Mustafa Kemal Ajitayarisha Kutatua Mgogoro na Ugiriki kwa Vita - Jinsi Khilafah Ilivyoangamizwa | Quran Course

Mustafa Kemal Ajitayarisha Kutatua Mgogoro na Ugiriki kwa Vita - Jinsi Khilafah Ilivyoangamizwa | Quran Course

Kwa hiyo, Ugiriki iliamua kuanzisha shambulio dhidi ya Waturuki bila kutafuta ruhusa ya Washirika, kwa sababu ilikuwa na hakika kwamba walikuwa wanaipinga. Washirika walipohisi kwamba Ugiriki ilikuwa karibu kuanzisha shambulio dhidi ya Waturuki, walitoa pendekezo kwa Wagiriki na Waturuki kwa lengo la kuwapatanisha. Hata hivyo, ilionekana kwamba Wagiriki walihisi kuwa pendekezo hili lilikuwa ni mbinu ya kuchelewesha iliyolenga kuwapa Waturuki nafasi ya kujiandaa na kuongeza vifaa kwa majeshi yao. Hivyo, walianzisha mapigano dhidi ya Waturuki kabla ya kujibu pendekezo la Washirika. Mapigano yalizuka kati ya Wagiriki na Waturuki, na haya yaliendelea kwa muda wa takriban mwaka mmoja na nusu.

Therefore, Greece decided to initiate an attack against the Turks without seeking the permission of the Allies, for she became certain that they were against her. When the Allies sensed that Greece was on the verge of launching an attack on the Turks, they put forward a proposal to the Greeks and the Turks with the aim of reconciling them. However, it seemed that the Greeks sensed that this proposal was a delaying tactic aimed at giving the Turks a chance to prepare and equip their forces further. Hence, they initiated the fighting against the Turks before responding to the Allies proposal. Fighting broke out between the Greeks and the Turks, and this lasted for approximately a year and a half.

Mara tu baada ya kuzuka kwa uhasama, Washirika walitangaza rasmi kutoegemea upande wowote. Hata hivyo, kutoegemea huku kulionekana kuwa ajabu, kwa kuwa Dola ya Ottoman bado ilikuwa chini ya ukaliaji halisi wa Waingereza, na kimataifa ilichukuliwa kuwa imekaliwa na Washirika. Kwa hiyo, mapigano yoyote yatakayofanyika nchini Uturuki bila shaka yangeathiri nafasi ya wakaliaji.

As soon as the hostilities had broken out, the Allies declared officially their neutrality. However, this neutrality seemed bizarre, for the Ottoman State was still under effective British occupation and was considered internationally to be occupied by the Allies. Hence, any fighting taking place in Turkey would undoubtedly affect the position of the occupiers.

Kwa hiyo ingewezekanaje kwao kubaki wasio upande wowote? Hatua ya kawaida ingekuwa kwao kuiunga mkono Ugiriki, au kusimama dhidi yake ili kuzuia mapigano yasitokee. Lakini kubaki wasio upande wowote kulikuwa jambo lisilo la kawaida, hasa katika hali hii ya kuamua.

So how could it be possible for them to remain neutral? The natural course of action would have been for them to support Greece, or to stand against her in order to prevent the fighting from taking place. But to take a neutral stand was unnatural, especially in this critical situation.

Hata hivyo, kutoegemea upande wowote kulitokea kwa vitendo, na Ugiriki ikabaki ikishangaa kwa mkanganyiko baada ya kusalitiwa na mshirika wake wa Uingereza. Kwa kawaida, ilipaswa kujisalimisha na kukubali mazungumzo, lakini haikufanya hivyo.

Nevertheless the neutrality did effectively occur and Greece was left wondering in confusion after being let down by her British ally. Naturally she should have surrendered and accepted negotiations, but she did not.

Alisisitiza kuendelea na mapambano. Matokeo yake, serikali ya Uingereza ilitoa rasmi pendekezo la kuwa mpatanishi kati ya Ugiriki na Uturuki, lakini Ugiriki ilikataa hilo kabisa. Ilionekana kwamba ilikuwa na shaka na upatanishi huo, kwani huenda ilihisi uungaji mkono wa Uingereza kwa Mustafa Kemal.

She rather insisted to continue the fight. As a result, the British government offered officially to act as a mediator between Greece and Turkey, but Greece rejected this categorically. It seemed that she was wary of this mediation, for she might have sensed Britains support of Mustafa Kemal.

Hivyo, alikataa upatanishi wa Uingereza na akaendelea kupigana.

Thus, she rejected Britains mediation and continued to fight.

Mapigano kati ya nchi hizo mbili yalikuwa na vipindi vya kupanda na kushuka, na vita vikabadilika kutoka kuwa vita vya msituni tu dhidi ya Wagiriki kuwa vita vilivyopangwa, vyenye mapigano kama vita vyovyote vingine. Tarehe 23 Machi 1922, Wagiriki walielekea Eskisehir na Afyon Karahisar, miji hii ikiwa ikizingatiwa kuwa ni makutano muhimu ya reli kimkakati. Wagiriki waliukalia Afyon Kara kwa muda mfupi, lakini walipata kushindwa kwa maamuzi kaskazini huko Ayn Otto katika siku za mwanzo za Aprili 1922 na walilazimika kurudi nyuma hadi Brossa.

The fighting between the two states had its ups and downs, and war changed from being a mere guerrilla war against the Greeks to an organised war with battles like any other war. On 23rd March 1922, the Greeks marched towards Eskisehir and Afyon Karahisar, these being considered to be strategic railway line junctions. The Greeks occupied Afyon Kara for a short spell, but they suffered a decisive defeat in the north at Ayn Otto during the first days of April 1922 and were forced to retreat to Brossa.

Kisha mnamo Julai, Wagiriki walikusanya majeshi yao na wakaamua kuanzisha shambulio dhidi ya Istanbul. Walijaribu kuikalia Istanbul lakini Jenerali Harrington, Kamanda Mkuu wa Majeshi ya washirika, aliwazuia na kuwazuia kufanya hivyo. Walisogea kuelekea mashariki wakafika kwenye reli, ambako walikutana uso kwa uso na Waturuki.

Then in July, the Greeks gathered their troops and decided to launch an attack on Istanbul. They attempted to occupy Istanbul but General Harrington, the Commander in chief of the allied Forces intercepted them and prevented them from doing so. They moved towards the east and reached the railway line, where they came face to face with the Turks.

Ismat Pasha alikuwa Kamanda wa vikosi vya kijeshi vya Uturuki, na aliweza kuzuia mashambulizi ya jeshi la Ugiriki kwa siku kumi. Hata hivyo, siku ya kumi na moja jeshi la Ugiriki lilifanikiwa kupenya ndani kabisa ya Kutahya, eneo lililochukuliwa kuwa mstari wa mbele wa Uturuki. Ismat Pasha alijaribu kuzuia mashambulizi haya moja baada ya jingine, lakini jeshi la Ugiriki lilikuwa likizidi kumbana taratibu. Kikosi cha Ugiriki kilichopelekwa kusini kilifanikiwa kuuteka Afyon Karahisar na kikaanza kutafuta kuuteka sehemu za kaskazini. Mapigano yalipoendelea, hali ilizidi kuwa mbaya zaidi na zaidi.

Ismat Pasha was the Commander of the Turkish armed forces and he managed to repel the Greek onslaught for ten days. However, on the 11th day the Greek army managed to penetrate deeply into Kutahya which was regarded as a Turkish frontline. Ismat Pasha attempted to repel these offensives one after the other, but the Greek army was gradually tightening its grip around him. The Greek platoon deployed in the south managed to seize Afyon Karahisar and began looking to seize the northern parts. As the battles went on, the situation became more and more critical.

Hata hivyo, makamanda wa jeshi walihisi kwamba wajibu wao wa kitaifa ulikuwa ni kuendeleza mapambano hadi dakika ya mwisho.

Nevertheless, the army commanders felt that their national duty was to keep up the fight until the last minute.

Wakati huo, Mustafa Kemal alifika na Amri Kuu ikamweleza habari hizo za kusikitisha. Baada ya kuchunguza hali nzima, alitoa maagizo yake ya kusimamisha mapigano mara moja na kurudi nyuma hadi mbele ya Mashariki. Askari wa Kituruki waliweza kurudi nyuma, wakiwa karibu kukata tamaa na baada ya kupata hasara kubwa, wakaacha vifaa vingi vya kijeshi kama nyara kwa adui yao. Magari yalianza kubeba kila kilichoweza kubebwa, na wanawake na watoto walifuatana na magari hayo wakiwa wamechoka sana. Kurudi nyuma kwa askari wa Kituruki kulimalizika walipofika Sakarya.

At this point, Mustafa Kemal arrived and the High Command broke the disturbing news to him. Having examined the whole situation, he issued his instructions to stop the fighting immediately and to withdraw to the Eastern front. The Turkish soldiers managed to retreat, having been near despair and having suffered heavy losses, abandoning large amounts of military hardware as a booty for their enemy. The chariots started to carry whatever could be carried, and women and children proceeded along with the chariots in a state of severe exhaustion. The Turkish soldiers retreat ended when they reached Sakarya.

Kuhusu Mustafa Kemal, alirejea Ankara kutoka Eskisehir kwa treni.

As for Mustafa Kemal, he returned from Eskisehir to Ankara by train.

Majadiliano na Wagiriki yalifanyika, lakini yalionekana kuwa bure. Mustafa Kemal alikuwa tayari kuwapa Wagiriki maelewano mengi, lakini yote yalikataliwa.

Negotiations with the Greeks took place, but they proved futile. Mustafa Kemal was prepared to give the Greeks a host of concessions which were all refused.

Ari ya Waturuki ilikuwa imedhoofika. Bunge la Taifa lilifanya mikutano mingi yenye kelele, ambamo upinzani ulikuwa ukimwaga hasira yao juu ya Mustafa Kemal na makamanda wake. Wabunge waliomuunga mkono na kumtetea Mustafa Kemal walitikisika, wakawa na wasiwasi mkubwa na mchanganyiko wa mawazo.

The morale of the Turks was depleted. The National Assembly held numerous boisterous meetings, in which the opposition used to pour out their anger on Mustafa Kemal and his commanders. The members who championed and supported Mustafa Kemal were shaken, becoming extremely worried and confused.

Mustafa Kemal alipofika tena makao yake makuu, alisikia makamanda wakizungumza wao kwa wao - walikuwa katika hali mbaya sana.

When Mustafa Kemal returned to his headquarters, he heard the commanders talking amongst themselves - they were in a very bad state.

Alikutana nao na kujaribu kuwahamasisha. Kwa kunukuu maneno yake kwao: "Reli ina umuhimu gani? Eskisehir au mji mwingine wowote una umuhimu gani? Hakuna. Jeshi ndilo kila kitu, na jeshi bado ni imara. Baada ya majuma manne tutakuwa tumewashinda maadui zetu." Kamanda alipoyasikia aliyosema, walimtazama kwa mshangao, wakidhani kwamba hotuba yake ilikuwa ya kipumbavu kabisa.

He met with them and attempted to motivate them. To quote from what he said to them: What is the importance of the railway line? What is the importance of Eskisehir or any other city? Nothing. The army is everything, and the army is still strong. In four weeks time we will have vanquished our enemies. When the commander heard what he had to say, they looked at him in bewilderment, thinking that his talk was totally absurd.

Hata hivyo, vita iliendelea na vikosi vya Wagiriki viliendelea kusonga mbele.

However, the battle went on and the Greek troops continued their advance.

Vikosi vya Jenerali Papolas vilikusanyika magharibi mwa Sakarya, na Waturuki walilazimika kusalimu Kara. Upande wa kulia ulifanikiwa kutoroka kwa shida kubwa. Kuhusu upande wa kushoto, mara tu ulipolazimika kuacha eneo moja, ulilazimika kuacha jingine mara moja. Makao makuu ya Mustafa Kemal yalikuwa katika kijiji cha Al-Ajwash, na alikuwa akitoa maagizo kutoka chumbani mwake ambacho hakuwahi kukiacha, huku Ismat akiwa kamanda wa jeshi. Jeshi la Kituruki lilishindwa tena, na Kamanda Mkuu alichanganyikiwa, asijue kama aamuru wanajeshi warudi nyuma au wabaki pale walipo. Mustafa Kemal alitambua kwamba kama wanajeshi wangebaki walipo, msiba ungeweza kutokea au usitokee, ilhali wakirudi nyuma, bila shaka ungewapata. Hivyo, aliamua kupinga jeshi kurudi nyuma; hali ilikuwa ya hatari sana.

The platoons of General Papolas gathered west of Sakarya and the Turks were forced to surrender Kara. The right flank managed to escape with great difficulty. As for the left flank, no sooner was it forced to abandon one area, then it was forced to abandon another. The headquarters of Mustafa Kemal were in the village of Al-Ajwash, and he used to give instructions from his room which he never left, Ismat being the commander of the army. The Turkish army was yet again defeated and the General Commander was confused not knowing whether to order the troops to retreat or to stay put. Mustafa Kemal realised that if the troops remained where they were, the calamity might or might not happen, whereas if they retreated, it would undoubtedly befall them. Thus, he decided against the armys retreat; the situation was extremely critical.

Mnamo tarehe 7 Septemba 1922, saa mbili usiku, ilifika habari kwamba jeshi la Ugiriki lilikuwa limeacha mashambulizi yake na kuanza kurudi nyuma. Kwa hiyo, jeshi la Uturuki liligeuka dhidi ya Wagiriki na kuanzisha shambulio la kupinga wakati wakiwa wanarudi nyuma; Wagiriki walirudi nyuma mpaka zaidi ya Sakarya, kisha kurudi hadi nafasi yao ya awali karibu na reli ya Anatolia. Njiani, walichoma vijiji na kuharibu visima kwa baruti, wakichukua mifugo pamoja nao na kuwaua yeyote waliyekutana naye. Waliacha nyuma uharibifu wa maili mia kadhaa, na hatimaye wakahama Izmir. Tarehe 9 Septemba, Waturuki waliutwaa tena mji wa Izmir bila hata kufyatua risasi moja. Hata hivyo, nao walichoma nusu ya mji ili kufuta athari ya mwisho ya utawala wa Kigiriki. Uingereza, Ufaransa na Italia zilitoa wito wa kusitishwa kwa mapigano, ambako kulifanyika tarehe 11 Septemba 1922, na Wagiriki wakaachia Trakya hadi Marij.

On 7th September 1922 at 2.00 am, news came that the Greek army had aborted its offensive and had started to withdraw. At this, the Turkish army turned on the Greeks and launched a counter attack while they were retreating; the Greeks retreated beyond Sakarya then back to their initial position near the Anatolian railway line. Along the way, they burnt the villages and wrecked wells with dynamite, carrying along cattle and killing anyone they encountered. They left behind hundreds of miles of destruction and finally evacuated Izmir. On 9th September, the Turks recaptured Izmir without even firing one single shot. However, they in turn burnt half the city in order to erase the last trace of the Greek occupation. Britain, France and Italy called for a truce, which was held on 11th September 1922 and the Greeks relinquished Trakya up to Marij.

Hivyo, vita kati ya Ugiriki na Uturuki ikafikia mwisho.

Thus, the war between Greece and Turkey came to an end.

Muhtasari huu wa matukio ya vita kati ya Mustafa Kemal na Wagiriki ni jinsi yalivyotokea kweli, si kama propaganda ya Magharibi ilivyotaka kuyaonyesha wakati huo. Matukio haya yanaonyesha kwamba kuondoka kwa Wagiriki na kurudi kwao kutoka ardhi walizokuwa wameikalia hakukuwa matokeo ya vita vya maamuzi vilivyotokea kati yao na Mustafa Kemal ambavyo wao wakapoteza. Kinyume chake, wakati Wagiriki walipoanza kurudi nyuma na kuondoka, wao ndio walikuwa na mkono wa juu, na majeshi ya Kituruki ndiyo yalikuwa yameshindwa, na ari yao ilikuwa chini sana na kukata tamaa kulikuwa kumeanza kuwadhoofisha.

This was the summary of the war events which took place between Mustafa Kemal and the Greeks as they really occurred, not as the Western propaganda wanted to portray them at the time. These events indicate that the withdrawal of the Greeks and their retraction from the lands they had occupied was not as a consequence of a decisive battle that took place between them and Mustafa Kemal and which they lost. Contrary to this, at the time when the Greeks started to retreat and evacuate, they had the upper hand and the Turkish armed forces were the vanquished, and their morale was very low and despair had started to enfeeble them.

Ni wazi kwamba jinsi Wagiriki walivyojiondoa kunaonyesha kwamba shinikizo la kimataifa liliwekwa juu ya Wagiriki, lililowalazimisha kujiondoa. Hakuna shaka kwamba shinikizo hilo lilitoka kwa Washirika, kwa sababu ni Uingereza, Ufaransa na Italia ndizo zilizoitisha usitishaji wa mapigano mara tu Wagiriki walipokwisha kurudi nyuma na kujiondoa. Hivyo, usitishaji wa mapigano ulifanyika kwa ufanisi.

It is clear that the Greeks withdrawal in this manner indicates that an international pressure was applied upon the Greeks, which forced them to withdraw. There is no doubt in the fact that the pressure came from the Allies, because it was Britain, France, and Italy who called for the truce once the Greeks had already retreated and withdrawn. Thus, the truce was effectively held.

Waingereza walitumia mapigano haya kati ya Waturuki na Wagiriki kama njia ya kumwezesha Mustafa Kemal kuifuta Khilafah. Hasa Uingereza, ilipeleka habari hizo mbele na kuzieneza kote katika ulimwengu wa Kiislamu; ilitengeneza matangazo makubwa kwa Mustafa Kemal ndani na nje ya Uturuki, hadi akajulikana kila mahali kama mshindi aliyewarudisha nyuma Wagiriki na kupigana na washirika wote na kuwafukuza. Alitajwa hata kama Mshindi. Hili ndilo lililomwezesha Mustafa Kemal kujiimarisha kwa uthabiti nchini na kuwapiga Waislamu na utawala wa Kiislamu pigo la kufisha, lililodhihirika katika kufutwa kwa Khilafah na kuondolewa kwa mamlaka ya Uislamu kutoka uso wa dunia.

The British exploited these battles between the Turks and the Greeks as a means to enable Mustafa Kemal to abolish the Khilafah. Britain in particular, gave wing to the news and spread it widely throughout the Islamic world; she generated a huge publicity for Mustafa Kemal inside and outside Turkey until he became known everywhere as the victor who repelled the Greeks and fought all the allies and expelled them. He was even referred to as the Conqueror. This was what enabled Mustafa Kemal to firmly establish himself in the country and to deal the Muslims and the rule of Islam a fatal blow, reflected in the abolishment of the Khilafah and the removal of the authority of Islam from the face of the earth.

Kuhusu suala la kuwafukuza Wagiriki kutoka Trakya, hili lilikuwa ni ghiliba tupu, lililodhihirika kwa jambo kwamba mara tu vikosi vya Kigiriki vilipoondoka Asia Ndogo, vikosi vya Mustafa Kemal vilisogea kuelekea kaskazini ili kuwatwaa tena Trakya kutoka kwao. Ufaransa, Italia na Uingereza zilipotangaza msimamo wao wa kutoegemea upande wowote tarehe 15 Mei 1921, zilianzisha eneo lisilo la upande wowote lililojumuisha eneo lililoenea kuzunguka pwani za Bosporus na Dardanelles, na zikazuia pande mbili zilizokuwa vitani zisipite katika eneo hili. Kwa hakika, Wagiriki walikuwa wamejaribu kupita katika eneo hilo hapo awali walipokuwa karibu kuiteka Istanbul, lakini Harrington aliwazuia kufanya hivyo. Kisha Mustafa Kemal alijaribu kupita humo, lakini Harrington naye alijaribu kumzuia. Hata hivyo, Mustafa Kemal alipuuza kizuizi hiki, na jeshi liliendelea kuingia katika eneo hilo bila kujali. Vikosi vya jeshi la Uturuki vilikusanyika kando ya pwani na kusimama karibu na Dardanelles. Hivyo, Harrington alijiandaa kwa makabiliano makali. Alikusanya vikosi vilivyopelekwa Istanbul na kutuma vikundi kadhaa vya askari kulinda Canakkale na ukanda wa pwani wa Asia.

As for the issue of expelling the Greeks from Trakya, this was a flagrant farce manifested by the fact that once the Greek forces evacuated Asia Minor, the forces of Mustafa Kemal moved northwards in order to recapture Trakya from them. When France, Italy and Britain declared their neutral stand on 15th May 1921, they established a neutral zone which was composed of an area spread around the Bosporus and the Dardanelles shores, and they prevented the two warring factions from passing through this zone. In fact the Greeks had attempted to pass through the zone before when they were about to occupy Istanbul, but Harrington prevented them from doing so. Then Mustafa Kemal attempted to pass through it but Harrington also attempted to prevent him. However, Mustafa Kemal ignored this prevention and the army went on penetrating the area regardless. The Turkish armed forces gathered along the coast and stopped near the Dardanelles. Thus Harrington prepared for a showdown. He gathered the troops deployed in Istanbul and sent several platoons to protect Canak Kale and the Asian coastline.

Washirika wake, Wafaransa na Waitaliano, waliona jambo hili la ajabu. Kisha alituma onyo kwa Uturuki, ambalo nchi tatu, Uingereza, Ufaransa na Italia, zilikuwa zimeliidhinisha, akisisitiza katazo la kupita katika eneo lisilo na upande wowote.

His allies, the French and the Italians, found this strange. Then he sent a warning to Turkey, which the three states Britain, France and Italy had approved, stressing the prohibition of passing through the neutral zone.

Hata hivyo, Mustafa Kemal hakujali jambo hili, na hali hiyo ilisababisha Uingereza kuweka vikosi vyake katika tahadhari ya hali ya juu na kuviagiza vijiandae kwa vita. Pia iliomba Ufaransa na Italia nazo ziweke vikosi vyake katika tahadhari ya hali ya juu, lakini zikakataa. Kisha kikosi cha jeshi cha Ufaransa kilijiondoa kutoka eneo lisilo na upande la Canak Kale na kutoka ukanda wa pwani ya Asia. Italia ilifuata mfano wa Ufaransa, na Uingereza ikabaki peke yake.

However, Mustafa Kemal did not pay any attention to this and this prompted Britain to put her forces on high alert and order them to prepare for battle. She also asked France and Italy to put their forces on high alert but they refused. Then the French garrison pulled out of neutral zone Canak Kale and from the Asian coastline. Italy followed Frances example and Britain remained on her own.

Suala hilo halikuwa tena kati ya Uturuki na Washirika, bali kati ya Uturuki na Waingereza peke yao. Majeshi ya Kituruki yalikabiliana uso kwa uso na majeshi ya Kiingereza. Majeshi ya Kiingereza yangeweza kukabiliana na majeshi ya Kituruki na kuyazuia yasiwafuatilie Wagiriki, na kama kweli yalitaka kupigana na majeshi ya Kituruki, yangeweza kuwapatia kushindwa vibaya kwa kutumia vikosi vyao vya ardhini. Vinginevyo, jeshi lao la majini na ndege zao za kivita zilikuwa tayari kusubiri amri. Mustafa Kemal hakuwa na ndege za kivita wala meli za kivita wakati huo, na mkakati wake ulikuwa ni kuvuka Dardanelles.

The issue was no longer between Turkey and the Allies, but rather between Turkey and the British alone. The Turkish forces came face to face with the British forces. The British forces could have taken on the Turkish forces and prevented them from pursuing the Greeks, and if they had really wanted to fight the Turkish forces they would have been able to inflict upon them a crushing defeat with their land troops. Otherwise their navy and warplanes were on standby. Mustafa Kemal had no warplanes nor did he have any warships at the time, and his course of action was to penetrate the Dardanelles.

Baadhi ya washauri wa Mustafa Kemal hawakutaka ajiweke katika kushindwa kwa hakika mbele ya jeshi la Uingereza, lakini yeye alisisitiza kuendelea na maandamano yake ili kuingia katika eneo lisiloegemea upande wowote na kuwafikia Wagiriki. Kwa hiyo, vikosi vya Kituruki vilisonga mbele, na vikosi vya Uingereza vikakabiliana nao ili kusimamisha maendeleo yao. Hata hivyo, hakukuwa na mapigano yoyote kati ya pande hizo mbili.

Some of Mustafa Kemals advisors did not want him to expose himself to a certain defeat before the British army, but he insisted on continuing his march to penetrate the neutral zone and reach the Greeks. Hence, the Turkish forces advanced and the British troops confronted them to halt their advance. However, no clashes took place between the two sides.

Wanajeshi wa Uingereza walionekana kuchanganyikiwa na kutojua la kufanya.

The British troops appeared confused and not knowing what to do.

Maagizo yaliyowafikia yalikuwa ya kutatanisha, yakiwaamuru wazuie Waturuki wasipite, na wakati huo huo yakipiga marufuku kufyatua silaha na kutumia nguvu.

Orders reaching them were ambiguous, instructing them to prevent the Turks from passing through and at the same time banning the firing of arms and the use of violence.

Wakati huo huo, Ufaransa ilimtuma mjumbe aliyeitwa Franklin Bouillon kufanya mazungumzo na Mustafa Kemal kwa niaba yake. Mjumbe huyo wa Kifaransa alieleza utayari wake wa kuwapa Washirika ahadi kwamba wangewalazimisha Wagiriki kuondoka Triss, na kurudisha Uturuki ya Ulaya kwa Waturuki.

Meanwhile, France sent an envoy called Franklin Bouillon to negotiate with Mustafa Kemal on her behalf. The French envoy expressed his readiness to give the Allies undertaking that they would make the Greeks evacuate Triss and to return European Turkey to the Turks.

Baada ya hapo Harrington alimwomba Mustafa Kemal muda ili aweze kushauriana na serikali yake, na siku kumi baadaye likaja jibu kutoka serikali ya Uingereza likikubali kuondolewa kwa majeshi ya Kigiriki lakini likikataa kuondolewa kwa majeshi ya Ulaya. Kwa kweli hakukuwa na majeshi mengine huko isipokuwa majeshi ya Uingereza.

Upon this Harrington requested from Mustafa Kemal some time in order to consult his government, and ten days later a reply came from the British government agreeing to the Greek armies evacuation but rejecting the evacuation of the European forces. In fact no other forces were there apart from the British forces.

Mustafa Kemal alikubali na aliamuru vikosi vyake visimamishe mapambano yao, kisha akamtuma Ismat kukutana na Harrington katika kijiji cha Mudanya ili kupanga maelezo ya makubaliano. Washirika walikubali kuwafukuza Wagiriki kutoka Thrace, na kwa vitendo ilikuwa hivyo. Wanajeshi wa Kigiriki waliondoka, na serikali ya Ankara ikachukua usimamizi wa mambo ya utawala. Hivyo, hakuna kikosi kingine cha kigeni kilichobaki nchini Uturuki isipokuwa jeshi la Uingereza.

Mustafa Kemal agreed and ordered his troops to halt their advance and dispatched Ismat to meet Harrington in the village of Mudanya to work out the details. The allies agreed to expel the Greeks from Triss and effectively it was so. The Greek troops evacuated and the Ankara government took over the reins of administrative matters. Hence, no other foreign garrison was left in Turkey apart from the British army.

Hili pia lilionekana kuwa ushindi kwa Mustafa Kemal dhidi ya Washirika, kwa kuwafukuza kutoka Istanbul na Mlango-bahari. Alipewa matangazo mengi, kama kampeni ya matangazo iliyohusu mapigano dhidi ya Wagiriki, ingawa busara kidogo ingeonyesha kwamba vitendo hivi vya kuigiza vilikuwa vimepangwa mapema pamoja na Waingereza, ili kuwatenganisha Washirika wao na kubaki peke yao nchini.

This was also regarded as a victory for Mustafa Kemal over the Allies for chasing them from Istanbul and the Straits. He was given wide publicity just like the publicity campaign pertaining the battles with the Greeks, though a little rational judgement would show that these theatrical acts were prearranged with the British, in order to alienate their Allies and remain on their own in the country.

Kufikia sasa, awamu ya hatua za ndani ilikuwa imekwisha, na jambo pekee lililobaki kusuluhishwa lilikuwa suala la mkutano wa amani.

By now, the phase of the domestic actions had ended and only the settlement of the issue of the peace conference was still pending.

Wakati huo huo, wanasiasa na maafisa walihisi kwamba Mustafa Kemal alikusudia kuifuta Khilafah. Wengi mno katika Bunge la Taifa waliunda kundi kubwa la kumpinga katika suala hili nyeti, nao wakamweleza wazi kwamba walikuwa tayari kusimama dhidi yake katika jambo hilo. Sehemu kubwa ya majeshi ya kijeshi pia ilihisi hivyo.

Meanwhile, the politicians and officers sensed that Mustafa Kemal intended to abolish the Khilafah. An overwhelming majority was formed in the National Assembly to oppose him in this critical issue, and they made it clear to him that they were ready to stand against him in it. A large section of the armed forces also sensed this.

Jenerali Kathim Qara Bakir Pasha alikuwa mfuasi mwenye bidii zaidi wa Sultani miongoni mwao; hivyo alimwonya Mustafa Kemal katika hotuba aliyosema: Katiba mpya haiwezi kuchukuliwa kwa mtazamo halali kuwa sheria thabiti, kwa kuwa nchi haikushauriwa na maoni yake hayakuombwa kuhusu jambo muhimu namna hii. Taifa pekee ndilo linaloweza kuamua aina ya mfumo wa utawala unaolitaka. Kisha alimaliza hotuba yake kwa maneno ya vitisho yafuatayo: Nimeapa kuzuia hatua yoyote inayochukuliwa kwa lengo la kuigeuza nchi kutoka Usultani kuwa jamhuri, bila kujali dhabihu itakavyokuwa ghali. Kwa kuwa Kathim Qara Bakir alikuwa mtu aliyeheshimiwa miongoni mwa jeshi lote, na kwa kuwa wananchi walithamini hoja zake za busara na uoni wake wa mbele na kumwamini, alikuwa na uwezo wa kuchochea taifa na jeshi dhidi ya Mustafa Kemal. Mustafa Kemal alilitambua hilo na mara moja akachukua hatua za kumtuliza. Hivyo alimwandikia barua akisema: Katiba iliyoandaliwa na Bunge la Kitaifa si ya mwisho. Ni badala yake mkusanyiko wa kanuni za jumla zilizoandaliwa ili ziwe miongozo kwa wale wanaotaka kuongoza nchi kwa mfumo wa kidemokrasia usio na machafuko. Hakuna chochote katika sheria hizi kinachopendekeza kwamba Usultani mtukufu na Ukhalifa mtukufu vitadhoofishwa, wala kinachopendekeza kuchochea kupitishwa kwa mfumo wa utawala wa kijamhuri. Wale wanaofikiri kwamba tunataka kuiharibu Usultani na kubadilisha utawala wa kisultani kuwa utawala wa kijamhuri wanaishi, kwa kweli, katika sayari nyingine tofauti na ile tunayoishi, yaani sayari ya hadithi na mawazo. Barua hii iliwagusa Kathim Qara Bakir na kila mtu mwingine. Hivyo dhoruba ikatulia, na Mustafa Kemal alitambua kwamba asingeweza kuanzisha jamhuri isipokuwa akitegemea nguvu kubwa itakayomwezesha kuwashinda wapinzani hawa. Kwa hiyo akaanza kuandaa nguvu kama hiyo kwa juhudi zake zote. Alisaidiwa na propaganda kubwa ambayo Waingereza walieneza kumhusu ndani ya Uturuki na kote katika ulimwengu wa Kiislamu. Kwa hiyo, alipohisi kwamba amepata nguvu inayohitajika, na alipoweza kutegemea kikosi chenye nguvu kinachomuunga mkono ndani ya jeshi, alianza kutekeleza malengo aliyokuwa akiyahifadhi kwa ajili ya Khilafah - alianza kufikiria kuifuta wakati mkutano wa amani ukiendelea kuchunguza mambo ya nchi.

General Kathim Qara Bakir Pasha was the most ardent supporter of the Sultan among them; thus he warned Mustafa Kemal in a speech in which he said: The new constitution could not be regarded from a legitimate angle as a sound law since the country has not been consulted and her opinion has not been sought regarding such a critical matter. Only the nation can decide on the type of ruling system she wants. He then ended his speech with the following threatening words: I have vowed to prevent any steps undertaken with the aim of transforming the country from a Sultanate to a republic, no matter how dear the sacrifice. Since Kathim Qara Bakir was a respected personality among the whole army, and since the masses appreciated his sound reasoning and his foresight and trusted him, he was capable of inciting the nation and the army against Mustafa Kemal, who realised this and immediately moved to calm him. Thus he wrote to him saying: The constitution drafted by the National Assembly is not final. It is rather a host of general principles which have been drafted to act as leads and guidelines to those who wish to rule the country by a democratic system free of chaos. There is nothing in these laws to suggest that the sacred Sultanate and the sacred Khilafah would be undermined, or to suggest an incitement towards adopting a republican ruling system. Those who imagine that we wish to destroy the Sultanate and substitute the Sultanic rule by the republican rule are in fact living in another planet than the one we live in, that is the planet of fiction and imagination. This letter had its effect upon Kathim Qara Bakir and upon everyone else. Thus, the storm was calmed and Mustafa Kemal realised that he would not be able to establish a republic unless he relied on a formidable force that would enable him to overwhelm these opponents. So, he set about preparing such a force with all his efforts. He was assisted by the huge publicity which the British had spread about him inside Turkey and throughout the Islamic world. Therefore, when he sensed that he had acquired the necessary force, and when he was able to rely upon a formidable force supporting him within the army, he set about executing the aims he had been harbouring for the Khilafah - he started thinking about abolishing it while the peace conference was being held to look into the countrys matters.