0.-introduction--palestine-as-a-name-commonly-used-throughout-ancient-history

0.1-palestine-as-an-official-administrative-entity

0.2-from-palestine-focused-biblical-orientalism-to-the-new-histories-of-israel

0.3-political-autonomy-independence-and-statehood-in-palestine-over-the-last-three-millennia

0.4-from-the-geo-political-term-palestine-to-the-concept-of-palestine-cartography-place-names-and-social-memory

0.5-locating-palestine-the-methodological-and-intellectual-framework

1.-the-philistines-and-philistia-as-a-distinct-geo-political-entity

1.1-the-philistines-as-indigenous-people-epigraphic-and-archaeological-evidence-for-peleset-and-the-philistines

1.2-the-name--canaan-in-the-late-bronze-period

1.3-the-name-palestine-takes-over-from-the-late-bronze-age-onwards

1.4-the-names-piliste-and-philistia-in-assyrian-sources

1.5-iron-age-philistia-as-a-distinct-polity-the-country-of-the-peleset-from-gaza-to-tantur-1200712-bc

1.6-the-highly-developed-cities-of-philistia

1.7-the--way-of-the-philistines-palestine-as-a-transit-country-and-the-historic-road-of-via-maris

1.8-philisto-arabian-coins-currency-power-and-autonomy-in-philistia-6th4th-centuries-bc

2.-the-conception-of-palestine-in-classical-antiquity-and-during-the-hellenistic-empires

2.1-the-greek-name--in-classical-and-foundational-greco-hellenic-sources

2.2-the-conception-of-palaistin-by-the-founding-father-of-history

2.3-the-name-palestine-in-aristotles-meteorology

2.4-palaestina-on-the-world-map-of-ptolemy-the-use-of-the-term-palaestina-by-greek-geographers-and-historians-during-the-seleucid-and-ptolemaic-empires

3.-from-philistia-to-provincia-syria-palaestina

3.1-the-upgrading-of-palestine-by-hadrian-the-official-designation-of-the-province-of-syria-palaestina-135390-ad

3.2-further-developments-from-syria-palaestina-to-palaestina

3.3-the-1st-century-geography-of-palaestina-by-strabo-pliny-the-elder-and-pomponius-mela

3.4-the-official-designation-of-palaestina-by-classical-jewish-scholars

3.5-the-rise-of-caesarea-palaestina

4.-the--three-in-one-provincia-palaestina

4.1-caesarea-maritima-as-a-mediterranean-capital-of-culture-the-citys-metropolitan-elite

4.2-nicaea-and-historical-ecclesiastical-representations-of-palestine-the-archiepiscopal-see-of-caesarea

4.3-the-emergence-of-independent-palestinian-church-political-versus-religious-capitals-in-palestine

4.4-latin-palestine

4.5-religio-cultural-and-institutional-memories-of-provincia-palaestina-and-modern-palestine

4.6-material-evidence-and-powerful-symbols-of-byzantine-palaestina--the-1884-archaeological-discovery-of-the-madaba-mosaic-map

4.7-the--athens-of-asia-in-palaestina-gaza-as-a-mediterranean-centre-of-classical-literature-and-rhetoric

4.8-popular-religion-and-the-relaxed-setting-of-gaza-the-rose-festival-of-gaza

4.9-monastic-school-of-gaza-and-the-monasteries-of-palaestina-the-desert-fathers-and-mothers-and-their-worldwide-impact

5.-arab-christian-palestine

5.1-arabic-classical-poetry-and-byzantine-palestine-al-nabighah-adh-dhubyani

6.-the-arab-province-of-jund-filastin

6.1-palestinian-syriac-aramaic-palestinian-arabic-and-palestinian-toponyms

6.2-the-continuities-and-transformation-of-the-province-of-jund-filastin

6.3-the-extent-of-the-arab-province-of-jund-filastin-from-marj-ibn-amer-to-the-red-sea

6.4-the-secular-and-sacred-capitals-of-the-province-of-filastin-the-grandeur-of-ilya-bayt-al-maqdis-and-al-ramla-under-the-umayyads

6.5-jund-filastin-as-the-richest-province-of-al-sham-region

6.6-coins-minted-in-filastin----palestine-currency-monetary-autonomy-and-numismatic-evidence-from-arab-islamic-palestine

6.7-reconfiguration-of-palestine-under-the-fatimids-the-province-of-jund-filastin-and-the-military-governor-of-palestine-11-----th-century

7.-between-egypt-and-al-sham

7.1-palestine-on-arab-and-venetian-world-maps-12th15th-centuries-the-maps-of-muhammad-al-idrisi-1154-pietro-vesconte-marino-sanudo-and-fra-mauro-1450

7.2-ayyubid-palestine-and-the-re-establishment-of-islamic-jerusalem-in-post-crusade-palestine-the-decline-of-palestines-coastal-cities-and-rise-of-the-interior-urban-centres

7.3-the-leading-role-of-al-quds-under-the-mamluks-the-capital-of-mamluk-palestine-and-the-city-without-walls-12601517

7.4-the-sea-versus-the-mountain-safad-as-a-new-regional-capital-of-the-galilee

7.5-the-social-memory-of-palestine-during-the-mamluk-and-early-ottoman-periods-filastin-in-local-muslim-social-memory

7.6-the-mosaics-of-historic-palestine-continuities-and-transformation-the-palestinian-glasswork-industry-of-al-khalil-and-the-school-of-mosaics-of-al-quds

8.-palestinian-statehood-in-the-18th-century

8.1-revivalism-and-rediscovery-under-ottoman-rule-the-arab-islamic-jurisprudence-of-palestine-and-indigenous-memories-of-filastin-under-the-ottomans-15171860s

8.2-al-dawlah-al-qutriyyah-palestinian-statehood-and-the-regimes-of-dhaher-al-umar-and-ahmad-pasha-al-jazzar-in-the-18th-century

8.3-history-of-urban-elites-versus-history-from-below-new-leadership-palestines-cotton-trade-with-europe-and-the-industrial-revolution

8.4-houranis-urban-elites-paradigm

8.5-taxation-frontier-provinces-and-the-rise-of-autonomous-power-in-18th-century-palestine

8.6-nominal-sovereignty-versus-practical-sovereignty

8.7-reading-the-history-of-modern-palestine-through-the-eyes-of-the-indigenous-people

9.-being-palestine-becoming-palestine

9.1-new-representations-of-palestine-18051917

9.2-western-travelogues-of-palestine-the-distinction-between-palestine-holy-land-and-syria

9.3-palestine-focused-russian-orientalism-in-the-late-ottoman-period

9.4-strategic-ambitions-and-the-british-peaceful-crusade-science-empire-and-the-mapping-of-palestine-by-the-palestine-exploration-fund-18651877

9.5-the-historic-and-geographic-maps-of-palestine-the-national-geographic

9.6-paradigm-shift-in-late-ottoman-palestine-18721917-historical-continuities-and-administrative-division-of-palestine

9.7-the-reimagining-of-palestinian-territorial-identity-and-proto-nationalism-in-late-ottoman-palestine-khalil-beidas-and-palestinian-cultural-nationalism

9.8-being-palestine-becoming-palestine-in-mahmoud-darwishs-poetry

9.9-vernacularisation-indigeneity-and-modern-representations-of-palestine-in-the-palestinian-arab-press-the-newspaper-falastin-19111967

9.10-the-term-filastin-in-ruhi-al-khalidis-unpublished-manuscript

9.11-historic-continuities-and-colonial-transformation-palestine-as-a-single-official-administrative-and-territorial-entity-under-the-british-1918may-1948

9.12-self-determination-and-the-proliferation-of-palestinian-nationalist-organisations-the-palestinian-national-movement-during-the-mandatory-period

9.13-the-short-lived-newspaper-suriyya-al-janubiyyah-19191920

9.14-from-palestine-to-the-land-of-israel-the-palestine-communist-party-palestinishe-komunistishe-partei

9.15-palestinian-national-institutions-and-organisations-in-the-post-nakba-period-the-revolutionary-politics-of-the-plo

9.16-studia-palaestina-palestine-studies-and-the-proliferation-of-modern-research-societies-and-institutions

10.-settlercolonialism-and-disinheriting-the-palestinians

10.1-hebrewisation-antecedents-to-zionist-toponymy

10.2-from-karm-al-khalili-to-kerem-avraham-1855-james-finns-colony

10.3-disappearing-palestinian-villages-and-place-names-before-1948

10.4-appropriation-of-arabic-place-names-indigenisation-of-the-european-settlers-and-hybridisation-strategies

10.5-appropriation-hybridisation-and-indigenisation-the-appropriation-of-palestine-place-names-by-european-zionist-settlers

10.6-the-pure-zionist-settler-colony-and-a-monolingual-mindset-from-palestinian-arab-masha-and-sajara-to-israeli-kfar-tavor-and-ilaniya

10.7-judaisation-hebraicisation-and-biblicisation-strategies

10.8-zionist-toponymic-methods-and-strategies-in-the-post-nakba-period-key-features-of-the-israeli-place-names-projects

10.9-the-israeli-armys-hebrew-names-committee-of-1949-indigenising-the-european-settlers-and-self-renaming

10.10-hybridity-hebraicising-and-the-myth-of-restoration-eliezer-ben-yehuda-the-committee-of-the-hebrew-language-and-founding-myths-of-modern-hebrew

10.11-hybridisation-and-patterns-of-early-zionist-borrowing-from-and-modelling-on-arabic-and-aramaic

10.12-self-invention-self-indigenisation-and-self-antiquation-personal-name-changing-by-members-of-the-predatory-zionist-ashkenazi-elite-of-israel

10.13-toponyms-from-above-and-state-supervised-projects-the-israeli-governmental-names-committee

10.14-the-legendary-toponymy-of-zionist-settlers-and-the-latin-medieval-crusaders

10.15-the-creation-of-a-usable-past-the-power-knowledge-nexus

10.16-israeli-biblical-archaeology-as-a-secular-religion-judaisation-strategies-and-the-assertion-of-ownership-the-superimposition-of-biblical-talmudic-and-mishnaic-names

10.17-from-palestinian-majdal-asqalan-to-biblical-ashkelon

10.17-the-new-israeli-place-names-and-landscape-fashioning-a-european-landscape-as-a-site-of-amnesia-and-erasure

10.18-from-yerushalayim-to-orshalim-the-transliteration-of-new-hebrew-toponyms-and-road-signs-into-english-and-arabic

10.19-epilogue-the-palestinian-multi-layered-identity-toponymic-memory-and-the-diverse-heritage-of-the-land

bibliography

Khoury, Hatem Bazian, Faiha Abdulhadi, Niels Peter Lemche, Ella Shohat, Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, Maryse Gargour, Ilan Pappe, Issa Jubrael Sarie, Khalil Nakhleh, Adrian Beidas, Oren Ben-Dor, Rashid Khalidi, Ghada Karmi, Khalil Hindi, Iman Saca, and Ahmad Sa’adi. My special thanks go to Professors Thomas Thompson and Haim Bresheeth for their extraordinary generosity and insightful comments and to the two anonymous reviewers for their time and helpful advice. My family and friends have also been an ongoing source of inspiration and encouragement and this book could not have been completed without the support my wife Stephanie and my daughter Maryam; to both I owe enormous gratitude.

Palestine A Four Thousand Year History

During the pre-state period the Zionist Yishuv in Palestine developed four key strategies: • The widespread use of the term Palestine in tandem with Eretz Israel in Zionism (late 19th century until 1948). • Appropriation of Arab names, hybridisation of names of Jewish settlements and indigenisation of the settlers. • Instrumentalisation of the myth-narratives of the Bible and ‘restorationist’ biblical archaeology: Hebrewisation and biblicisation of Palestinian Arabic toponyms. • Utilisation of the toponymic lists of the Palestine Exploration Fund and the works of Western biblical archaeologists.

Palestine A Four Thousand Year History by Nur Masalha

10.3 Disappearing Palestinian Villages And Place Names Before 1948