Ilionekana kwamba Waingereza walitarajia kuleta mabadiliko makubwa katika mfumo wa utawala kwa kuiangamiza Khilafah na kuanzisha jamhuri kwa njia halali na za kisheria, bila kulazimika kutumia mapinduzi ya kijeshi au uasi wenye silaha. Hivyo walijielekeza kwenye mbinu za kisiasa tu. Mara Izzet Pasha alipoondolewa, Khalifa alimwagiza Tawfiq Pasha kuunda serikali mpya. Tawfiq Pasha alijulikana kuwa wakala wa Waingereza. Wakati wa utawala wa Abdul-Hamid alikuwa mtumishi wa serikali, aliyeteuliwa kuwa balozi wa Dola ya Kiothmani mjini London, ambako alifanikiwa kupata huruma na kibali cha Waingereza. Hata hivyo, alipounda serikali yake, alikuwa mzee wa miaka themanini na asiyefaa kutekeleza wajibu uliotarajiwa kwake. Hivyo Waingereza hawakuwa na amani kuhusu kuundwa kwa serikali yake.

It seemed that the British were hoping to generate a radical change in the ruling system by destroying the Khilafah and establishing a republic through legitimate and legal means, without having to resort to a military coup or an armed rebellion. So they resorted to purely political styles. Once Izzet Pasha was removed, the Khaleefah instructed Tawfiq Pasha to form the new government. Tawfiq Pasha was known to be a British agent. During the rule of Abdul-Hamid he was a civil servant, appointed as ambassador of the Ottoman State to London, where he managed to gain the sympathy and the pleasure of the British. However, when he formed his government, he was an old man in his eighties and unfit to perform the role expected of him. Thus the British were uneasy about his forming of the government.

Hata hivyo, kabla ya kujaribu kumuondoa na kuanzisha serikali mpya, walitaka kuvunja bunge lililojulikana kama baraza la Al-Mabuthan. Hii ilikuwa kwa sababu baraza hilo lilichaguliwa na watu kutoka kote katika Dola ya Kiothmani, yaani Dola ya Khilafah. Kwa hiyo, halikuwa bunge la Kituruki, lililojikita Uturuki pekee. Zaidi ya hayo, wengi wa wabunge walitoka kwa Vijana wa Kituruki na Kamati ya Muungano na Maendeleo (C.U.P.). Yaani, chama cha Anwar na Jamal, ambacho misimamo yake ilikuwa kuunga mkono kudumishwa kwa Khilafah na sehemu zote za Dola ya Kiothmani. Kwa hiyo, ilikuwa vigumu sana kwake kukubali kufutwa kwa Khilafah, au kukubali kutengwa kwa sehemu nyingine za Dola kutoka Uturuki. Walitaka pia kuunda ombwe la kisiasa nchini, na kuvunjwa kwa bunge kungewasaidia kuunda ombwe hilo. Hivyo, walidhamiria kulivunja. Awali walitaka kulivunja kwa njia za kikatiba, bila kulazimika kutegemea uingiliaji wa Sultani kujibu madai yao. Ilikuwa wakati Mustafa Kemal alipojaribu kutumia suluhisho za kikatiba na kushindwa.

However, prior to attempting to replace him and bringing a new government, they wanted to dissolve the parliament known as the council of “Al-Mab’uthan”. This was because that council was elected by people from all over the Ottoman State, namely the Khilafah State. Accordingly, it was not a Turkish parliament, exclusive to Turkey. Besides, most of the deputies were from the Young Turks and the Committee of Union & Progress (C.U.P.). In other words the party of Anwar and Jamal, whose views were in favour of maintaining the Khilafah and all the parts of the Ottoman State. Therefore, it would be very unlikely for it to agree to the abolition of the Khilafah, or to agree to the severing of the other parts of the Empire from Turkey. They also wanted to generate a political vacuum in the country, and dissolving parliament would help them generate this vacuum. Hence, they were determined to dissolve it. They wanted at first to dissolve it through constitutional means, without having to resort to an intervention from the Sultan in response to their demand. This was when Mustafa Kemal attempted to apply the constitutional solutions and failed.

Kisha Sultani, kwa hatua isiyotarajiwa, alivunja bunge kwa amri; na hili lingeweza kuwa tu kwa msingi wa madai ambayo alikuwa na uhakika nayo au ambayo hakuweza kumudu kuyakataa.

Then the Sultan, in an unexpected move, dissolved parliament by a decree; and this could only be based on a demand of which he was convinced or which he could not afford to refuse.

Hasa, ilikuwa lazima kwa Tawfiq Pasha kupata kura ya imani ya bunge kulingana na kanuni za kikatiba, hivyo kikao cha bunge kilipaswa kufanyika ili kupiga kura hiyo. Mustafa Kemal, ambaye alikuwa amerejea hivi karibuni kutoka Aleppo na Adhano, alikimbilia kuwashawishi wabunge wampe serikali kura ya kutokuwa na imani. Alikuwa na marafiki fulani miongoni mwa wanachama wa Muungano ambao waliwakilisha wengi wa bunge. Miongoni mwao alikuwepo Fathi Beik, ambaye alikuwa na madaraka na ushawishi. Fathi Beik alimkusanyia idadi ya wabunge, na yeye akaanzisha mjadala nao katika chumba kilichokuwa karibu. Mustafa Kemal aliwasilisha pendekezo lake, yaani, kuipa serikali kura ya kutokuwa na imani.

More specifically, it became imperative for Tawfiq Pasha to gain a parliamentary vote of confidence according to the constitutional rules,and so a parliamentary session to cast that vote was to be held. Mustafa Kemal who had just returned from Aleppo and Adhano, rushed to convince the deputies to give the government a vote of no confidence. He had some friends from among the unionists who represented the majority of parliament. From among those was Fathi Beik who had power and influence. Fathi Beik gathered for him a number of deputies and he initiated a debate with them in an adjacent room, and Mustafa Kemal put forward his proposal, that is, to give the government a vote of no confidence.

Hata hivyo, walipinga jambo hili, wakidai kwamba kupiga kura ya kutokuwa na imani kungeleta bila shaka kuvunjwa kwa baraza. Baada ya hapo hakuweza tena kuficha malengo aliyokuwa akiyalenga, hivyo mara moja akajibu: "Na hili lingekuwa bora kwa muda mrefu, kwani kupitia hili tunaweza kusubiri wakati wetu na kuandaa mambo yetu ili kuunda serikali tunayoitaka." Kengele ya kupiga kura ililia, na manaibu wakaelekea ndani ya ukumbi wa bunge. Lakini wakati wa kupiga kura ulipofika na spika alipotangaza matokeo, wengi walio wengi walipiga kura ya kuipa serikali imani. Mustafa Kemal alipopata habari hizi, aliondoka katika majengo ya bunge, na mara tu alipofika nyumbani, alipiga simu ikulu akiomba mkutano wa dharura na Sultani. Sultani Wahid-ud-Deen alikuwa anajua mawazo ya Mustafa Kemal na alikuwa anafahamu tamaa yake ya kunyakua madaraka. Kwa hakika, alihisi ndani yake nguvu fulani, na alidhani kwamba alikuwa na washirika wenye nguvu jeshini na alikuwa na ushawishi juu ya jeshi. Jambo kuu lililomsumbua Wahid-ud-Deen lilikuwa kulinda kiti chake cha enzi, nae alimwona Mustafa Kemal kuwa tishio kwake. Kwa hiyo, alipoomba kuonana naye, mara moja alikubali.

However, they objected to this, claiming that casting a vote of no confidence would inevitably lead to the dissolution of the council. Upon this he could no longer conceal the objectives he was aiming for so he promptly replied : “And this would be better in the long term, for through this, we can bide our time and prepare our affairs to form the government that we want.” The division bell rang and the deputies made their way into the parliament chamber. But when the time came to cast the votes and the speaker announced the result, the overwhelming majority gave the government a vote of confidence. When Mustafa Kemal learnt this, he left the parliament buildings and as soon as he arrived home, he telephoned the palace requesting an urgent meeting with the Sultan. Sultan Wahid-ud-Deen was aware of Mustafa Kemal’s thoughts and knew about his ambition to seize power. Indeed, he sensed in him some power and thought that he had powerful allies in the army and had influence over the army. Wahid-ud-Deen’s main concern was to maintain his throne and he viewed Mustafa Kemal as a threat to him. Thus, when he requested an audience with him he immediately agreed.

Hata hivyo, aliweka tarehe ya mkutano kuwa Ijumaa ya karibuni zaidi.

However, he set the date of the meeting to be on the earliest Friday.

Wahid-ud-Deen alichagua siku hiyo kwa sababu ilikuwa siku ambayo Salammalik ilifanyika, yaani wakati Khalifa alipokutana na watu waliokuja kumsalimia. Nia yake ilikuwa kumfanya Mustafa Kemal atangaze uhusiano wake na Sultani na athibitishe utii wake kwa Khalifa, pamoja na kuswali sala ya Ijumaa pamoja naye. Kisha angepanga mazingira yanayofaa ili kusikiliza hotuba yake - ambayo alikuwa anaijua - kwa faragha.

Wahid-ud-Deen chose that day because it was the day when the “Salammalik” took place, meaning when the Khaleefah met with the people who came to greet him. His intention was to get Mustafa Kemal to declare his links with the Sultan and to confirm his loyalty to the Khaleefah along with performing the Juma’a prayer with him. Then he would take the appropriate arrangements to listen to his talk -which he knew- in private.

Baada ya Sala kumalizika, Wahid-ud-Deen alimwomba Mustafa Kemal amsindikize hadi kwenye chumba cha mapokezi. Sultani alikuwa akichelewesha mkutano huo kwa makusudi, na mazungumzo yalichukua saa nzima kamili. Sultani alimwambia Mustafa Kemal: "Nina hakika kabisa kwamba makamanda wa jeshi na maafisa wana imani kubwa kwako; je, unaweza kunihakikishia kwamba jeshi halitachukua hatua yoyote dhidi yangu?" Mustafa Kemal alijibu: "Mheshimiwa, sijui chochote kuhusu siku zijazo. Lakini ninachoona kwa sasa ni kwamba makamanda hawaoni sababu yoyote ya kuasi dhidi ya kiti chako cha enzi; ninaweza hata kukuthibitishia kwamba hakuna kabisa jambo linalohalalisha hofu zako." Baada ya hapo Sultani alisema: "Sizungumzii wakati wa sasa, bali ninataka kujua kinachotarajiwa kutokea baadaye." Haijulikani Mustafa Kemal alijibu nini, lakini inaonekana alizungumza naye kwa namna iliyomtuliza, kwani Sultani alimwambia baadaye: "Wewe ni kamanda mwenye busara, na bila shaka unaweza kuwashawishi wenzako na kuwashawishi wawe watulivu na kuwasihi watumie busara." Mkutano huu maalumu, ambao hakuna mwingine aliyehudhuria, uliwavutia watu waliokuwa ndani ya ikulu, nao wakajaribu kufahamu ulihusu nini. Hata hivyo, siku hiyo hiyo ya mkutano, Khalifa alitoa amri ya kuvunjwa kwa bunge, bila kupanga tarehe ya uchaguzi mpya. Amri hii iliwashangaza kila mtu, hasa kwa kuwa ilikuwa hatua ya kiholela isiyo na haki yoyote. Hakuna sababu za kikatiba wala maelezo yoyote yaliyotolewa kwa ajili ya kuvunjwa kwa bunge. Kwa hiyo, watu walidhani kwamba Mustafa Kemal ndiye aliyemshauri Khalifa avunje bunge na kuathiri uamuzi wake, kama kweli alivyofanya. Hali hii ilikuwa hasa hivyo kwa sababu ombi la kupata mkutano lilitolewa baada ya Mustafa Kemal kujaribu kuwashawishi wabunge wapige kura ya kutokuwa na imani na serikali, kwani hilo lingeweza kusababisha kuvunjwa kwa bunge bila shaka. Hata hivyo, matukio yaliyozunguka kuvunjwa kwa bunge yalionyesha kwamba uamuzi wa Khaleefah haukuwa na uhusiano wowote na ushawishi wa Mustafa Kemal. Hii ni kwa sababu uamuzi huo ulifanyika siku ile ile ya mkutano, na ilikuwa si rahisi kwamba ulitokana na yale yaliyosemwa katika mkutano, hasa kwa kuwa mkutano ulifanyika siku ya Ijumaa, ambayo ni siku ya mapumziko ya umma. Zaidi ya hayo, Mustafa Kemal alikuwa akikutana na Sultani kwa mara ya kwanza baada ya kutiwa saini kwa mapatano na kumalizika kwa vita, na bila kujali alivyokuwa na ushawishi mkubwa, kutimizwa kwa ombi lake hakungeweza kufikiwa kwa kasi ya namna hiyo.

Once the Salah ended, Wahid-ud-Deen asked Mustafa Kemal to accompany him to the lounge. The Sultan was deliberately prolonging the meeting and the discussion took one whole hour. The Sultan addressed Mustafa Kemal by saying : “I am totally convinced that the army commanders and officers have a great confidence in you; so would you guarantee to me that the army would not undertake any action against me?” Mustafa Kemal replied: “Your Excellency, I know nothing about the future. But what I can see at the present time is that the commanders do not find any justification to rebel against your throne; I can even confirm to you that there is absolutely nothing to justify your fears.” Upon this the Sultan said : “I am not talking about the present time, but I wish to know what is expected to happen in the future.” It is not known what Mustafa Kemal replied, but it seems that he talked to him in a way that reassured him, for the Sultan said to him afterwards : “You are a wise commander, and undoubtedly you can influence your colleagues and persuade them to be calm and exhort them to use deliberation.” This special meeting, which no one else attended, caught the imagination of the people who were in the palace, and they tried to find out what it is was about. However, the Khaleefah issued on the very day of the meeting a decree in which he ordered the dissolution of parliament, without setting a date for new elections. This decree took everyone by surprise, especially as it was an arbitrary measure with no justification. No constitutional justifications or reasons were given for the dissolution. Hence, people thought that Mustafa Kemal had suggested to the Khaleefah to dissolve parliament and influenced his decision, as indeed he had done. This was particularly so as the request for an audience came in the wake of Mustafa Kemal’s endeavour to persuade the deputies to give the government a vote of no confidence, for this would have inevitably led to the dissolution of parliament. However, events surrounding the dissolution suggested that the Khaleefah’s decision had absolutely nothing to do with Mustafa Kemal’s influence. This was because it took place on the same day of the meeting and it was very unlikely for it to have been as a result of what was said in the meeting, especially as the meeting was on a Friday, which is a public holiday. Besides, Mustafa Kemal was meeting the Sultan for the first time after the signing of the truce and the end of the war, and no matter how influential he had been, the fulfilment of his request could not have been achieved at such a lightening speed.

Kwa hiyo, matukio yanaonyesha kwamba suala la kuvunja bunge lilikuwa limeandaliwa kabla ya mkutano, na kutangazwa kwake kwa namna ya kiholela kunaonyesha bila shaka yoyote kwamba lilitegemea jambo lililokuwa nje ya udhibiti wa Sultani. Mtu angeweza tu kuhitimisha kwamba lilipangwa na Waingereza, kwani walikuwa wakidhibiti moja kwa moja Khaleefah na nchi kupitia ukaliaji wa kijeshi.

Therefore, events indicate that the issue of dissolving parliament had been prepared before the meeting, and that its declaration in such an arbitrary manner indicates without any shade of a doubt that it was based on a matter that was beyond the Sultan’s control. One could only deduce that it was orchestrated by the British, for they were directly in control of the Khaleefah and the country through occupation.

Hata hivyo, kuvunjwa kwa bunge kulisababisha vurugu kubwa na mkanganyiko kote nchini. Uvumi ulienea kwamba wanaounga mkono Muungano (Ittihad) wamewapa silaha wafuasi wao ili watangaze mapinduzi katika Asia Ndogo, kwa kuwa hili lilikuwa pigo kubwa kwa wanaounga mkono Muungano. Katikati ya vurugu hizi, Tawfiq Pasha alitoweka na nafasi yake ikachukuliwa na Damad Farid Pasha, aliyejulikana kama "Muungwana wa Kiingereza", naye pia alikuwa mkwe wa Sultani.

Nevertheless, the dissolution of parliament caused a major uproar and confusion throughout the country. Rumours spread that the unionists had armed their supporters in order to declare the revolution in Asia Minor, for this was a fatal blow to the unionists. Amidst this uproar, Tawfiq Pasha disappeared and was succeeded by Damad Farid Pasha who was known as the “English Gentleman” and he also was the Sultan’s son-inlaw.

Kuhusu Mustafa Kemal, alikodi nyumba huko Shilly, kitongoji cha Bira, na aliishi humo kama mtu wa kawaida. Aliachana na siasa na kujiweka mbali na macho ya watu. Mara nyingi alionekana akihudhuria baadhi ya klabu na kuchanganyika na watu wa tabaka la juu. Hata hivyo, alibaki mwenye busara sana, maneno yake hayakuashiria jambo lolote mahsusi, na hakuna aliyejua kama yuko upande wa Sultani au dhidi yake.

As for Mustafa Kemal, he rented a house in Shilly, a suburb of Bira, and lived there as an ordinary individual. He deserted politics and kept a low profile. He used to be seen frequenting some clubs and mixing with people in high society. However, he remained very discreet, his talk did not imply anything in particular and no one knew whether he was with or against the Sultan.

Hata hivyo, Sultani alikuwa anafahamu nia za Mustafa Kemal, kwa kuwa alikuwa anajua mawazo yake na mipango yake. Kwa sababu hiyo, alikuwa akimpinga kwa nguvu na kumshambulia. Alikuwa akiwaambia watu wa karibu yake kwamba Mustafa Kemal alitaka kuwatenganisha Waturuki na familia yake na kuleta chuki kati yake na umma ili amwondoe. Hata hivyo, kustaafu kwa Mustafa Kemal kutoka shughuli za kisiasa hakumpa Sultani sababu yoyote ya kumtawala. Watu wengi hawakukubaliana na uadui wa Sultani dhidi ya Mustafa Kemal.

However, the Sultan was aware of Mustafa Kemal’s intentions, for he was acquainted with his thoughts and his designs. Hence, he used to fiercely resist him and attack him. He used to say to his entourage that Mustafa Kemal wanted to estrange the Turks from his family and cause animosity between him and the masses in order to remove him. However, Mustafa Kemal’s retirement from political activity did not give him any excuse over him. So many people disapproved of the Sultan’s hostility towards Mustafa Kemal.

Mara Damad Farid alipounda serikali, na mara Waingereza walipoonyesha idhini yao kwayo, hofu ya Sultani iliongezeka, na akadhani kwamba hangeweza kudumisha kiti chake cha enzi bila msaada wa Uingereza.

Once Damad Farid had formed the government, and once the British showed their approval of it, the fears of the Sultan increased and he thought that he could not maintain his throne without the help of Britain.

Hivyo alikuwa akimwona Damad Farid kuwa mshirika mkuu na mtetezi wake.

Thus he used to see in Damad Farid a major ally and supporter of his.

Sultani na Damadi walitumia kila njia iliyowezekana kuwafurahisha Waingereza.

The Sultan and Damad exhausted all possible means to please the British.

Walianzisha chama walichokipa jina la Marafiki wa Uingereza, na serikali ikakiunga mkono chama hiki kwa kila njia. Waingereza nao wakakifadhili kwa wingi kwa dhahabu iliyovutia. Hata hivyo, watu wa kawaida, na wengi wa vijana na maafisa wa jeshi, walikuwa wakiwadharau Waingereza na kuwa na chuki dhidi ya wakoloni.

They established an association which they named “Friends of Britain”, and the government backed this association with all means. The British for their part copiously financed it with tempting gold. However, the common people, and the majority of the youth and army officers used to despise the British and to harbour malice against the occupiers.

Kwa hiyo, Sultani na Waziri wake Mkuu walijitupa kabisa mikononi mwa Waingereza, na wakawategemea kikamilifu. Waingereza walikuwa wamekwisha mteua Kamishna Mkuu mjini Istanbul ili aendeshe mambo ya kisiasa ya nchi, pamoja na Jenerali Harrington wa Uingereza, Kamanda Mkuu wa majeshi ya washirika. Hivyo, wakaanza kumwamuru Sultani maoni yao na kumdanganya apendavyo.

Therefore, the Sultan and his Prime Minister threw themselves completely into the embrace of the British and they fully relied upon them. The British had by then appointed a High Commissioner in Istanbul in order to run the political affairs of the country, alongside the British General Harrington, the Commander in Chief of the allied forces. Hence, they started dictating their opinions to the Sultan and manipulating him at will.

Matokeo yake, alipoteza mamlaka yake halisi na akawa kama mfungwa.

Consquently, he lost his effective authority and became like a prisoner.

Mamlaka halisi ilitumbukia mikononi mwa washirika, au kwa usahihi zaidi mikononi mwa Waingereza peke yao, ambao waliwakilishwa na Kamishna Mkuu wa Uingereza na Jenerali Harrington.

The effective authority fell into the hands of the allies, or more specifically in the hands of the British alone, who were represented by the British High Commissioner and General Harrington.

Zaidi ya hayo, Waingereza walitaka kuunda ombwe la kisiasa nchini ili waweze kulijaza wenyewe kama walivyotaka. Juu juu, waliwaachia watu wa nchi hiyo wenyewe kuendesha mambo ya kisiasa ya nchi, huku wakiwasukuma mawakala wao kushiriki katika shughuli za kisiasa. Kisha walisimama nyuma ya pazia na kusababisha machafuko na kutokuwa na utulivu wa kisiasa nchini, ili kuonyesha kutoweza kwa wenyeji kuongoza nchi, na hivyo kusababisha ombwe la kisiasa. Hii ni kwa sababu ombwe lina maana ya kukosa uwezo wa kutenda na kukosa uwezo wa kuvumilia; kwa maneno mengine, lina maana kwamba kuna nguvu, lakini nguvu hii haijidhihirishi katika umbo lake stahiki na kwa uwezo unaostahili.

Furthermore, the British wanted to generate a political vacuum in the country so that they could fill it themselves as they wished. On the surface, they left the political matters of the country to be run by her own people while they pushed their agents into undertaking the political activities. Then they stood behind the scenes and generated in the country turmoil and political instability, in order to highlight the inability of the locals to govern the country, thereby causing a political vacuum. This is so because the vacuum means the inability to act and the inability to persevere; in other words it means that there is a force, but this force does not manifest itself in its appropriate form and with an adequate capability.

Ombwe hilo linaweza kuwa la kisiasa, kijeshi au kimkakati.

The vacuum could either be political, military or strategic.

Ombwe la kisiasa hutokea pale dola inapokosa utulivu, inapokosa mpangilio, na inapotumbukia katika wasiwasi na kutokuwa na utulivu wa kisiasa. Katika hali hii, inakuwa ni lazima kujaza ombwe hili kwa kuipa dola uwezo na nguvu za kufanya kazi na kuendelea kuwepo. Baada ya kuikalia Dola ya Ottoman, Waingereza walilidhibiti eneo la Uturuki pekee na kuliacha lisimamie sera za nchi na kusimamia mambo ya nchi.

The political vacuum occurs when the state is unstable, uncoordinated and plunged into disquiet and political instability. It becomes imperative in this case to fill this vacuum by giving the state the power and the ability to function and persevere. Having occupied the Ottoman State, the British confined her to the Turkish region and left her in charge of the country’s policies and of looking after the country’s affairs.

Kwa hiyo nguvu ya kisiasa katika nchi ilizaliwa, lakini wakafanya mfululizo wa vitendo vilivyokusudiwa kuzuia nguvu hii isijitokeze kwa namna inayofaa na uwezo unaotosha; pia kuifanya isiweze kubeba dhamana ya kutawala na isiweze kudumu. Hivyo basi, wakaendelea na hila yao ya kuvunja bunge ili kuleta wasiwasi na kutokuwa na utulivu.

So a political force in the country was generated, but they undertook a host of actions designed to prevent this force from appearing in a suitable form and an adequate capability; also to make it unable to shoulder the responsibility of government and unable to persevere. Hence, they went ahead with their trick to dissolve parliament in order to generate disquiet and instability.