he would never engage in a fight against him, nor would he ally people fighting the Muslims. The Prophet peace be upon him set the man free and let him go to his people to say to them that he had seen the best one among all people.

Mwanamke mmoja kutoka miongoni mwa Waarabu alitekwa kama mateka katika muktadha wa vita hii. Mumewe, aliposikia habari hizo, aliapa kwamba hatakoma mpaka amwage damu ya Mwislamu mmoja. Kwa siri usiku, alikaribia kambi ya Waislamu alipowaona walinzi wawili waliowekwa pale kuwatahadharisha Waislamu juu ya dharura yoyote. Alimpiga mlinzi wa kwanza, Abbad bin Bishr, aliyekuwa akisali, kwa mshale, lakini yeye hakukatisha sala; alimng'oa tu mshale. Kisha alipigwa na mishale mingine mitatu, lakini hakukatisha sala yake. Baada ya kumaliza salamu za kufunga sala, alimwamsha mwenzake 'Ammar bin Yasir, ambaye alimlaumu kwamba angemwarifu, na yule wa kwanza akamjibu kwamba alikuwa katikati ya sura na hakupenda kuikatisha.

A woman from the Arabians was taken prisoner in the context of this battle. Her husband, on hearing the news, swore he would never stop until he had shed the blood of a Muslim. Secretly at night, he approached the camp of the Muslims when he saw two sentries stationed there to alert the Muslims against any emergency. He shot the first one, Abbad bin Bishr, who was observing prayer, with an arrow but he did not stop prayer, he simply pulled it out. Then he was shot by three other arrows but would not interrupt his prayer. After he had done the closing salutations, he awakened his companion 'Ammar bin Yasir, who remonstrated that he should have alerted him to which the latter replied that he was half way through a Chapter and did not like to interrupt it.

Ushindi katika msafara wa Dhat-ur-Riqa' ulikuwa na athari kubwa kwa Waarabu wote. Uliingiza hofu mioyoni mwao na kuwafanya wasiweze kabisa kuipinga jamii ya Waislamu huko Madinah. Walianza kukubaliana na hali iliyokuwepo na kujisalimisha kwa hali mpya ya kijiografia-kisiasa iliyokuwa ikifanya kazi kwa manufaa ya dini mpya. Baadhi yao hata walisilimu na kushiriki kikamilifu katika ushindi wa Makkah na vita vya Hunain, na wakapokea sehemu zao halali za nyara za vita. Tangu wakati huo na kuendelea, muungano wa pande tatu wa kupinga Uislamu ulishindwa, na amani na usalama vikatawala. Waislamu kisha wakaanza kurekebisha usawa wowote wa kisiasa na kujaza mapengo madogo yaliyoendelea kuchochea machafuko hapa na pale, mbele ya harakati kubwa ya kuenea kwa Uislamu iliyoizunguka eneo lote. Katika muktadha huu tunaweza kutaja baadhi ya mapigano madogo madogo ya kiajali yaliyoonyesha wazi nguvu inayozidi kukua ya jamii ya Waislamu.

The victory at the expedition of Dhat-ur-Riqa' had a tremendous impact on all the Arabians. It cast fear into their hearts and rendered them too powerless to antagonize the Muslim society in Madinah. They began to acquiesce in the prevailing situation and resigned themselves to new geo-political conditions working in favour of the new religion. Some of them even embraced Islam and took an active part in the conquest of Makkah and the battle of Hunain, and received their due shares of the war booty. From that time onward, the anti-Islam tripartite coalition had been subdued, and peace and security prevailed. The Muslims, then started to redress any political imbalance and fill in the small gaps that still triggered unrest here and there in the face of the great drive of Islamization that enveloped the whole area. We could in this context mention some of these incidental skirmishes which pointed markedly to the ever-growing power of the Muslim society.

• 1. Kikosi cha askari kilichoongozwa na Ghalib bin 'Abdullah Al-Laithi katika mwezi wa Safar au Rabi' Al-Awwal mwaka wa 7 Hijria kilitumwa kudhibiti tabia ya uchochezi ya Bani Al-Muluh. Waislamu walifanikiwa kuua idadi kubwa ya askari wa adui na kukamata nyara nyingi. Jeshi kubwa la washirikina lilikimbia nyuma yao, lakini mafuriko yalizuia kuwafuatilia, na Waislamu wakafanikiwa kurudi salama.

• 1. A platoon headed by Ghalib bin 'Abdullah Al-Laithi in Safar or in Rabi' Al-Awwal 7 A.H. was despatched to muffle the provocative behaviour of Bani Al-Muluh. The Muslims managed to kill a large number of the enemy soldiers and captured a great deal of booty. A large army of polytheists rushed in their heel but floods hindered the pursuit, and the Muslims managed to withdraw in safety.

• 2. 'Umar bin Al-Khattab, akiwa kiongozi wa kikosi cha askari 30, alitoka kwenda mahali panapoitwa Turbah mwezi wa Sha'ban mwaka wa 7 Hijria ili kuwaadhibu watu wa Hawazin. Hakuwa amefika makazi yao kabla hawajakimbia kuokoa maisha yao.

• 2. 'Umar bin Al-Khattab, at the head of a 30-soldier group, set out to a spot called Turbah in Sha'ban 7 A.H. to discipline the people of Hawazin. He no longer arrived at their habitation that they fled for their lives.

3. Watu thelathini pamoja na Basheer bin Sa'd Al-Ansari walielekea Bani Murrah mwezi wa Sha'ban mwaka wa 7 Hijria, katika eneo la Fadak. Yeye aliwaua idadi kubwa ya maadui na kuteka ngamia wao wengi na mifugo mingi. Njiani kurudi, maadui walikusanya nguvu zao na kuwafikia Waislamu usiku. Wakawamiminia Basheer na watu wake mishale, na wakawaua Waislamu wote isipokuwa Basheer, ambaye alikimbilia Fadak na kukaa pamoja na Mayahudi waliokuwepo huko hadi majeraha yake yalipopona.

• 3. Thirty men with Basheer bin Sa'd Al-Ansari headed for Bani Murrah in Sha'ban 7 A.H. in Fadak area. He killed a large number of the enemy and seized a lot of their camels and cattle. On his way back, the enemy gathered up forces and overtook the Muslims at night. They showered Basheer and his men with arrows, and killed all the Muslims except Basheer, who took refuge in Fadak and stayed with the Jews there until his wounds healed.

• 4. Ghalib bin 'Abdullah Al-Laithi akiwa mkuu wa kikosi cha watu 130 alishambulia Bani 'Awâl na Bani 'Abd bin Tha'lbah mwezi wa Ramadhani mwaka wa 7 Hijria. Waliwaua baadhi ya watu wa adui na kuchukua ng'ombe wao na ngamia wao. 'Usama bin Zaid alimuua Mardas bin Nahik, mshirikina, lakini baada ya kutamka shahada ya Tawhidi ya Mwenyezi Mungu. Kuhusu tukio hilo, Mtume ﷺ alitoa maoni akiwaambia Maswahaba zake: "Je, mmepasua moyo wake ili mjue kama ni mkweli au mwongo?".

• 4. Ghalib bin 'Abdullah Al-Laithi at the head of a platoon of 130 men launched an attack against Bani 'Awâl and Bani 'Abd bin Tha'lbah in Ramadan 7 A.H. They killed some of the enemy's men and captured their cattle and camels. 'Usama bin Zaid killed Mardas bin Nahik, a polytheist, but after he had pronounced the testimony of Allâh's Oneness to which incident the Prophet peace be upon him commented addressing his Companions: "Would you rip open his heart to discern whether he is truthful or a liar?".

• 5. Kikosi cha wapanda farasi thelathini kikiongozwa na 'Abdullah bin Rawaha kilielekea Khaibar kutokana na taarifa kwamba Aseer (au Basheer bin Razam) alikuwa akiwakusanya safu za Bani Ghatfan ili kuwashambulia Waislamu. Walifanikiwa kumshawishi Myahudi huyo amfuate hadi Madinah, wakimhakikishia kwamba Mtume ﷺ angemweka kuwa mtawala wa Khaibar. Njiani kurudi kulitokea aina fulani ya kutoelewana kulikozua mapigano makali kati ya pande mbili, yaliyosababisha kifo cha Aseer na wanaume thelathini waliokuwa pamoja naye.

• 5. A thirty-horseman group headed by 'Abdullah bin Rawaha marched towards Khaibar on reports that Aseer (or Basheer bin Razam) was rallying the ranks of Bani Ghatfan to attack the Muslims: They managed to persuade that Jew to follow them to Madinah encouraging him that the Prophet peace be upon him would institute him as a ruler of Khaibar. On their way back there occurred a sort of misunderstanding that gave rise to fierce fighting between the two parties resulting in the death of Aseer and the thirty men with him.

• 6. Mwezi wa Shawwal mwaka wa 7 A.H., Basheer bin Sa'd Al-Ansari aliongoza wapiganaji 300 wa Kiislamu kuelekea Yemen na Jabar ili kuwashinda kundi kubwa la washirikina waliokusanyika kwa lengo la kushambulia viunga vya Madinah. Basheer na watu wake walikuwa wakisafiri usiku na kujificha mchana hadi walipofika mahali walipokusudia. Baada ya kusikia habari za kuja kwa Waislamu, washirikina walikimbia wakaacha nyuma mali nyingi za nyara pamoja na watu wawili ambao baadaye walisilimu walipofika Madinah. • 7. Mwaka wa 7 A.H., muda mfupi kabla ya 'Umrah ya fidia (hija ndogo), mtu aliyeitwa Jashm bin Mu'awiyah alifika mahali panapoitwa Ghabah, ambapo alitaka kuwakusanya watu wa Qais na kuwashawishi kupigana na Waislamu. Nabii ﷺ alipopokea taarifa hizi, alimtuma Abu Hadrad pamoja na watu wawili kwenda kuchunguza hali hiyo. Abu Hadrad, kwa mbinu ya busara, aliweza kuwatawanya adui na kukamata ng'ombe wao wengi.

• 6. In Shawwal 7 A.H., Basheer bin Sa'd Al-Ansari marched towards Yemen and Jabar at the head of 300 Muslim fighters to subdue a large mob of polytheists who gathered to raid the outskirts of Madinah. Basheer and his men used to march at night and lurk during the day until they reached their destination. Having heard about the advent of the Muslims, the polytheists fled away leaving behind them a large booty and two men who later embraced Islam on arrival in Madinah. • 7. In the year 7 A.H., shortly before the Compensatory 'Umrah (lesser pilgrimage), a man called Jashm bin Mu'awiyah came to a spot called Ghabah where he wanted to gather the people of Qais and entice them into fighting the Muslims. The Prophet peace be upon him, on hearing these reports, despatched Abu Hadrad with two men to see to the situation. Abu Hadrad, through a clever strategy, managed to rout the enemy and capture a lot of their cattle.

Mwezi wa Dhul Qa'da ulipokaribia mwishoni mwa mwaka wa saba Hijria, Mtume ﷺ aliwaamuru watu wake, hasa wale waliokuwa mashahidi wa Mkataba wa Sulhu wa Al-Hudaibiyah, wajiandae kufanya 'Umrah (hija ndogo). Alisafiri akiwa na watu 2000, pamoja na baadhi ya wanawake na watoto, na ngamia 60 kwa ajili ya kuchinjwa, kwenda kuizuru Hifadhi Takatifu huko Makkah. Waislamu walichukua silaha zao pamoja nao kwa kuogopa hila za Maquraishi, lakini waliziacha kwa kundi la watu mia mbili katika mahali palipokuwa umbali wa maili nane hivi kutoka Makkah. Waliingia mjini wakiwa na panga zao ndani ya ala zake, huku Mtume ﷺ akiwa mbele yao juu ya ngamia wake jike, Al-Qaswa', na Maswahaba waliomzunguka wakimtazama kwa makini, wote wakisema: "Hapa nipo! Niko tayari kukutumikia, Ee Allah!" Maquraishi walikuwa wameondoka mahali hapo na kurudi kwenye mahema yao kwenye vilima vilivyokaribiana. Waislamu walifanya tawafu ya kawaida kwa bidii na haraka; na kwa pendekezo la Mtume ﷺ walijitahidi kuonekana wenye nguvu na imara katika tawafu yao, kwa kuwa washirikina walikuwa wameeneza uvumi kwamba wao ni dhaifu kwa sababu homa ya Yathrib (Madinah) imewamaliza nguvu. Waliamriwa wakimbie katika mizunguko mitatu ya kwanza kisha watembee katika iliyobaki. Wakati huo Wamakkah walikuwa wamejipanga juu ya mlima wa Qu'aiqa'an wakiwatazama Waislamu, wakiwa wamekaa kimya kwa mshangao wa kuona nguvu na ibada yao. Walipoingia Hifadhi Takatifu, 'Abdullah bin Rawaha alitembea mbele ya Mtume ﷺ akisoma:

When Dhul Qa'da month approached towards the close of the seventh year A.H., the Prophet peace be upon him ordered his people, and the men who witnessed Al-Hudaibiyah Truce Treaty in particular, to make preparations to perform 'Umrah (lesser pilgrimage). He proceeded with 2000 men besides some women and children, and 60 camels for sacrifice, to visit the Holy Sanctuary in Makkah. The Muslims took their weapons with them fearing the treachery of the Quraishites, but left them with a party of two hundred men at a place some eight miles from Makkah. They entered the city with the swords in their scabbards, with the Prophet peace be upon him at their head on his she-camel, Al-Qaswa', while the surrounding Companions attentively focusing their look on him, all saying: "Here I am! at Your service O Allâh!" The Quraishites had left the place and retired to their tents on the adjoining hills. The Muslims performed the usual circumambulation vigorously and briskly; and on recommendation by the Prophet peace be upon him they did their best to appear strong and steadfast in their circumambulation as the polytheists had spread rumours that they were weak because the fever of Yathrib (Madinah) had sapped their strength. They were ordered to run in the first three rounds and then walk in the remaining ones. The Makkans meanwhile aligned on the top of Qu'aiqa'an Mount watching the Muslims, tongue-tied at witnessing their strength and devotion. When they entered the Holy Sanctuary, 'Abdullah bin Rawaha walked before the Prophet peace be upon him reciting:

Ilikuwa vita kubwa zaidi na kali zaidi wakati wa uhai wa Mtume wa Allah ﷺ, ikiwa ni utangulizi na mwanzo wa ushindi mkubwa wa ardhi ya Wakristo. Ilifanyika katika mwezi wa Jumada Al-Ula mwaka wa 8 Hijria / Septemba 629 Miladi. Mu'tah ni kijiji kilichopo kwenye mipaka ya Syria ya kijiografia.

It was the most significant and the fiercest battle during the lifetime of the Messenger of Allâh peace be upon him, a preliminary and a prelude to the great conquests of the land of the Christians. It took place in Jumada Al-Ula 8 A.H. / September 629 A.D. Mu'tah is a village that lies on the borders of geographical Syria.

Mtume ﷺ alikuwa amemtuma Al-Harith bin 'Umair Al-Azdi kwenda kubeba barua kwa mtawala wa Busra. Njiani, alikamatwa na Sharhabeel bin 'Amr Al-Ghassani, gavana wa Al-Balqa' na mshirika wa karibu wa Kaisari, Mfalme wa Byzantium. Al-Harith alifungwa kamba na kukatwa kichwa na Al-Ghassani. Kuwaua wajumbe na wabeba ujumbe kulikuwa kukichukuliwa kuwa kosa la kutisha zaidi, na lilikuwa sawa na kutangaza vita. Mtume ﷺ alishtushwa aliposikia habari hizo, akaamuru jeshi kubwa la watu 3000 likusanywe na kutumwa upande wa kaskazini ili kuwaadhibu wakiukaji. Lilikuwa jeshi kubwa zaidi la Waislamu kuwahi kukusanywa kwa kiwango hiki, isipokuwa katika vita vya Al-Ahzab (Vita vya Makundi).

The Prophet peace be upon him had sent Al-Harith bin 'Umair Al-Azdi on an errand to carry a letter to the ruler of Busra. On his way, he was intercepted by Sharhabeel bin 'Amr Al-Ghassani, the governor of Al-Balqa' and a close ally to Caesar, the Byzantine Emperor. Al-Harith was tied and beheaded by Al-Ghassani. Killing envoys and messengers used to be regarded as the most awful crime, and amounted to the degree of war declaration. The Prophet peace be upon him was shocked on hearing the news and ordered that a large army of 3000 men be mobilized and despatched to the north to discipline the transgressors. It was the largest Muslim army never mobilized on this scale except in the process of the Confederates Battle.

Zaid bin Haritha aliteuliwa kuongoza jeshi. Ja'far bin Abi Talib angechukua nafasi yake endapo angeuawa, na 'Abdullah bin Rawaha angemrithi Ja'far endapo naye angeanguka. Bendera nyeupe ilipandishwa na kukabidhiwa kwa Zaid.

Zaid bin Haritha was appointed to lead the army. Ja'far bin Abi Talib would replace him if he was killed, and 'Abdullah bin Rawaha would succeed Ja'far in case the latter fell. A white banner was raised and handed over to Zaid.

Mtume ﷺ alipendekeza kwamba wafike mahali palipotokea mauaji ya Al-Harith na kuwaalika watu kukubali Uislamu. Ikiwa watu hao wangejibu kwa njia nzuri, basi hakungetokea vita; vinginevyo, kupigana nao kungekuwa njia pekee iliyobaki. Aliwaamuru: "Piganeni na makafiri kwa Jina la Allah, msivunje ahadi wala msifanye hiana, na chini ya hali yoyote msimuue mtoto mchanga, mwanamke, mzee aliyezeeka wala mtawa; zaidi ya hayo, msikate miti wala kubomoa majumba." Mwishoni mwa maandalizi ya kijeshi, watu wa Madina walikusanyika na kuliaga jeshi. 'Abdullah bin Rawaha alianza kulia wakati huo, na alipoulizwa kwa nini analia, aliapa kwamba haikuwa mapenzi ya dunia hii wala kwa sababu ya kuvutiwa na mvuto wa maisha, bali ni Maneno ya Allah yanayozungumzia Moto, aliyoyasikia kutoka kwa Mtume ﷺ akiyasoma.

Dhat As-Salasil ni mahali lililopo umbali wa siku kumi za kutembea kaskazini mwa Madina. Inasemekana Waislamu walipiga kambi mahali penye kisima cha maji kiitwacho Salsal, na hivyo ndipo jina Dhat As-Salasil lilipotokana. Kwa kuzingatia muungano uliokuwepo kati ya makabila ya Kiarabu yaliyokaa mipakani mwa Shamu na Wabyzantine, Mtume ﷺ aliona ni jambo la dharura kubwa kutekeleza mpango wenye hekima ambao ungeweza kuleta uhusiano mzuri na mabedui hao, na wakati huo huo kuwatenganisha na Wabyzantine. Ili kutekeleza mpango huu, alimchagua 'Amr bin Al-'As, ambaye bibi yake wa upande wa baba alitoka Bali, kabila lililoishi katika eneo hilo. Lengo hili, pamoja na harakati za kijeshi za kuchochea zilizofanywa na Bani Quda'a, ndilo lililosababisha shambulio hili la kujihami la mapema lililoanza mwezi wa Jumada Ath-Thaniya, mwaka wa 8 A.H.

Dhat As-Salasil is a spot situated ten days' walk north of Madinah. The Muslims are said to have encamped in a place with a well of water called Salsal, hence the terminology Dhat As-Salasil. In view of the alliance between the Arabian tribes on the borders of Syria and the Byzantines, the Prophet peace be upon him deemed it of top urgency to carry out a wisely-planned manoeuvre that might bring about a state of rapport with those bedouins, and would at the same time detach them from the Byzantines. For the implementation of this plan, he chose 'Amr bin Al-'As, whose paternal grandmother came from Bali, a tribe dwelling in that area. This motive in mind, combined with provocative military movements, by Bani Quda'a, precipitated this preemptive strike which started in Jumada Ath-Thaniya, 8 A.H.

'Amr bin Al-'As alipewa bendera nyeupe yenye utepe mweusi. Aliondoka akiongoza watu 300 miongoni wa Muhajirina na Ansari, akisaidiwa na kikosi cha wapanda farasi wenye watu 30, na aliagizwa atafute msaada kutoka kwa makabila ya Bali, 'Udhra na Balqain. Alikuwa akisafiri usiku na kujificha mchana. Alipokaribia safu za adui na kuona jinsi jeshi lao lilivyokuwa kubwa, alituma kuomba msaada wa nyongeza kutoka Madina, nao wakafika mahali hapo wakiongozwa na Abu 'Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah, wakiwa na watu wengine 200 pamoja na vikosi vingine, vikiwemo vya Abu Bakr na 'Umar bin Al-Khattab. Wote walipewa amri kali ya kushirikiana, kufanya kazi kwa maelewano na kutoacha nafasi yoyote ya kutofautiana. Ilipofika adhuhuri, Abu 'Ubaidah alitaka kuwaongoza Waislamu katika swala, lakini 'Amr alipinga kwa hoja kwamba Abu 'Ubaidah alikuja kusaidia tu, na uongozi wa swala ulipewa 'Amr.

'Amr bin Al-'As was awarded a white flag with a black banner to go with it. He set out at the head of 300 Emigrants and Helpers assisted by a cavalry of 30 men, and was recommended to seek help from Bali, 'Udhra and Balqain tribes. He used to march at night and lurk during the day. On approaching the enemy lines and realizing the large build up of men, he sent for reinforcements from Madinah, and these arrived on the spot headed by Abu 'Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah leading further 200 men as well as other platoons including Abu Bakr and 'Umar bin Al-Khattab. All of them were given strict orders to cooperate, work in harmony and never leave any area for disagreement. At noon, Abu 'Ubaidah wanted to lead the Muslims in prayer, but 'Amr objected on grounds that the former came only to assist, and leadership in prayer was given to 'Amr.

Ibn Al-Qayyim alieleza ushindi wa Makkah kuwa ndio ushindi mkubwa zaidi ambao kwao Allah alilitukuza dini Yake, Mtume wake ﷺ, askari wake na kundi lake la waumini waaminifu. Kwa ushindi huo alilikomboa Nyumba Tukufu, ambayo watu wote hutafuta mwongozo wake. Ulikuwa ndio tukio lenye baraka kubwa zaidi mbinguni na duniani. Ulikuwa ndio utangulizi muhimu zaidi wa zama mpya ambazo zingeshuhudia kuenea kwa kasi kubwa kwa Uislamu na watu kuingia katika dini ya Kiislamu kwa makundi makubwa. Ulitoa uso wa kung'aa daima na chanzo chenye mwangaza mkubwa wa msukumo kwa dunia nzima.

Ibn Al-Qaiyim described the conquest of Makkah as the greatest one by which Allâh honoured His religion, Messenger, soldiers and honest party. He thereby rescued the Sacred House, whose guidance all people seek. It was the greatest propitious event in heaven and on earth. It was the most significant prelude to a new era that was to witness the great march of Islamization and the entry of people into the fold of Islam in huge hosts. It provided an ever shining face and a most glowing source of inspiration to the whole earth.

Kulingana na masharti ya mkataba wa Hudaybiya, makabila ya Kiarabu yalipewa chaguo la kujiunga na upande wowote kati ya Waislamu au Quraish, ambao walitaka kuingia nao katika muungano wa mkataba. Iwapo mojawapo ya makabila haya lingeshambuliwa, upande ambao lilikuwa limeungana nao ungekuwa na haki ya kulipiza kisasi. Matokeo yake, Banu Bakr walijiunga na Quraish, na Khuza'ah walijiunga na Mtume ﷺ. Hivyo waliishi kwa amani kwa muda, lakini nia fiche zilizoanzia kipindi cha kabla ya Uislamu, zilizochochewa na moto usiozimika wa kulipiza kisasi, zilileta uhasama mpya. Banu Bakr, bila kujali hata kidogo masharti ya mkataba, walishambulia Banu Khuza'ah mahali panapoitwa Al-Wateer katika mwezi wa Sha'ban, mwaka wa 8 Hijria. Quraish waliwasaidia Banu Bakr kwa watu na silaha, wakinufaika na giza la usiku. Wakiwa wamebanwa na adui zao, watu wa kabila la Khuza'ah walikimbilia Haram Takatifu, lakini hata huko maisha yao hayakuhifadhiwa, na kinyume na mapokeo yote yanayokubalika, Nawfal, kiongozi wa Banu Bakr, akiwafuatia ndani ya eneo takatifu - ambako damu haipaswi kumwagwa - aliwaua kwa umati wapinzani wake.

According to the terms of the treaty of Hudaibiyah, the Arab tribes were given the option to join either of the parties, the Muslims or Quraish, with which they desired to enter into treaty alliance. Should any of these tribes suffer aggression, then the party to which it was allied would have the right to retaliate. As a consequence, Banu Bakr joined Quraish, and Khuza'ah joined the Prophet peace be upon him. They thus lived in peace for sometime but ulterior motives stretching back to pre-Islamic period ignited by unabated fire of revenge triggered fresh hostilities. Banu Bakr, without caring a bit for the provisions of the treaty, attacked Banu Khuza'ah in a place called Al-Wateer in Sha'ban, 8 A.H. Quraish helped Banu Bakr with men and arms taking advantage of the dark night. Pressed by their enemies, the tribesmen of Khuza'ah sought the Holy Sanctuary, but here too, their lives were not spared, and, contrary to all accepted traditions, Nawfal, the chief of Banu Bakr, chasing them in the sanctified area - where no blood should be shed - massacred his adversaries.

Wakati upande uliodhulumiwa ulipotafuta haki kutoka kwa washirika wao Waislamu, Mtume ﷺ, kama kiongozi wao, alidai fidia ya haraka si tu kwa kuvunja mkataba, bali pia kwa kuwaua watu washirika wake ndani ya eneo takatifu. Madai matatu yalitolewa, na kukubali mojawapo kati yake ilikuwa lazima.

When the aggrieved party sought justice from their Muslim allies, the Prophet peace be upon him, as their leader, demanded an immediate redress for not only violating the treaty but also slaying men allied to him in the sanctified area. Three demands were made, the acceptance of any one of them was imperative:

• a) kulipa diya kwa ajili ya wahanga wa Khuza'ah,.

Kwa mujibu wa At-Tabari, Mtume wa Allah ﷺ alimwambia 'Aishah رضي الله عنها, mke wake, siku tatu kabla ya kupokea habari kuhusu uvunjaji wa mkataba, aandae maandalizi ya pekee yanayofaa kwa kwenda vitani. Wakati huo Abu Bakr aliingia na kumwuliza 'Aishah رضي الله عنها jambo lilikuwa nini, akionyesha mshangao kwa maandalizi yaliyokuwa yakifanywa kwa kuwa, kama alivyosema, haikuwa wakati wa kawaida wa vita. Yeye alijibu kwamba hakuwa na wazo lolote. Asubuhi ya siku ya tatu, 'Amr bin Sâlim Al-Khuza'i alifika pamoja na wapanda farasi arobaini ili kumweleza Mtume ﷺ hali ya watu wake na kuomba msaada wa Waislamu kwa ajili ya kulipiza kisasi. Watu wa Madina basi wakajua kwamba Quraish walikuwa wamevunja mkataba. Budail alimfuata 'Amr, kisha Abu Sufyan, na habari hiyo ikathibitishwa bila shaka yoyote.

On the authority of At-Tabari, the Messenger of Allâh peace be upon him asked 'Aishah رضي الله عنها, his spouse three days prior to receiving news relating to breaching of covenant, to make preparations peculiar to marching out for war. Abu Bakr, meanwhile, came in and asked 'Aishah رضي الله عنها what the matter was, showing surprise at the preparations being made as it was not, as he said, the usual time for war. She replied that she had no idea. On the morning of the third day 'Amr bin Sâlim Al-Khuza'i arrived in the company of forty horsemen to brief the Prophet peace be upon him on the plight of his people and seeking the Muslims' help for retaliation. People of Madinah then got to know that Quraish had breached the covenant. Budail followed 'Amr, and then Abu Sufyan and the news was unequivocally confirmed.

Ili kuhakikisha habari kuhusu nia zake za kijeshi zinabaki siri kabisa, Mtume ﷺ alituma kikosi cha watu wanane chini ya uongozi wa Qatadah bin Rab'i kuelekea Edam, umbali mfupi kutoka Madina, mwezi wa Ramadhani mwaka wa 8 Hijria, ili kuvuruga fikira za watu na kuficha lengo kuu alilokuwa akilifikiria.

With view of securing a complete news black-out concerning his military intentions, the Prophet peace be upon him despatched an eight-men platoon under the leadership of Qatadah bin Rab'i in the direction of Edam, a short distance from Madinah, in Ramadan 8 A.H., in order to divert the attention of people and screen off the main target with which he was preoccupied.

Kulikuwa na hofu na woga mwingi kila mahali hivi kwamba Hatib, mmoja wa wafuasi wa Mtume ﷺ walioaminika zaidi, alimtuma kwa siri mjumbe wa kike aende Makkah akiwa na barua iliyokuwa na taarifa ya shambulio lililopangwa. Mtume ﷺ alipata habari kutoka mbinguni kuhusu kitendo cha Hatib, akawatuma 'Ali na Al-Miqdad wakiwa na maagizo ya kumfuata mwanamke huyo. Wakamfikia yule mjumbe, na baada ya msako mrefu wakagundua barua ile ikiwa imefichwa kwa uangalifu ndani ya nywele zake. Mtume ﷺ alimwita Hatib na kumuuliza kilichomsukuma kufanya kitendo hicho. Akajibu, "Ewe Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ! Sina uhusiano wa damu na Quraish; kuna uhusiano wa urafiki tu baina yangu nao. Familia yangu iko Makkah, na hakuna mtu wa kuitunza wala kuilinda. Hali yangu inatofautiana kabisa na ya wahamiaji ambao familia zao ziko salama kutokana na uhusiano wao wa damu na Quraish. Nilihisi kwamba kwa kuwa mimi si ndugu yao, nipate kuwafanyia wema ili wapate kuwalinda watoto wangu. Naapa kwa Allah kwamba sikufanya kitendo hiki kama mtu aliyeritadi, akiiacha Dini ya Kiislamu. Nilisukumwa tu na sababu nilizozieleza hivi punde."

Siku hiyo hiyo, Mtume ﷺ aliingia nyumbani kwa Umm Hani, ambako alioga na kuswali sala ya ushindi. Umm Hani alikuwa amewahifadhi jamaa zake wawili wa Makka nyumbani kwake, na kwa kitendo hicho alipata kuungwa mkono na Mtume ﷺ.

On that very day, the Prophet peace be upon him entered 'Umm Hani's house where he washed and offered prayers of victory. 'Umm Hani had sheltered two Makkan relatives of hers in her house in which act she was granted support by the Prophet peace be upon him.

Kumwaga damu ya wahalifu wakuu tisa kulihalalishwa hata chini ya mapazia ya Al-Ka'bah. Hata hivyo, ni wanne tu kati yao waliouawa, huku wengine wakisamehewa kwa sababu mbalimbali. Miongoni mwa waliouawa, anaweza kutajwa 'Abdul 'Uzza bin Khatal, ambaye alikuwa amesilimu kisha akateuliwa kukusanya zakat akiwa pamoja na mmoja wa Answar. Walikuwa pia na mtumwa pamoja nao. 'Abdullah, kwa hasira, alimuua mtumwa wa Answar kwa sababu ya mzozo mdogo tu, kisha akajiunga na Waarabu washirikina kama mwasi wa dini. Hakuwahi kutubu uhalifu huu mbaya, bali aliwatumia wanawake wawili waimbaji na kuwachochea waimbe kwa kejeli kuhusu Mtume ﷺ. Mtu mwingine aliyeuawa alikuwa Miqyas bin Sababa. Alikuwa Mwislamu. Mmoja wa Answar alimuua kwa bahati mbaya ndugu yake Hisham. Mtume ﷺ alipanga malipo ya fidia ya damu kwake, nayo akayakubali. Hata hivyo, moyo wake wa kulipiza kisasi haukutulizwa kamwe, kwa hiyo alimuua yule Answar kisha akaenda Makkah kama mwasi wa dini. Vivyo hivyo, Huwairith na mwanamke mmoja mwimbaji waliuawa. Kwa upande mwingine, kila jitihada ilifanywa kuwasamehe watu wengine. 'Ikrimah bin Abu Jahl, aliyeshambulia kikosi cha Khalid wakati wa kuingia Makkah, alisamehewa. Wahshi, muuaji wa Hamzah, ami wa Mtume ﷺ, na Hind, aliyemtafuna ini lake, pia walipewa msamaha wake mkubwa. Huruma hiyo hiyo ilionyeshwa kwa Habar, aliyemshambulia binti wa Mtume ﷺ kwa mkuki alipokuwa njiani kutoka Makkah kwenda Madinah, kwa jeraha kubwa hata akafariki kutokana na majeraha hayo.

Shedding blood of nine arch-criminals was declared lawful even under the curtains of Al-Ka'bah. Nevertheless, only four of them were killed while the others were pardoned for different reasons. As for those who were killed, mention could be made of 'Abdul 'Uzza bin Khatal who had become a Muslim and then deputed to collect alms-tax in the company of a Helper. They had also a slave with them. 'Abdullah, in a fit of rage, killed the Helper's slave on account of a mere trifling dispute, and joined the pagan Arabs as an apostate. He was never repentant at this heinous crime but rather employed two women singers and incited them to sing satirically about the Prophet peace be upon him. The other man who was put to death was Miqyas bin Sababa. He was a Muslim. A Helper accidently killed his brother Hisham. The Prophet peace be upon him had arranged the payment of blood money to him, which he had accepted. His revengeful nature, however, was never appeased, so he killed the Helper and went to Makkah as an apostate. Similarly, Huwairith and one woman singer went to death. On the other hand, every attempt was made to grant pardon to the people. 'Ikrimah bin Abu Jahl, who had attacked Khalid's detachment at the time of the entry into Makkah, was forgiven. To Wahshi, the murderer of Hamzah, the Prophet's uncle, and to Hind, who had chewed his liver, was also extended his generous clemency. The same generous treatment was accorded to Habar who had attacked the Prophet's daughter with a spear, while on her way from Makkah to Madinah, so grievously that she ultimately died of the fatal injuries.