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Notes

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1 Imesimuliwa na Abu Dawud. Nimezitaja hadithi za Mtume kwa majina ya waliozikusanya. Kwa mfano, "Imesimuliwa na Bukhari" inamaanisha kuwa iko katika kitabu cha hadithi kilichokusanywa na Bukhari. Unaweza kutafuta hadithi mbalimbali kupitia hifadhidata za mtandaoni za Kiingereza na Kiarabu. Tafadhali zingatia kuwa tafsiri zinaweza kutofautiana.

1 Narrated by Abu Dawud. I have referenced the Prophetic traditions by their compilers. For example, “Narrated by Bukhari” means that it is in the hadith book compiled by Bukhari. You can search for the various hadiths using online English and Arabic databases. Please note translations may vary.

2 Al-Ghazali. (2015). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. 2

Toleo la Pili.

nd Edition.

Imetafsiriwa na Utangulizi na Maelezo na T. J. Winter. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, uk. 8.

Translated with an Introduction and Notes by T. J. Winter. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, p. 8.

Unaweza kutazama baadhi ya mijadala hii kwenye www.hamzatzortzis.com [Imefikiwa tarehe 3 Oktoba 2016].

3 You can watch some of these debates at www.hamzatzortzis.com [Accessed 3rd October 2016].

Hadithi 4 za Kinabii ni maneno, kauli, vitendo na kuridhia kwa Mtume Muhammad ﷺ ambavyo ni sahihi na vilivyothibitishwa.

4 Prophetic traditions are authentic and verified words, statements, actions and consent of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم.

Bullivant, S. (2015). Defining ‘Atheism’. Katika: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.

5 Bullivant, S. (2015). Defining ‘Atheism’. In: The Oxford Handbook of Atheism.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, kurasa 11-21.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-21.

6 Schweizer, B. (2010). Hating God: The Untold Story of Misotheism. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 28.

7Ibid, uk. 216.

7Ibid, p. 216.

8Ibid, uk. 217-218.

8Ibid, pp. 217-218.

9Ibid, pp. 217-218.

10 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion. London: Bantam Press, uk. 14.

10 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion. London: Bantam Press, p. 14.

11 Amesimuliwa na Muslim.

11 Narrated by Muslim.

12 Qur'ani, Sura 52, Aya 36. Katika kitabu hiki nimetumia tafsiri mbalimbali za Qur'ani. Tafsiri ninazozitumia zaidi ni tafsiri ya Profesa Abdel Haleem [Angalia: Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & toleo la kuchapishwa upya, 2008) The Qur'an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] na tafsiri ya Sahih International [inapatikana: www.quran.com]. 13 "Ni nani asiye mpumbavu ambaye angeacha dini ya Ibrahimu?" Qur'ani, Sura 2, Aya 130.

12 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 36. Throughout this book I have used various Qur’anic translations. The translations I have used most frequently are the translation by Professor Abdel Haleem [See Abdel Haleem, M. A. S. (2005 & Reissue Edition, 2008) The Qur’an: A New Translation. New York: Oxford University Press] and the translation by Sahih International [available at: www.quran.com]. 13 “Who but a fool would forsake the religion of Abraham?” The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 130.

14 Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). Katika: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Inapatikana kwa: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Imefikiwa tarehe 1 Oktoba 2016].

14 Crone, P. Atheism (pre-modern). In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23358 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

15 Ibid.

16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Imetafsiriwa na Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, uk. 22. Mtafsiri anarejelea wanafizikia; hata hivyo, katika muktadha wa asili inarejelea wale wanaokataa utoaji wa Mungu. 17 Qur'an, Sura ya 10, Aya ya 99.

16 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 22. The translator refers to physicists; however, in the original context it refers to those who reject God’s providence. 17 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 99.

18 Kurani, Sura 2, Aya 256.

18 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.

19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Inapatikana kwa: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Imefikiwa tarehe 1 Oktoba 2016].

19 Idris, J. (2012). An Islamic View of Peaceful Coexistence. Available at: www.jaafaridris.com/an-islamic-view-of-peaceful-coexistence [Accessed 1st October 2016].

20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. Katika: M. Martin, mhariri, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, Toleo la 1. New York: Cambridge University Press, uk. 11.

20 Bremmer, J. N. (2007). Atheism in Antiquity. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, 1st Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 11.

21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. Katika: M. Martin, mhariri, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, ukurasa wa 29.

21 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History. In: M. Martin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 29.

22 Addison, J. (1753). The Evidence of the Christian Religion. London, pp. 224-223.

23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, uk. 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity’s Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, Na. 4. 25 Ibid, uk. 23.

23 Hyman, G. (2007). Atheism in Modern History, p. 31. 24 Bradlaugh, C. (1929). Humanity’s Gain from Unbelief and Other Selections from the Works of Charles Bradlaugh. London: Watts & Co. The Thinkers Library, No. 4. 25 Ibid, p. 23.

26 Ibid, uk. 1.

26 Ibid, p. 1.

27 Kuhuisha Hoja ya Kuwepo kwa Mungu. Time Magazine, 7 Aprili 1980, kur. 65-66. Inapatikana kwenye: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [Imefikiwa tarehe 2

27 Modernizing the Case for God. Time Magazine, 7 April 1980, pp. 65-66. Available at: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921990,00.html [Accessed 2

[Tarehe 2 Oktoba 2016].

nd October 2016].

28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. London: Futura Publications, kurasa 117-129.

28 Crick, F. (1982). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. London: Futura Publications, pp. 117-129.

29 Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion. New York: Atlantic Books, p. 13.

Harris, S. (2006). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. London: The Free Press, uk. 227.

30 Harris, S. (2006). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. London: The Free Press, p. 227.

31 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 20.

Imetajwa katika William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, uk. 41.

32 Cited in William, P. S. (2009). A Sceptic’s Guide to Atheism. Milton Keynes: Paternoster, p. 41.

33 Ibid p. 44.

34 Ofisi ya Takwimu za Taifa (Office for National Statistics). (2011). Dini nchini Uingereza na Wales 2011.[mtandaoni] Inapatikana: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [Imefikiwa tarehe 1 Oktoba 2016].

34 Office for National Statistics. (2011). Religion in England Wales 2011.[online] Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html#tab-Changing-picture-of-religious-affiliation-over-last-decade. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

35 Biotechnology Report. Fieldwork January 2010 – February 2010. Bruxelles: TNS Opinion & Social, p. 203. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

36 Historia ya kutokuamini kuwepo kwa Mungu (uasi-imani) nchini China ina changamoto zake za kipekee, na haiwezi kulinganishwa na kutokuamini kwa Magharibi. Kutokuamini kwa Wachina hakutokani na nadharia ya Darwin wala na aina ya uasi-imani mpya ya Dawkins. Uasi-imani nchini China umejengwa juu ya mkusanyiko wa kipekee wa mambo ya kitamaduni, kisiasa na kifikra. Kwa hiyo unapaswa kuchunguzwa kwa kujitegemea.

36 The history of atheism in China has its own complexities and cannot be equated with Western atheism. Chinese atheism is not due to Darwinism or a Dawkins type of new atheism. Atheism in China is based on a unique set of cultural, political and intellectual factors. It has to be studied on its own.

37 Zuckerman, P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. Katika: M. Martin, mh., The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, ukurasa 61.

37 Zuckerman, P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns. In: M. Martin, ed, The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, p. 61.

38 Ibid, uk. 55.

38 Ibid, p. 55.

39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, uk. 16. Inapatikana: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Imefikiwa tarehe 2 Oktoba 216].

39 WIN-Gallup International. (2012). Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism, p. 16. Available at: http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf [Accessed 2nd October 216].

40Baadhi ya mawazo katika sura hii yamechochewa na kurekebishwa kutoka kwa Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Inapatikana katika: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Imefikiwa tarehe 23 Novemba 2016].

40Some of ideas in this chapter have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. The absurdity of life without god. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the absurdity-of-life-without-god [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

41. Schopenhauer, A. (2014). Studies in Pessimism: On the Sufferings of the World. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapter 1. Inapatikana: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Imefikiwa tarehe 2 Oktoba 2016].

41Schopenhauer, A. (2014). Studies in Pessimism: On the Sufferings of the World. [ebook] The University of Adelaide Library. Chapter 1. Available at: https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/schopenhauer/arthur/pessimism/chapter1.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

42 Qur'ani, Sura 12, Aya 87.

42 The Qur’an, Chapter 12, Verse 87.

Sura 99, Aya 6 hadi 8.

43 The Qur’an, Chapter 99, Verses 6 to 8.

44 Qur'ani, Sura 45, Aya 22.

44 The Qur’an, Chapter 45, Verse 22.

45 Qur'an, Sura 50, Aya 35.

45 The Qur’an, Chapter 50, Verse 35.

46 Qur'ani, Sura 10, Aya 26.

46 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 26.

47 Qur'ani, Sura 36, Aya 55 hadi 58.

47 The Qur’an, Chapter 36, Verses 55 to 58.

48 Qur'ani, Sura 17, Aya 70.

48 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 70.

49 Qur'ani, Sura 3, Aya 191.

49 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.

50 Qur'ani, Sura, 32, Aya 18.

50 The Qur’an, Chapter, 32, Verse 18.

51 Nasr, S. H. (2004). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, p. 275.

52 Qur'ani, Sura 57, Aya 20 hadi 21.

52 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verses 20 to 21.

53 Imenukuliwa katika BBC (bila tarehe) Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Inapatikana kwa: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [Imefikiwa tarehe 1 Oktoba 2016].

53 Cited in BBC (no date) Radio 4 - in our time - greatest philosopher - Ludwig Wittgenstein. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_ludwig_wittgen stein.shtml [Accessed 1st October 2016].

Imetajwa katika Pollan, S. M. na Levine, M. (2006). It's All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, ukurasa wa 4.

54 Cited in Pollan, S. M. and Levine, M. (2006). It’s All in Your Head: Thinking Your Way to Happiness. New York: HarperCollins, p. 4.

55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Inapatikana kwa:

55 Williams, M. (2015). The Life Cycle of the Sun. Available at:

http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/ [Accessed 2

[Tarehe 2 Oktoba 2016].

nd October 2016].

56 Qur'ani, Sura 3, Aya 191.

56 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 191.

57 Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. Toleo la maadhimisho ya miaka 30. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

57 Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. 30th Anniversary edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

58 Qur'ani, Sura 7, Aya 128.

58 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 128.

59 Qur'ani, Sura 39, Aya 29.

59 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.

60 Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. Toleo la 2. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, uk. 55.

60 Mogahed, Y. (2015). Reclaim Your Heart. 2nd Edition. San Clemente, CA: FB Publishing, p. 55.

61 Qur'ani, Sura 11, Aya ya 105.

61 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 105.

62 Qur'ani, Sura 25, Aya 75.

62 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verse 75.

63 Qur'ani, Sura 59, Aya 19.

63 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

64 Dawkins, R. (2001). River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. London: Phoenix, uk. 155.

64 Dawkins, R. (2001). River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. London: Phoenix, p. 155.

BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, kurasa 100-102.

65 BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100-102.

BonJour, L. (1995). "Toward a Moderate Rationalism." Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.

66 BonJour, L. (1995). “Toward a Moderate Rationalism.” Philosophical Topics 23, no. 1: 50.

67 Basic assumptions of science (no date) Available at: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/basic_assumptions [Accessed 14th November 2016].

68 Darwin Correspondence Project (2016) Available at: https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-13230.xml [Accessed 4th October 2016].

69 O’Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, uk. 60.

69 O’Hear, A. (1997). Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.

70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Inapatikana: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Imefikiwa tarehe 4 Oktoba 2016].

70 Gray, J. (2014). The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins. Available at: https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins [Accessed 4th October 2016].

71 Francis, C. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, uk. 262. 72 Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, uk. 305.

71 Francis, C. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, p. 262. 72 Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 305.

73 Harris, S. (2010). The Moral Landscape. New York: Free Press, p. 66.

74 Sage, James. "Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties." Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102.

74 Sage, James. “Truth-Reliability and the Evolution of Human Cognitive Faculties.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 117, no. 1/2 (2004): 102.

75 Ibid, uk. 104.

75 Ibid, p. 104.

Ibid.

76 Ibid.

Ibid.

77 Ibid.

78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Je, mageuzi yanaweza kueleza kikamilifu uwezo wetu wa kiakili unaoaminika kufikia ukweli? Inapatikana: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Imefikiwa tarehe 30 Septemba 2019].

78 Tzortzis, H. (2019). Can evolution adequately explain our truth-reliable cognitive faculties? Available at: http://www.hamzatzortzis.com/can-evolution-adequately explain-our-truth-reliable-cognitive-faculties. [Accessed 30th September 2019].

79 The Qur'an, Chapter 41, Verse 53.

79 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 53.

80 Qur'ani, Sura 47, Aya 24.

80 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 24.

Qur'ani, Sura 11, Aya 51.

81 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 51.

Sura 3, Aya 190.

82 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.

83 Tallis, R. (2014). Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity. New York: Routledge, uk. 87.

83 Tallis, R. (2014). Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity. New York: Routledge, p. 87.

84 Imechukuliwa na kurekebishwa kutoka kwa Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.

84 Taken and adapted from Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), 703.

85 Jibu la pingamizi hili limechochewa na kurekebishwa kutoka kwa Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Inapatikana kwa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Imefikiwa tarehe 24 Oktoba 2016].

85 The response to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Kane B. (2014) Philosophy of mind 4.2 - objections to functionalism. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmEk1lq_Wgk [Accessed 24th October 2016].

Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, kurasa 32-33.

86 Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, pp. 32-33.

87 Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262: 27.

88 Ibid, uk. 30.

88 Ibid, p. 30.

89 Ibid. Kwa majibu ya pingamizi nyingine na maelezo zaidi kuhusu mada hii, tafadhali tazama: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

89 Ibid. For responses to other objections and more detail on this topic please see: Searle, J. (1980) Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 417-424; Searle, J. (1980) Intrinsic Intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, pp. 450-456; Searle, J. (1989). Reply to Jacquette. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49(4), pp. 701-708; Searle, J. (1990). Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program? Scientific American, 262, pp. 26-31; Searle, J. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer's Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, uk. 49, na angalia: "The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism," Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, kur. 175–83.

90 Hasker, W. Metaphysics. Downer’s Grove, Ill: InterVarsity, 1983, p. 49, and see: “The Transcendental Refutation of Determinism,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, 11, 1973, pp. 175–83.

91 BBC Today. (2008). Inapatikana kwenye: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Imefikiwa tarehe 1 Oktoba 2016].

91 BBC Today. (2008). Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7745000/7745514.stm [Accessed 1st October 2016].

92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. Toleo la pili. Lilihaririwa na Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al Islamiyah. Juzuu ya 8, uk. 482.

92 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. 2nd Edition. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al Islamiyah. Vol 8, p. 482.

93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. Toleo la 4. Kimehaririwa na Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beirut: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, uk. 640.

93 Al-Isfahani, Al-Raghib. (2009). Mufradat al-Qurʾan al-Karim. 4th Edition. Edited by Ṣafwan Dawudi. Beirut: al-Dar al-Shamiyya, p. 640.

94 Petrovich, O. (1997). Understanding the Non-Natural Causality in Children and Adults: A Case Against Artificialism. Psyche en Geloof, 8, pp. 151-165.

95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Inapatikana kwa: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Imefikiwa tarehe 4 Oktoba 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, uk. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children “Intuitive Theists”? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), uk. 295-301.

95 Zwartz, B. (2008). Infants ‘Have Natural Belief In God’. Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/national/infants-have-natural-belief-in-god-20080725- 3l3b.html [Accessed 4th October 2016]. 96 Bloom, P. (2007). Religion is Natural. Developmental Science, 10, pp. 147-151. 97 Kelemen, D. (2004). Are Children “Intuitive Theists”? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature. Psychological Science, 15(5), pp. 295-301.

Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F. & Kelemen, D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition, 140, pp. 72-88.

98 Järnefelt, E., Canfield, C. F. & Kelemen, D. (2015). The Divided Mind of a Disbeliever: Intuitive Beliefs About Nature as Purposefully Created Among Different Groups of Non-Religious Adults. Cognition, 140, pp. 72-88.

99 Ibid, 74.

Ibid.

100 Ibid.

101 Ibid, 79.

102 Ibid, 81.

103 Ibid, 82.

104 Ibid, 83.

105 Ibid, 84.

106 Ibid.

107 Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. na Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, kur. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children’s Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, kur. 35-36.

107 Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E. and Harris, P. L. (2015), Judgments About Fact and Fiction by Children From Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cogn Sci, 39, pp. 353–382. 108 Barrett, J. L. (2012). Born Believers: The Science of Children’s Religious Belief. New York: Free Press, pp. 35-36.

109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. Toleo la 3. Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, uk. 316. 110 Imepokewa na Muslim.

109 Al-‘Asqalani, A. (2000). Fath al-Bari Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. 3rd Edition. Riyadh: Dar al-Salam, p. 316. 110 Narrated by Muslim.

111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Imetafsiriwa na Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, uk. 10.

111 Al-Ghazali. (2007). Kimiya-e Saadat: The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Claude Field. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, p. 10.

112 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Madina: Mujama’ Malik Fahad. Juz. 16, uk. 324.

112 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Madina: Mujama’ Malik Fahad. Vol 16, p. 324.

113 Ibid. Juz. 6, uk. 73.

113 Ibid. Vol 6, p. 73.

114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. Juz. 7, uk. 219.

114 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1991). Dar’ Ta’arud al-‘Aql wan-Naql. Vol 7, p. 219.

115 Qur'ani, Sura 16, Aya 69.

115 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 69.

116 Qur'ani, Sura 10, Aya 24.

116 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.

117 Qur'ani, Sura 52, Aya 35 na 36.

117 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.

118 Al-Qur'ani, Sura 28, Aya 56.

118 The Qur’an, Chapter 28, Verse 56.

119 Qur'ani, Sura 14, Aya 10.

119 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 10.

120 Farfur, M. S. (2010). Ujumbe wa Manufaa na Hoja Madhubuti katika Utafiti wa Elimu ya Itikadi. Tafsiri na maelezo ya Wesam Charkawi. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, kurasa 85-86.

120 Farfur, M. S. (2010). The Beneficial Message and The Definitive Proof in The Study of Theology. Translation and notes by Wesam Charkawi. Auburn: Wesam Charkawi, pp. 85-86.

121 Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur'an: God's Arguments. Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, p. ix.

121 Gwynne, R. W. (2004) Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur’an: God's Arguments. Abingdon: Routledge. 2004, p. ix.

122 Ibid, uk. 203

122 Ibid, p. 203

123 Imetajwa katika Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, uk. 31.

123 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p. 31.

124 Qur'ani, Sura 52, Aya 35 na 36.

124 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verses 35 and 36.

Mohar, M. A. (2003). Tafsiri ya neno kwa neno ya Qur'an. Juzuu ya III. Ipswich: JIMAS, uk. 1713.

125 Mohar, M. A. (2003). A word for word meaning of the Qur’ān. Vol III. Ipswich: JIMAS, p. 1713.

126 Hoja hii imechochewa na kubadilishwa kutoka kwa Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God's Existence. Inapatikana kwenye: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [Imefikiwa tarehe 23 Novemba 2016].

126 This argument has been inspired by and adapted from Idris, J. (1994) The Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence. Available at: http://www.jaafaridris.com/the-contemporary-physicists-and-gods-existence/ [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

127 Hilbert, D. (1964). On the Infinite. In: P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam (eds), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 151.

128 Quine: Terms explained. Inapatikana kwenye: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Imefikiwa tarehe 23 Oktoba 2016].

128 Quine: Terms explained. Available at: http://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/underdetermination.html [Accessed 23rd October 2016].

129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: Nguvu ya Nafasi Tupu. Inapatikana kwa: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Imefikiwa tarehe 23 Novemba 2016].

129 American Physical Society. (1998). Focus: The Force of Empty Space. Available at: http://physics.aps.org/story/v2/st28 [Accessed 23rd November 2016].

130 Leibniz, G. W. (1714). The Principles of Nature and Grace, Based on Reason.

1714. Inapatikana kwenye: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [Imefikiwa tarehe 4

1714. Available at: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/leibniz1714a.pdf [Accessed 4

th Oktoba 2016].

th October 2016].

Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, uk. 170.

131 Krauss, L. M. (2012). A Universe from Nothing: Why is there Something Rather Than Nothing. London: Simon & Schuster, p. 170.

132 Ibid.

133 Ibid, uk. 105.

133 Ibid, p. 105.

134 Albert, D. (2012). ‘A Universe From Nothing,’ by Lawrence M. Krauss. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/books/review/a-universe-from nothing-by-lawrence-m-krauss.html?_r=0 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Inapatikana katika: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Imefikiwa tarehe 9

135 Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9

th Oktoba 2016].

th October 2016].

136 Analojia zilizobadilishwa kutoka kwa Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Inapatikana kwa: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Imefikiwa tarehe 9 Oktoba 2016].

136 Analogies adapted from Craig, W.L. (2012). A Universe from Nothing. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/a-universe-from-nothing [Accessed 9th October 2016].

137 Krauss, L. A (2012). Universe from Nothing, p. 174.

138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. Katika: Psillos, S na Curd, M, wah., The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, kur. 137-138.

138 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 137-138.

Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.

139 Krauss, L. (2012) A Universe from Nothing, p. xiii.

140 Ibid p. 147.

141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Inapatikana: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [Imefikiwa tarehe 10 Septemba 2016].

141 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI [Accessed 10th September 2016].

142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. Inapatikana: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [Imefikiwa tarehe 2 Oktoba 2016].

142 Tony Sobrado. (2012). How the Universe Came from ‘Nothing’, Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss discuss. Available at: https://youtu.be/CXGyesfHzew?t=921 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Iliyotafsiriwa na Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, uk. 33.

143 Wali-Allah, S. (2003). The Conclusive Argument from God (Hujjat Allah al-Baligha). Translated by Marcia K. Hermansen. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, p. 33.

144 Imetajwa katika Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Imehaririwa na Abdullah Al-Hashidi. Cairo: Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Juzuu 2, uk. 271.

144 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Edited by Abdullah Al-Hashidi. Cairo: Maktabatu al-Suwaadi. Vol 2, p. 271.

Mfano huu umechukuliwa kutoka kwa Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.

145 This example has been taken from Green, A. R. The Man in the Red Underpants.

Toleo la pili. London: One Reason, kur. 9-10.

nd Edition. London: One Reason, pp. 9-10.

146 Mfano huu umebadilishwa kutoka kwa: Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God's Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Inapatikana kwenye: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Imefikiwa tarehe 2 Oktoba 2016].

146 This example has been adapted from Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

147 Idris, J. (2006). Wanafizikia wa Kisasa na Kuwepo kwa Mungu (sehemu ya 2 kati ya 3): Mfululizo wa Sababu. Inapatikana: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Imefikiwa 2

147 Idris, J. (2006). Contemporary Physicists and God’s Existence (part 2 of 3): A Series of Causes. Available at: http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/491/ [Accessed 2

[Tarehe 2 Oktoba 2016].

nd October 2016].

148 Imetajwa katika Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.

148 Cited in Goodman, L. E. (1971). Ghazali's Argument From Creation (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(1), 83.

Flew, A. (2007). Kuna Mungu: Jinsi Mtu Mashuhuri Zaidi Duniani Kwa Kutoamini Uwepo wa Mungu Alivyobadili Mawazo Yake. New York: HarperOne. 2007, uk. 165.

149Flew, A. (2007). There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind. New York: HarperOne. 2007, p. 165.

150 Imepokewa na Bukhari.

150 Narrated by Bukhari.

151 Imenukuliwa katika Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Juz 2, uk. 270.

151 Cited in Al-Bayhaqi, A. (2006). Kitab al-Asma was-Sifat. Vol 2, p. 270.

152 Qur'an, Sura 112, Aya 2 na 3.

152 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 2 and 3.

153 Lennox, J. C. (2009). God’s Undertaker: Has Science Buried God? Oxford: Lion Books, p. 183.

154 Hoover, J. (2004). Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya’s Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World. Journal of Islamic Studies 15(3), 296.

155 Qur'an, Sura 42, Aya 11.

155 The Qur’an, Chapter 42, Verse 11.

156 Qur'ani, Sura 58, Aya ya 7.

156 The Qur’an, Chapter 58, Verse 7.

Hii ni makadirio kulingana na idadi ya atomi za hidrojeni zilizomo katika makadirio ya jumla ya idadi ya nyota katika ulimwengu unaoonekana. Idadi hii huwa kubwa zaidi ikiwa atomi nyingine zitajumuishwa.

157 This is an estimate based on the number of hydrogen atoms that are contained in the estimated total number of stars in the observable universe. The number is higher if other atoms are included.

Qur'ani, Sura 24, Aya 45.

158 The Qur’an, Chapter 24, Verse 45.

159 Al-Tahawi. (2007). The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi. Translated from Arabic, Introduced and Annotated by Hamza Yusuf. California: Zaytuna Institute, p. 50.

160 Qur'ani, Sura 2, Aya 20.

160 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 20.

161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. Imehaririwa na Dkt. Adullah Al-Turki na Muhammad ‘Arqasusi. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah. Juzuu 1, kur. 338-9.

161 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an. Edited by Dr. Adullah Al-Turki and Muhammad ‘Arqasusi. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah. Vol 1, pp. 338-9.

162 Imechochewa na kubadilishwa kutoka kwa Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2. Inapatikana kwenye: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [Imefikiwa tarehe 13 Novemba 2016].

162 Inspired and adapted from Craig, W. L. The coherence of Theism - part 2. Available at: http://www.bethinking.org/god/the-coherence-of-theism/part-2 [Accessed 13th November 2016].

Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. Toleo la 2. New York: Oxford University Press, kurasa 52-72.

163 Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 52-72.

164 Qur'ani, Sura 11, Aya 107.

164 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verse 107.

165 Al-Ghazali, M. (2005). Ihyaa ‘Ulum al-Deen. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, uk. 107.

165 Al-Ghazali, M. (2005). Ihyaa ‘Ulum al-Deen. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, p. 107.

Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 127.

166 Rizvi, A. (2016). The Atheist Muslim. New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 127.

167 Jibu la pingamizi hili limechochewa na kurekebishwa kutoka kwa Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Inapatikana kwa: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Imefikiwa tarehe 27 Septemba 2019].

167 The answer to this objection has been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W.L. #148 Causation and Spacetime. Available at: https://www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/question-answer/causation-and-spacetime/ [Accessed 27th September 2019].

168 Huemer, H na Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.

168 Huemer, H and Kovitz, B. (2003). Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous, The Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (213), 556.

Mfano huu umebadilishwa kutoka kwa Immanuel Kant. Angalia Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Imetafsiriwa na N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin's Press, A203.

169 This is example is adapted from Immanuel Kant. See Kant, I. (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by N. Kemp Smith. New York: St Martin’s Press, A203.

170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Inapatikana katika: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Imefikiwa tarehe 26 Septemba 2019].

170 Wolchover, N. (2016). Quantum Gravity’s Time Problem. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

171 Imetafsiriwa kutoka kwa Craig, W. na Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. Katika: Craig, W. L. na Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, uk. 196.

171 Adapted from Craig, W. and Sinclair, D. (2009). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 196.

Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Inapatikana: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Imefikiwa tarehe 26 Septemba 2019].

172 Wolchover, N. (2019). Physicists Debate Hawking’s Idea That the Universe Had No Beginning. Available at: https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-debate-hawkings-idea-that-the-universe-had-no-beginning-20190606/ [Accessed 26th September 2019].

173 Randhawa, S. (2011). The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Problem of Divine Creative Agency and Purpose. Draft version. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/29016615/The_Kal%C4%81m_Cosmological_Argument_ and_the_Problem_of_Divine_Creative_Agency_and_Purpose [Accessed 22nd October 2016].

174 Dhana nyingi za hoja iliyowasilishwa katika sura hii zimetokana na kuchochewa na mapokeo ya kielimu ya Kiislamu na kazi za kifalsafa za Kikristo za kisasa. Ona: Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Cairo: Dal al Mar'rif; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. Toleo la 1, Riyadh: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Inapatikana: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Imefikiwa tarehe 20 Oktoba 2019].

174 Many concepts of the argument presented in this chapter have been adapted from and inspired by the Islamic scholarly tradition and contemporary Christian philosophical work. See Al-Ghazali, A. (2003). Al-Itiqaad fi Al-Iqtisaad. Beirut: Al Maktabah Al Sharqiyah; Ibn Sina, A. (1957). Al Ishaarat wa Al-Tanbihaat. Cairo: Dal al Mar’rif; Ibn Sina, A. (1982). Kitaab Al Najaat fi Al Hikmah Al Muntiqiyah wa Al Tabia wa Ilahiyah. Beirut: Dar Al Afaaq; Taymiyyah, I. (2009). Sharh Al Ishbahaniyah. 1st Edition, Riyadh: Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaaj; Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A7CE655E55212940. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

175 Kwa majadiliano ya kina kuhusu dhana ya lazima, tafadhali rejea Pruss, R. na Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, kurasa 11-32.

175 For an in-depth discussion on necessity please see Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-32.

Sehemu hii imechochewa na kubadilishwa kutoka kwa Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig.

176 This section is inspired by adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 4 - William Lane Craig.

Inapatikana kwa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [Imefikiwa tarehe 20 Oktoba 2019].

Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb275fbEpic [Accessed 20th October 2019].

177 Mfano umetolewa kutoka kwa Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. Toleo la 2. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

177 Analogy adapted from Wainwright, W. J. (1988). Philosophy of Religion. 2nd . Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

178 Qur'ani, Sura 3, Aya 97.

178 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 97.

179 Qur'an, Sura 35, Aya 15.

179 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 15.

180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Adheem. Iliyohaririwa na Saami As-Salaama. 2

180 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Adheem. Edited by Saami As-Salaama. 2

nd Edition. Riyadh: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, uk. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, kur. 197-200.

nd Edition. Riyadh: Dar Tayiba. Vol 6, p. 541. 181 Hossein, S. (1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 197-200.

182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada'ih al-Batiniyya. Imehaririwa na Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, uk. 82.

182 Al-Ghazali, M. (1964). Fada’ih al-Batiniyya. Edited by Abdurahman Badawi. Kuwait: Muasassa Dar al-Kutub al-Thiqafa, p. 82.

183 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. 3rd Edition. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, p. 109.

184 Godwin, S. J. (tarehe haijulikani). Nakala ya mdahalo wa redio kati ya Russell na Copleston. Inapatikana kwa: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [Imefikiwa tarehe 4 Oktoba 2016].

184 Godwin, S. J. (no date). Transcript of the Russell/Copleston radio debate. Available at: http://www.scandalon.co.uk/philosophy/cosmological_radio.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

Kwa msingi wa: Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. Inapatikana kwa:

185 Adapted from Craig, W. L. (2011). Contingency Argument for God - Part 2 - William Lane Craig. Available at:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Imefikiwa tarehe 20 Oktoba 2019].

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTCbQnVlYSo& [Accessed 20th October 2019].

Sehemu ya jibu la pingamizi hili imechukuliwa na kuongozwa na Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). Inapatikana: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Imefikiwa tarehe 20 Oktoba 2019].

186Parts of the answer to this objection has been adapted from and inspired by Rasmussen, J. (2017). 8 best objections to the "contingency" argument (episode 10 of 20). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asCqyTCaoNM. [Accessed 20th October 2019].

Pruss, R. na Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

187Pruss, R. and Rasmussen, J. L. (2018). Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

188 Hijab, M. (2019). Kalam Cosmological Arguments. Independently Published.

Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. Lahore: Suhail Academy, pp. 18-19.

189 Eaton, G. (2001). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam. Lahore: Suhail Academy, pp. 18-19.

190 New Scientist: The Collection. The Big Questions. Vol I, Issue I, p. 51.

191 Koch, C. (2012). Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 23-24.

192 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, uk. 5.

192 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 5.

193 Alter, T. (2014). Hard Problem of Consciousness. Katika: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., na Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, uk. 340.

193 Alter, T. (2014). Hard Problem of Consciousness. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 340.

194 Pointi zifuatazo tano zimechukuliwa na kurekebishwa kutoka kwa Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, kur. 11-13.

194 The following 5 points have been taken and adapted from Chalmers, D. (2010) The Character of Consciousness, pp. 11-13.

195 Discover Magazine. (2016). What is Consciousness? | DiscoverMagazine.com. Available at: http://discovermagazine.com/1992/nov/whatisconsciousn149. [Accessed 1st October 2016].

196 Revonsuo. A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, p. 202.

197 Manzoti, R. na Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. Katika: Lavazza, A. na Robinson, H. (mhariri). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, uk. 82.

197 Manzoti, R. and Moderato, P. (2014). Neuroscience: Dualism in Disguise. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 82.

Ibid.

198 Ibid.

199 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 105.

200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. Katika: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, uk. 280.

200 Levine, J. (2011). The Explanatory Gap. In: Bayne, T., Cleeremans, A., and Wilken, P. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280.

201 Stoljar, D. (2016). "Physicalism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Inapatikana: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Imefikiwa tarehe 4 Oktoba 2016].

201 Stoljar, D. (2016). “Physicalism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/physicalism [Accessed 4th October 2016].

202 Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary Didn't Know. The Journal of Philosophy, 83, 5, pp. 291-295.

203 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 108.

204 Ibid, uk. 109.

204 Ibid, p. 109.

205 Loar, Brian. (1997). "Phenomenal Consciousness", katika The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. by Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

205 Loar, Brian. (1997). “Phenomenal Consciousness”, in The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. ed. by Ned Block et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

206 Mjadala hapo juu umechukuliwa na kurekebishwa kutoka kwenye somo husika na majadiliano ya semina yaliyofanyika wakati wa shahada yangu ya uzamili (Masters katika Falsafa). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.

206 The above discussion has been taken and adapted from the relevant lecture and seminar discussion that was held during my postgraduate degree (Masters in Philosophy). Patterson, S. (2016). Week 6: Responses to the Modal and Knowledge Arguments. Lecture notes distributed in Philosophy of Mind at Birkbeck College, University of London on 16th November 2016.

207 Tye, Michael. (2009). Consciousness Revisited: Materialism without Phenomenal Concepts. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 49-51.

208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). "Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts." Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.

208 Demircioglu, Erhan. (2013). “Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165, 1.

209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) "Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts." Diametros, 11, pp. 10-39.

209 Polcyn, Karol. (2007) “Brian Loar on Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts.” Diametros, 11, pp. 10-39.

210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. Katika: Alter, T. na Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. Toleo la insha hii linapatikana mtandaoni katika: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Imefikiwa tarehe 21 Novemba 2016].

210 Chalmers, D. (2007). Phenomenal Consciousness and the Explanatory Gap. In: Alter, T. and Walter, S. (ed). Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press. A version of this essay can be found online at: http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].

211 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, uk. 111.

211 Chalmers, D. (2010). The Character of Consciousness, p. 111.

212 Churchland, P. (1988). Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, kur. 43-39.

212 Churchland, P. (1988). Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 43-39.

213 Ibid.

214 Ibid.

215 Nave, Carl. HyperPhysics. Kinetic Theory. Accessed August 30, 2017. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/kinthe.html.

216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip na Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.

216 Jackson, Frank, Pettit, Philip and Smith, Michael, Mind, Morality and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 30.

217 Ibid, 31.

218 Ibid, 30.

219 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, kur. 180-181.

219 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, pp. 180-181.

220 Ibid, uk. 21.

220 Ibid, p. 21.

221 Ibid, uk. 22.

221 Ibid, p. 22.

222 Ibid, uk. 24.

222 Ibid, p. 24.

223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. Katika: Lavazza, A. na Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, uk. 57.

223 Lund, D. (2014) Materialism, Dualism and the Conscious Self. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 57.

224 Solomon, R. (2005). Introducing Philosophy: A Text with Integrated Readings. 8

Toleo la th. Oxford: Oxford University Press, uk. 416.

th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 416.

225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. Katika: Block, N. (mhariri). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Juz. 1, kur. 268-205. 226 Van Gulick, R. (2008). Functionalism and Qualia. Katika: Velmans, M. na Schneider, S. (wahariri). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, uk. 381.

225 Block, N. (1980). Troubles with Functionalism. In: Block, N. (ed.). Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vol 1, pp. 268-205. 226 Van Gulick, R. (2008). Functionalism and Qualia. In: Velmans, M. and Schneider, S. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 381.

227 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, uk. 39.

227 Revonsuo, A. (2010). Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, p. 39.

228 Ibid, uk. 26.

228 Ibid, p. 26.

229 Ibid, kur. 29-30.

229 Ibid, pp. 29-30.

230 Ibid, uk. 30.

230 Ibid, p. 30.

231 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. Katika: Psillos, S. na Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, kur. 137-138.

231 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S. and Curd, M. The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

232 Eccles, J. C. (1989). Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self. Abingdon: Routledge, uk. 241.

232 Eccles, J. C. (1989). Evolution of the Brain, Creation of the Self. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 241.

233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. Toleo la 2. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, ukurasa wa 24.

233 Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology. 2nd Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 24.

234 Seager, W. na Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Inapatikana mtandaoni kupitia: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.

234 Seager, W. and Allen-Hermanson, S. (2015). “Panpsychism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/panpsychism/.

235 Feser, E. (2006). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: OneWorld, p. 138.

236 Moreland, J. P. (2008). Consciousness and the Existence of God: A Theistic Argument. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 35.

237 Ibid, uk. 192.

237 Ibid, p. 192.

238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. Katika: Craig, W. L. na Moreland, J. P. (ed.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, kur. 148-9.

238 Taliaferro, C. (2006). Naturalism and the Mind. In: Craig, W. L. and. Moreland, J. P. (ed.). Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 148-9.

239 Ibid p. 150.

240 Qur'ani, Sura 2, Aya 255.

240 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 255.

241 Qur'ani, Sura 67, Aya 14.

241 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 14.

Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. Katika: Lavazza, A. na Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, kurasa 202-203.

242 Taliaferro, C. (2014). The Promise and Sensibility of Integrative Dualism. In: Lavazza, A. and Robinson, H. (ed.). Contemporary Dualism: A Defense. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 202-203.

Qur'ani, Sura 17, Aya 85.

243 The Qur’an, Chapter 17, Verse 85.

244 Qur'ani, Sura ya 30, Aya ya 8.

244 The Qur’an, Chapter 30, Verse 8.

245 Mfano uliorekebishwa kutoka kwa Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Toleo lililorekebishwa. Inapatikana kwa: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Imefikiwa tarehe 24 Oktoba 2016] 246 Qur'an, Sura 55, Aya 5 hadi 7.

245 Analogy adapted from Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016] 246 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 5 to 7.

247 Qur'an, Sura 3, Aya 190.

247 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 190.

248 Qur'ani, Sura 16, Aya 12.

248 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 12.

249 Tibawi, A.L. (ed. and tr.). (1965). Al-Risala al-Qudsiyya (The Jerusalem Epistle) “Al-Ghazali’s Tract on Dogmatic Theology”. In: The Islamic Quarterly, 9:3–4 (1965), 3-4.

250 Ibn Abi Al-‘Izz. (2000). Commentary on the Creed of At-Tahawi. Translated by Muhammad ‘Abdul-Haqq Ansari. Riyadh: Institute of Islamic and Arabic Sciences in America, p. 9

251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. Katika: Craig, W. L. na Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, ukurasa wa 212.

251 Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 212.

252 Ibid.

253 John Leslie. (2001). Infinite Minds: A Philosophical Cosmology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 205.

254 Collins, R. The Teleological Argument, uk. 212.

254 Collins, R. The Teleological Argument, p. 212.

255 Imetajwa katika Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, uk. 150.

255 Cited in Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 150.

256 Dawkins, R. (1999). Unweaving the Rainbow. London: Penguin, uk. 4.

256 Dawkins, R. (1999). Unweaving the Rainbow. London: Penguin, p. 4.

257 Ward, P. D. na Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, uk. 16.

257 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, p. 16.

258 Ibid, uk. 221-222.

258 Ibid, pp. 221-222.

'No Jupiter, no advanced life?' - Evolution May Be Impossible in Star Systems without a Giant Planet. (2012). Inapatikana: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Imefikiwa tarehe 2 Oktoba 2016].

259 ‘No Jupiter, no advanced life? ’ - Evolution May Be Impossible in Star Systems without a Giant Planet. (2012). Available at: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2012/11/would-advanced-life-be impossible-in-star-systems-without-a-jupiter-.html [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

260 Rasio, F.A. na E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, kur. 954-956.

260 Rasio, F.A. and E.B. Ford. (1996). Dynamical instabilities and the formation of extrasolar planetary systems. Science, 274, pp. 954-956.

261 Ward, P. D. na Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, kur. 238 – 239.

261 Ward, P. D. and Brownlee, D. (2004). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York, NY: Copernicus Books, pp. 238 – 239.

262 Ibid, uk. 227.

262 Ibid, p. 227.

263 Ibid, uk. 223.

263 Ibid, p. 223.

Ibid.

264 Ibid.

265 Imechochewa na kubadilishwa kutoka: Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. Inapatikana: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Imefikiwa tarehe 24 Oktoba 2016].

265 Inspired by and adapted from Collins, R. The Fine-Tuning Design Argument. PowerPoint Presentation. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine tuning/Fine-tuning%20powerpoint%20final%20version%2010-3-08.ppt [Accessed 24th October 2016].

266 Ibid.

267 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, uk. 161. 268 Davies, P. (1993). The Mind of God: Science and the Search for Ultimate Meaning. London: Penguin, uk. 169.

267 Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, p. 161. 268 Davies, P. (1993). The Mind of God: Science and the Search for Ultimate Meaning. London: Penguin, p. 169.

Imetajwa katika Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, uk. 119.

269 Cited in Flew, A. (2007) There is a God, p.119.

270 Ibid.

Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Available at: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Accessed 5th October 2016].

271 Barnes, L. A. (2011). The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life. Sydney Institute for Astronomy. Available at: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1112/1112.4647v1.pdf [Accessed 5th October 2016].

272 Imetolewa kutoka kwa Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, kurasa 262-265.

272 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009). The Teleological Argument, pp. 262-265.

273 Ninashukuru Abu Hurayra kwa mchango wake katika kujibu pingamizi hizi. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, uk. 158.

273 I am grateful to Abu Hurayra for his contribution in responding to these objections. 274 Dawkins, R. (2006). The God Delusion, p. 158.

275 Hoja zote mbili zimebadilishwa kutoka kwenye uchambuzi wa Profesa William Lane Craig kuhusu suala hili. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. Katika: Copan, P. na Craig, W. L. (ed.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, uk. 4.

275 Both points have been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the issue. Craig, W. L. (2009). Dawkins’s Delusion. In: Copan, P. and Craig, W. L. (ed.). Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Publishing Group, p. 4.

276 Kurani, Sura 112, Aya 1 hadi 4.

276 The Qur’an, Chapter 112, Verses 1 to 4.

277 Flew, A. (2007). There is a God, p. 111.

278 Collins, R. (2002). God, Design and Fine-Tuning. Adapted version. Available at: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/Fine-tuning/Revised%20Version%20of%20Fine-tuning%20for%20anthology.doc [Accessed 24th October 2016].

279 Imetolewa kutoka kwa Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, uk. 276.

279 Adapted from Collins, R. (2009) The Teleological Argument, p. 276.

Ibid.

280 Ibid.

281 Markham, I. S. (2010). Against Atheism: Why Dawkins, Hitchens, and Harris are Fundamentally Wrong. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 34.

282 Pölzer, Thomas. Moral Reality and the Empirical Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2018, pp. 2 - 4.

283 Hoja zilizowasilishwa katika sura hii, ikiwa ni pamoja na baadhi ya mawazo, zimechochewa na kubadilishwa kutoka kwa Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Inapatikana katika: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Imefikiwa tarehe 24 Oktoba 2016]; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics Wheaton. Illinois: Crossway Books, kur. 172-183.

283 The arguments presented in this chapter, including some of the ideas, have been inspired by and adapted from Craig, W. L. Can We Be Good Without God? Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/can-we-be-good-without-god [Accessed 24th October 2016]; Craig, W. L. (2008). Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics Wheaton. Illinois: Crossway Books, pp. 172-183.

Ibid.

284 Ibid.

285 Qur'ani, Sura 52, Aya 28.

285 The Qur’an, Chapter 52, Verse 28.

Qur'ani, Sura 7, Aya 28.

286 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.

Mackie, J. L. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin. 1990, p. 15.

287 Mackie, J. L. (1990). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin. 1990, p. 15.

Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p.99.

288 Akhtar, S. (2008). The Qur’an and the Secular Mind. Abingdon: Routledge, p.99.

289 Qur'ani, Sura 2, Aya 163.

289 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 163.

290 Qur'ani, Sura 59, Aya 22 hadi 24.

290 The Qur’an, Chapter 59, Verses 22 to 24.

291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Inapatikana katika: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Imefikiwa tarehe 4 Oktoba 2016].

291 Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Inapatikana katika: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Imefikiwa tarehe 24 Oktoba 2016].

292 National Geographic. (1996). Sharks in Love. Available at: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/shark_nurse_mating [Accessed 24th October 2016].

293 Imetajwa katika Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. Katika: Craig, W. L. na Moreland, J. P. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, ukurasa wa 400.

293 Cited in Linville, M. D. (2009). The Moral Argument. In: Craig, W. L. and Moreland, J. P. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 400.

294 Qur'an, Sura 21, Aya 22.

294 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 22.

295 Al-Mahalli, J. na As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Imetafsiriwa na Aisha Bewley. London: Dar Al Taqwa, uk. 690; Mahali, J. na As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. Toleo la 3. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, uk. 422. Unaweza kupata nakala mtandaoni kupitia: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Imefikiwa tarehe 1 Oktoba 2016].

295 Al-Mahalli, J. and As-Suyuti, J. (2007). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn. Translated by Aisha Bewley. London: Dar Al Taqwa, p. 690; Mahali, J. and As-Suyuti J. (2001) Tafsir al Jalalayn. 3rd Edition. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, p. 422. You can access a copy online at: https://ia800205.us.archive.org/1/items/FP158160/158160.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

296 Avveroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Translated with footnotes, index and bibliography by Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40. Note: The citation's title, author and publisher names are kept as in the original, since they are names of books, people and places.

296 Avveroes. (2001). Faith and Reason in Islam. Translated with footnotes, index and bibliography by Ibrahim Y. Najjar. Oxford: One World, p. 40.

297 Qur'ani, Sura 7, Aya 28.

297 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 28.

298. Kwa maelezo zaidi kuhusu asili ya Kiungu ya Qur'an, tafadhali soma: Khan, N. A. na Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur'an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute na Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur'an. London: One Reason.

298For more on the Divine nature of the Qur’an, please read: Khan, N. A. and Randhawa, S. (2016). Divine Speech: Exploring the Qur’an as Literature. Texas: Bayyinah Institute and Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason.

299 Qur'an, Sura 29, Aya 46.

299 The Qur’an, Chapter 29, Verse 46.

300 Imesimuliwa na Tirmidhi.

300 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

301 Tatizo la uovu na mateso ("problem of evil") limeelezwa kwa njia nyingi tofauti. Baadhi ya hoja hutumia maneno mema, yenye huruma, yenye upendo au ya fadhili kwa kubadilishana. Licha ya tofauti hizi za matumizi ya maneno, hoja yenyewe inabaki ile ile. Badala ya neno jema, maneno kama yenye huruma, yenye upendo, yenye fadhili, n.k., yanaweza pia kutumika. Tatizo la uovu linadhani kwamba dhana ya kawaida ya Mungu lazima iwe na sifa inayomaanisha kwamba Mungu hataki uovu na mateso yawepo. Kwa hiyo, kutumia maneno mbadala kama yenye huruma, yenye upendo na yenye fadhili hakuathiri hoja hiyo. 302 The Problem of Evil, University of Notre Dame slides. Inapatikana kwa: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of% 20Evil%20Slides.pdf [Imefikiwa tarehe 1 Oktoba 2020].

301 The problem of evil and suffering argument has been expressed in a number of different ways. Some of the arguments use the words good, merciful, loving or kind interchangeably. Despite the varying use of words, the argument remains the same. Instead of using the word good, terms such as merciful, loving, kind, etc., can also be used. The problem of evil assumes that the traditional concept of God must include an attribute that would imply God does not want evil and suffering to exist. Hence, using alternative words such as merciful, loving and kind do not affect the argument. 302 The Problem of Evil, University of Notre Damme slides. Available at: https://www3.nd.edu/~dpattill/Courses/Intro%20Fall%2015/Slides/Problem%20of% 20Evil%20Slides.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2020].

303 Ibid.

Ibid.

304 Ibid.

Ibid.

305 Ibid.

Ibid.

306 Ibid.

307 Dhana hii imetokana na uchambuzi wa Profesa William Lane Craig kuhusu tatizo la uovu. Moreland, J. P. na Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. Angalia sura ya 27.

307 This assumption has been adapted from Professor William Lane Craig’s treatment on the problem of evil. Moreland, J. P. and Craig, W. L. (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, Ill, InterVarsity Press. See chapter 27.

Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist’s Handbook, p. 51.

308 Shaha, A. (2012). The Young Atheist’s Handbook, p. 51.

309 Sehemu hii ya hadithi inaonyesha rehema ya Mungu. Watoto wote huingia peponi—ambayo ni furaha ya milele—bila kujali imani zao na matendo yao. Kwa hiyo, Mungu kumtia moyo mtu huyo amuue kijana ieleweke kupitia mtazamo wa rehema na huruma.

309 This part of the story shows God’s mercy. All children enter paradise—which is eternal bliss—regardless of their beliefs and actions. Therefore, God inspiring the man to kill the boy is to be understood through the lens of mercy and compassion.

310 Qur'ani, Sura 18, Aya 65 hadi 82.

310 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verses 65 to 82.

311 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Atheem. Juzuu 5, uk. 181.

311 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 5, p. 181.

Ibid.

312 Ibid.

313 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (2004). Majmu’ al-Fatawa Shaykhul Islam Ahmad bin Taymiyyah. Vol 14, p. 266.

314 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Imehaririwa na Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh: Jami'ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Juzuu 3, uk. 142.

314 Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1986). Minhaj al-Sunnah. Edited by Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh: Jami’ah al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud al-Islamiyah. Vol 3, p142.

315 Imetajwa katika Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, ukurasa wa 4.

315 Cited in Hoover, J. (2007). Ibn Taymiyya’s Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, p.4.

Qur'ani, Sura 51, Aya 56.

316 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

317 Qur'ani, Sura 67, Aya ya 2.

317 The Qur’an, Chapter 67, Verse 2.

318 Qur'ani, Sura ya 39, Aya ya 7.

318 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 7.

319 Imepokewa na Tirmidhi.

319 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

320 Kurani, Sura 2, Aya 214.

320 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 214.

321 Qur'an Sura 2, Aya 286.

321 The Qur’an Chapter 2, Verse 286.

322 Qur'ani, Sura 5, Aya 100.

322 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 100.

323 Shuʿab al-Iman ya Al-Bayhaqi, imepokewa kwa mnyororo wa wapokezi hadi Al-Hasan Al-Basri, ambaye anaihusisha na Mtume Muhammad ﷺ. Wanazuoni wameipa hadithi hii ya Mtume daraja ya hasan; kiwango chake cha usahihi ni kizuri.

323 Al-Bayhaqi’s Shuʿab al-Iman, traced back to Al-Hasan Al-Basri, who ascribes it to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The scholars have graded this Prophetic tradition as hasan; its level of authenticity is good.

324 Qur'ani, Sura 57, Aya 20.

324 The Qur’an, Chapter 57, Verse 20.

325 Imesimuliwa na Muslim.

325 Narrated by Muslim.

326 Imesimuliwa na Bukhari.

326 Narrated by Bukhari.

327 Imesimuliwa na Muslim.

327 Narrated by Muslim.

328 Imepokewa na Bukhari. 329 Yeyote anayejaribu kujilipua kwa bomu la kujitoa mhanga au kujihusisha na ugaidi, kisha akafa kutokana na hilo, hahesabiwi kuwa shahidi. Vitendo hivi viovu vimekatazwa katika Uislamu.

328 Narrated by Bukhari. 329 Anyone that attempts suicide bombing or engages in terrorism and dies as a result is not considered a martyr. These evil acts are forbidden in Islam.

330 Imesimuliwa na Muslim.

330 Narrated by Muslim.

331 Amepokewa na Ahmad.

331 Narrated by Ahmad.

332 Amesimulia Muslim.

332 Narrated by Muslim.

333 Ibid.

Ibid.

334 Ibid.

335 Gauch, H. G, Jr. (2012). Scientific Method in Brief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 98.

336 Farhad, A. (2013). Richard Dawkins - science works bitches! Available at:

https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Imefikiwa tarehe 2 Oktoba 2016].

https://youtu.be/0OtFSDKrq88?t=73 [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

337 Russell, B. (1935). Religion and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 8.

338 Imetafsiriwa kutoka DPMosteller. (2011). Has science made belief in god unreasonable, J. P. Moreland. Inapatikana: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [Imefikiwa tarehe 2 Oktoba 2016].

338 Adapted from DPMosteller. (2011). Has science made belief in god unreasonable, J. P. Moreland. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU9iiCqHxbE [Accessed 2nd October 2016].

339 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. Katika: Psillos, S na Curd, M, wah., The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, kur. 137-138.

339 Sober, E. (2010). Empiricism. In: Psillos, S and Curd, M, ed, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, pp. 137-138.

340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Toleo la pili, ukurasa wa 99. Inapatikana kwa: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Imefikiwa tarehe 4 Oktoba 2016].

340 Darwin, C. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd Edition, p. 99. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2300 [Accessed 4th October 2016].

341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Inapatikana kwa: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Imefikiwa tarehe 18 Oktoba 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, kur. 19-20.

341 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: https://youtu.be/uSwJuOPG4FI?t=4161 [Accessed 18th October 2016] 342 Johnson, R. (2013). Rational Morality: A Science of Right and Wrong. Great Britain: Dangerous Little Books, pp. 19-20.

343 Craig, W.L. (2011). Je, Sayansi-kuabudu Hujikanusha Yenyewe? Inapatikana kwa: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Imefikiwa tarehe 4 Oktoba 2016].

343 Craig, W.L. (2011). Is Scientism Self-Refuting. Available at: http://www.reasonablefaith.org/is-scientism-self-refuting [Accessed 4th October 2016].

344 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 3.

345 Lackey, J. (2006). Utangulizi. Katika: Lackey, J. na Sosa, E. (wah.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, uk. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, uk. 10.

345 Lackey, J. (2006). Introduction. In: Lackey, J. and Sosa, E. (ed.). The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2. 346 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 10.

Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 82.

347 Coady, C. A. (1992). Testimony: A Philosophical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 82.

348 Tazama Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. na Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; na Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

348 See Shapiro, J. A. (2011). Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press; Pigliucci, M. and Muller, G. B. (ed). (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; and Godfrey-Smith, P. (2014). Philosophy of Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

349 Barker, G. na Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, uk. 17.

349 Barker, G. and Kitcher, P. (2013). Philosophy of Science: A New Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014, p. 17.

350 Annas, J. na Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.

350 Annas, J. and Barnes, J. (1994). Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 123.

351 Hume, D. (2002). Of scepticism with regard to reason. In: Epistemology: Huemer, M, ed, Contemporary Readings. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 298-310. Originally published in Hume, D. (1902) Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of understanding. In: Selby-Bigge, L. A., ed, An enquiry concerning human understanding. In: Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 298-310.

352 Ibid, uk. 305.

352 Ibid, p. 305.

353 Ibid, kur. 304-5.

353 Ibid, pp. 304-5.

354 Rosenburg, A. (2012). Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction. New York: Routledge, uk. 182.

354 Rosenburg, A. (2012). Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction. New York: Routledge, p. 182.

355 Okasha, S. (2002). Philosophy of Science, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 77.

356 Stewart, R. B. (2007). Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, p.37.

357 Moreland, J. P. (2009). The Recalcitrant Imago Dei. London: SCM Press, p. 4.

Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 Sept. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Accessed 10th May 2018].

358 Todd, Scott. C. (1999). A View from Kansas on that Evolution Debate. Correspondence to Nature. 401 (6752): 423, 30 Sept. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/46661 [Accessed 10th May 2018].

359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Inapatikana kwa: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Imefikiwa tarehe 2

359 iERA. (2013). Lawrence Krauss vs Hamza Tzortzis - Islam vs. Atheism Debate. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSwJuOPG4FI#t=7247 [Accessed 2

[Tarehe 2 Oktoba 2016].

nd October 2016].

360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, sehemu ya 88. Inapatikana kwa: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Imefikiwa tarehe 4 Oktoba 2016].

360 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 88. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. Katika: Jennifer Lackey, J na Sosa, E, mhariri, The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, uk. 244.

361 Fricker, E. (2006). Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 244.

362 Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. Katika: Jennifer Lackey, J na Sosa, E, mhariri, The Epistemology of Testimony, uk. 145.

362 Lehrer, K. (2006). Testimony and Trustworthiness. In: Jennifer Lackey, J and Sosa, E, ed, The Epistemology of Testimony, p.145.

363 Ibid, uk. 149.

363 Ibid, p.149.

364 Ibid, uk. 150.

364 Ibid, p.150.

Ibid.

365 Ibid.

Ibid.

366 Ibid.

367 Ibid, uk. 151.

367 Ibid, p.151.

368 Ibid, uk. 156.

368 Ibid, p.156.

369 Ibid, kur. 156-157.

369 Ibid, pp. 156-157.

370 McMyler, B. (2011). Testimony, Truth and Authority, p 66.

371 Ibid, uk. 69.

371 Ibid, p 69.

372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, sehemu ya 91. Inapatikana katika: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Imefikiwa tarehe 4 Oktoba 2016].

372 Hume, D. (1902). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, section 91. Available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9662/9662-h/9662-h.htm [Accessed 4th October 2016].

373 Ibid, sehemu ya 99. 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. Toleo la 2. Abingdon: Routledge, uk. 56.

373 Ibid, section 99. 374 Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, p.56.

Ibid, kur. 64-65.

375 Ibid, pp. 64-65.

376 Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. The Philosophical Review, 74(1), pp. 88-95. Also available at: http://people.hss.caltech.edu/~franz/Knowledge%20and%20Reality/PDFs/Gilbert%2

H.%20Harman%20- %20The%20Inference%20to%20the%20Best%20Explanation.pdf [Accessed 4th October 2016].

0H.%20Harman%20- %20The%20Inference%20to%20the%20Best%20Explanation.pdf [Accessed 4th October 2016].

377 Qur'an, Sura 96, Aya 1.

377 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verse 1.

378 The Magnificent Qur’an: A Unique History of Preservation. (2010). London: Exhibition Islam, pp. 145-204.

379 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, uk. 1875.

379 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1875.

380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma’riful Qur’an. Toleo la 2. Imetafsiriwa na Muhammad Jasan Askari na Muhamad Shamim. Karachi: Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Juzuu ya 1, kur. 139-149.

380 Shafi, M. (2005). Ma’riful Qur’an. 2nd Edition. Translated by Muhammad Jasan Askari and Muhamad Shamim. Karachi: Maktaba-e-Darul-Uloom. Vol 1, pp. 139- 149.

381 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences. Translated by Dr. Mohammad Swaleh Siddiqui. Revised and Edited by Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Ishaat, p. 260.

382 Imenukuliwa katika Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, uk. 2.

382 Cited in Irwin, R. (1999). The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. London: Penguin Books, p. 2.

383 Ibn Khaldun, A. The Muqaddimah. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. Chapter 6, Section 58. Available at: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter6/Ch_6_58.htm [Accessed 9th October 2016].

384 Ibn Rasheeq, A. H. (2000). Al-‘Umda fee Sina’atu al-Sh’iar wa Naqdihi. Edited by Dr. Al-Nabwi Sha’lan. Cairo: Maktabu al-Khaniji, p. 89.

385 Al-Qutaybah, A. (1925) ‘Uyun al-Akhbar. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Arabi. Vol 2, p. 185.

386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. Katika: Rippin, A. (mhariri). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, uk. 108.

386 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 108.

387 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur'an. Dundee: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press, p.64.

387 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Makhtoum Institute Academic Press, p.64.

Mahojiano binafsi na Profesa Angelika Neuwrith kwa Kijerumani. Nakala ya rekodi inapatikana kwa ombi.

388 Personal interview with Professor Angelika Neuwrith in German. A copy of the recording is available on request.

389 Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al-Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1. Translated by Mohammad Saleem Kayani. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, pp. 25-26.

Imetajwa katika Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Juz. 1, uk. 26.

390 Cited in Islahi, A. A. (2007). Pondering Over the Qur’an: Tafsir of Surah al Fatiha and Surah al-Baqarah. Vol 1, p. 26.

391 Palmer, E. H. (tr.). (1900). The Qur’an. Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. lv.

Draz, M. A. (2000). Introduction to the Qur'an. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 90.

392 Draz, M. A. (2000). Introduction to the Qur’an. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 90.

393 Zammit, M. R. (2002). A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur'anic Arabic. Leiden: Brill, p. 37.

393 Zammit, M. R. (2002). A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur’anic Arabic. Leiden: Brill, p. 37.

Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). Al-Fawz al-Kabīr fī Uṣūl at-Tafsīr. The Great Victory on Qur’ānic Hermeneutics: A Manual of the Principles and Subtleties of Qur’anic Tafsīr. Translated, Introduction and Annotated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, p.160.

394 Waliyyullāh, S. (2014). Al-Fawz al-Kabīr fī Uṣūl at-Tafsīr. The Great Victory on Qur’ānic Hermeneutics: A Manual of the Principles and Subtleties of Qur’anic Tafsīr. Translated, Introduction and Annotated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. London: Taha, p.160.

Arberry, A. J. (1998). The Koran: Translated with an Introduction by Arthur J. Arberry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. x.

395 Arberry, A. J. (1998). The Koran: Translated with an Introduction by Arthur J. Arberry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. x.

396 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, uk. 262.

396 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 262.

397 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, uk. 1881.

397 Al-Suyuṭi. J. (2005). Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Madina: Mujamma Malik Fahad, p. 1881.

Ibid.

398 Ibid.

Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, p 8.

399 Lawrence, B. (2006). The Qur’an: A Biography. London: Atlantic Books, p 8.

400 Gibb, H. A. R. (1980). Islam: A Historical Survey. Oxford University Press, p. 28.

401 Van Gelder, G. J. H. (2013). Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology. New York: New York University Press, pp. 31-33.

402 McAuley, D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.93.

403 Ibid, uk. 94.

403 Ibid, p. 94.

404 Imetajwa katika D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, uk. 94.

404 Cited in D. E. (2012). Ibn `Arabi’s Mystical Poetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.94.

Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47.

405 Bonebakker, S. A. (1984). Hatimi and his Encounter with Mutanabbi: A Biographical Sketch. Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, p.47.

406 Ibid, uk. 15; na tazama Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ibid, uk. 44.

406 Ibid, p.15; and see Ouyang, W. (1997). Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. 407 Ibid, p. 44.

408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Misingi wa soneti ya Shakespeare: Mita ya iambic pentameter na mtindo wa soneti ya Kiingereza. Inapatikana kwa: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Imefikiwa tarehe 5 Oktoba 2016].

408 Mabillard, A. (1999). Shakespearean sonnet basics: Iambic pentameter and the English sonnet style. Available at: http://www.shakespeare online.com/sonnets/sonnetstyle.html [Accessed 5th October 2016].

409 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Inapatikana kwa: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Imefikiwa tarehe 9 Oktoba 2016].

409 Holland, P. (2013). Shakespeare, William (1564–1616). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/25200 [Accessed 9th October 2016].

410 Imenukuliwa katika Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, uk. 184.

410 Cited in Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles. London: I. B. Tauris, p. 184.

411 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur'an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur'an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

411 Abdul-Raof, H. (2003). Exploring the Qur’an. Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press; Abdul-Raof, H. (2001). Qur’an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.

412 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles, uk. 185.

412 Abdel Haleem, M. (2005). Understanding the Qur’an: Themes & Styles, p. 185.

413 Ibid, uk. 188.

413 Ibid, p. 188.

414 Chowdhury, S. Z. (2010). Introducing Arabic Rhetoric. Updated Edition. London: Ad-Duha, p. 99.

415 Ibid.

416 Qur'ani, Sura 108, Aya 1 hadi 3.

416 The Qur’an, Chapter 108, Verses 1 to 3.

417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur'an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, uk. 254.

417 Robinson, N. (2003). Discovering The Qur’an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text, 2nd Edition. Washington: Georgetown University Press, p. 254.

418 Kimenukuliwa katika Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, uk. 269. Tafsiri ya asili imerekebishwa; jina Allah limebadilishwa na God.

418 Cited in Qadhi, Y. (1999). An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an. Birmingham: Al-Hidaayah, p. 269. The original translation has been amended; the name Allah has been replaced with God.

419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. Katika: Rippin, A. (mhariri). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, uk. 110.

419 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language. In: Rippin, A. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 110.

420 Qur'an, Sura 16, Aya 103.

420 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 103.

421 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Atheem. Juz. 4, uk. 603.

421 Ibn Kathir, I. (1999). Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Atheem. Vol 4, p. 603.

422 Vanlancker–Sidtis, D. (2003). Auditory recognition of idioms by native and nonnative speakers of English: It takes one to know one. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, pp. 45–57.

423 Ibid.

424 Hyltenstam, K. na Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Ni nani anayeweza kuzungumza lugha ya pili kama mzawa? Wote, baadhi, au hakuna? Studia Linguistica, 54, kur. 150–166.

424 Hyltenstam, K. and Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some, or none? Studia Linguistica, 54, pp. 150–166.

Ali, M. M. (2004). The Qur’an and the Orientalists. Ipswich: Jam’iyat Iḥyaa’ Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, p. 14.

425 Ali, M. M. (2004). The Qur’an and the Orientalists. Ipswich: Jam’iyat Iḥyaa’ Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, p. 14.

426 Kermani, K. (2006). Poetry and Language, p. 108.

427 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, uk. 261.

427 Usmani, M. T. (2000). An Approach to the Quranic Sciences, p. 261.

Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Imetafsiriwa na kuhaririwa na Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, uk. 83.

428 Draz, M. A. (2001). The Qur’an: An Eternal Challenge. Translated and Edited by Adil Salahi. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, p. 83.

429 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources. 2nd Revised Edition. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, pp. 53-79.

430 Islamic Awareness. (bila tarehe). Maandishi ya Qur'ani. Yanapatikana katika: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [Imefikiwa tarehe 1 Oktoba 2016].

430 Islamic Awareness. (no date). The text of the Qur’an. Available at: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

431 Arberry, A. J. (1967). Poems of Al-Mutanabbi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-18.

432 Kwa mfano, hizi zinaweza kujumuisha nakala za kazi za sanaa za Picasso. Inapatikana kwa: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [Imefikiwa tarehe 6 Oktoba 2016].

432 For example these can include reproductions of Picasso’s art. Available at: http://www.sohoart.co/artist/Pablo-Picasso.html [Accessed 6th October 2016].

Rejea: Textual Integrity of the Bible. Inapatikana kwa: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Imefikiwa tarehe 7 Oktoba 2016].

433 See Textual Integrity of the Bible. Available at: http://www.islamic awareness.org/Bible/Text/ [Accessed 7th October 2016].

434 Qur'an, Sura 18, Aya 109.

434 The Qur’an, Chapter 18, Verse 109.

435 Jina la Muhammad limetajwa mara nne, na Ahmad (jina jingine la Mtume ﷺ) limetajwa mara moja. Angalia http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad na http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Imefikiwa tarehe 24 Oktoba 2016].

435 The name Muhammad is mentioned four times and Ahmad (another one of his names) is mentioned once. See http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=muhammad and http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=ahmad [Accessed 24th October 2016].

{Muhammad si baba wa mmoja wenu wanaume; yeye ni Mjumbe wa Mungu na muhuri wa Manabii: Mungu anajua kila kitu.} Qur'an, Sura 33, Aya 40.

436 “Muhammad is not the father of any one of you men; he is God’s messenger and the seal of the Prophets: God knows everything.” The Qur’an, Chapter 33, Verse 40.

Qur'ani, Sura 81, Aya 22.

437 The Qur’an, Chapter 81, Verse 22.

438 Qur'ani, Sura 53, Aya 2.

438 The Qur’an, Chapter 53, Verse 2.

Sura 48, Aya 29.

439 The Qur’an, Chapter 48, Verse 29.

Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, uk. 34.

440 Lings, M. (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, p. 34.

441 Ibid, uk. 52.

441 Ibid, p. 52.

442 Ibid, kur. 53 – 79.

442 Ibid, pp. 53 – 79.

443 Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, uk. 52.

443 Watt, W. M. (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52.

444 Ameripotiwa na Bukhari.

444 Narrated by Bukhari.

445 Amesimuliwa na Muslim.

445 Narrated by Muslim.

446 Imesimuliwa na Muslim.

446 Narrated by Muslim.

447 Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din. Juzuu 1. (1999). Commentary of the Forty Hadith of An-Nawawi. Al-Basheer Publications and Translations, uk. 270.

447 Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din. Volume 1. (1999). Commentary of the Forty Hadith of An-Nawawi. Al-Basheer Publications and Translations, p. 270.

448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Ukweli na takwimu. Inapatikana: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [Imefikiwa tarehe 1 Oktoba 2016].

448 Burj Khalifa. (2016). Facts & figures. Available at: http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/factsandfigures.aspx [Accessed 1st October 2016].

449 Carrington, D. (2014). Saudi Arabia to Build World’s Tallest Tower, Reaching 1 Kilometer into the Sky. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest building-ever/ [Accessed 1st October 2016].

Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur'an. London: One Reason, kurasa 69-70.

450 Zakariya, A. (2015). The Eternal Challenge: A Journey Through The Miraculous Qur’an. London: One Reason, pp. 69-70.

Imesimuliwa na Ibn Abi Shaybah. Mnyororo wa usimulizi wa riwaya hii unafikia kwa sahaba mmoja wa Mtume Muhammad ﷺ. Wanazuoni wanashikilia kwamba riwaya hii ni sahihi kutokana na mnyororo wake wa usimulizi na ukweli kwamba inahusu elimu ya ghaibu. Baadhi ya wanazuoni wanashikilia kwamba, kwa ujumla, sahaba wa Mtume ﷺ asingetoa kauli kuhusu mambo ya Akhera bila kurejea elimu iliyofunuliwa, kama maneno au mafundisho ya Mtume ﷺ mwenyewe.

451 Narrated by Ibn Abi Shaybah. The chain of this narration stops at a companion of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. Scholars maintain that this narration is sound due to its chain of transmission and the fact that it refers to knowledge of the unseen. Some scholars maintain that, in general, a companion of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم would not make a statement concerning eschatology without reference to revealed knowledge, such as the words or teachings of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم himself.

452 Draper, J. W. (1905). History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers. Vol 1, pp. 329-330.

453 Angalia M. M. Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.

453 See M. M Azami. (1978). Studies in Early Hadith Literature. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.

Imesimuliwa na Abu Dawud na Tirmidhi.

454 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.

Imepokewa na Bukhari katika Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

455 Narrated by Bukhari in Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

456 Imesimuliwa na Tirmidhi.

456 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

457 Imesimuliwa na Bukhari.

457 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ibid.

458 Ibid.

459 Imesimuliwa na Muslim.

459 Narrated by Muslim.

460 Imesimuliwa na Tirmidhi.

460 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

461 Ibid.

Imepokewa na Bukhari na Muslim.

462 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

463 Imepokewa na Tirmidhi.

463 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Imesimuliwa na Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi na Ibn Majah.

464 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah.

465 Imesimuliwa na Muslim.

465 Narrated by Muslim.

466 Imepokewa na Ibn Hibban.

466 Narrated by Ibn Hibban.

467 Amesimuliwa na Ibn Majah.

467 Narrated by Ibn Majah.

Imesimuliwa na Ahmad.

468 Narrated by Ahmad.

Ibid.

469 Ibid.

Imepokelewa na Abu Dawud na Tirmidhi.

470 Narrated by Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi.

471 Amesimuliwa na Bukhari, Tareekh al-Kabeer.

471 Narrated by Bukhari, Tareekh al-Kabeer.

472 Amesimuliwa na Tabarani.

472 Narrated by Tabarani.

473 Amesimulia Bukhari.

473 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ibid.

474 Ibid.

475 Imepokewa na Ahmad na Tirmidhi.

475 Narrated by Ahmad and Tirmidhi.

476 Imesimuliwa na Bukhari.

476 Narrated by Bukhari.

Imesimuliwa na Bukhari, Muslim na Ahmad.

477 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.

Imesimuliwa na Bukhari na Muslim.

478 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

Imepokewa na Bukhari.

479 Narrated by Bukhari.

480 Imesimuliwa na Muslim.

480 Narrated by Muslim.

481 Imesimuliwa na Bukhari.

481 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ibid.

482 Ibid.

483 Imepokewa na Ibn Majah.

483 Narrated by Ibn Majah.

484 Amesimulia Muslim.

484 Narrated by Muslim.

Imepokewa na Tirmidhi.

485 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

486 Imesimuliwa na Muslim.

486 Narrated by Muslim.

Ibid.

487 Ibid.

Ibid.

488 Ibid.

489 Imesimuliwa na Bukhari.

489 Narrated by Bukhari.

Imesimuliwa na Bukhari na Muslim.

490 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

491 Imesimuliwa na Bukhari.

491 Narrated by Bukhari.

Ibid.

492 Ibid.

Ibid.

493 Ibid.

Imesimuliwa na Bukhari na Muslim.

494 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

495 Imesimuliwa na Bukhari.

495 Narrated by Bukhari.

496 Amesimuliwa na An-Nasai.

496 Narrated by An-Nasai.

497 Amesimulia Muslim.

497 Narrated by Muslim.

Imesimuliwa na Ahmad.

498 Narrated by Ahmad.

499 Imenukuliwa katika Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of Qadi ‘Iyad. Imetafsiriwa na Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Cape Town: Madinah Press, uk. 55.

499 Cited in Ibn Musa Al-Yahsubi, Q. I. (2006). Muhammad Messenger of Allah: Ash-Shifa of Qadi ‘Iyad. Translated by Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley. Cape Town: Madinah Press, p. 55.

Imesimuliwa na Bukhari na Muslim.

500 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

Ibid.

501 Ibid.

502 Imepokewa na Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani na Abu Nu'aym.

502 Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi, Ibn Hibban, Tabarani and Abu Nu’aym.

503 Amesimuliwa na Muslim.

503 Narrated by Muslim.

504 As-Sallabee, M. A. (2005). The Noble Life of the Prophet. Vol 3. Riyadh: Darussalam, pp. 1707 & 1712.

505 Amepokewa na Tirmidhi.

505 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Ibid.

506 Ibid.

507 Imesimuliwa na Tirmidhi.

507 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Ibid.

508 Ibid.

509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Imehaririwa na Shuayb Al-Arnaout na Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout Juz. 3. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah, kur. 50-51. Nakala ya mtandaoni inaweza kupatikana kwa: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Imefikiwa 1

509 Ibn Qayyim, S. (1998). Zaad al-Ma’ad. Edited by Shuayb Al-Arnaout and Abdul Qadir Al-Arnaout Vol 3. Beirut: Mu’assasa al-Risalah, pp. 50-51. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia801308.us.archive.org/0/items/FP37672/03_37674.pdf [Accessed 1

[Tarehe 1 Oktoba 2016].

st October 2016].

510 Amesimulia Bukhari.

510 Narrated by Bukhari.

Imesimuliwa na Bukhari, Muslim na Ahmad.

511 Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad.

Imesimuliwa na Bukhari na Muslim.

512 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

513 Imesimuliwa na Ibn Maajah na al-Haakim.

513 Narrated by Ibn Maajah and al-Haakim.

514 Imesimuliwa na Tirmidhi.

514 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

Imepokewa na Bukhari na Muslim.

515 Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim.

Imepokewa na Tirmidhi.

516 Narrated by Tirmidhi.

517 Ibid.

518 Qur'ani, Sura 5, Aya 8.

518 The Qur’an, Chapter 5, Verse 8.

Sura 4, Aya 135.

519 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 135.

520 Qur'ani, Sura 90, Aya 12 hadi 18.

520 The Qur’an, Chapter 90, Verses 12 to 18.

521 Ibn Hisham, A. (1955) as-Sira an-Nabawiyya. Cairo: Mustafa Al-Halabi & Sons. Vol 1, pp. 501-504.

Armstrong, K. (1997). A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, uk. 245.

522 Armstrong, K. (1997). A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, p. 245.

523 Cohen, A. (1994). A World Within: Jewish Life as Reflected in Muslim Court Documents from the Sijill of Jerusalem (XVIth Century). Part One. Philadelphia:

Kituo cha Mafunzo ya Kiyahudi, Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania, kur. 22-23.

The Center for Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania, pp. 22-23.

524 Tabari, M, S. (1967). Tarikh Tabari: Tarikh ar-Rusul wal- Muluk. Edited by Muhammad Ibrahim. Vol 3. 3

Toleo la tatu. Cairo, Dar al-Ma’aarif, uk. 609. Nakala ya mtandaoni inaweza kupatikana kwa:

rd Edition. Cairo, Dar al-Ma’aarif, p. 609. On online copy can be accessed at:

I can't open links or access files, so I can't see the content of that PDF. The text you've sent is only the URL and the fragment "[Accessed 1", which is not Islamic book content in English that I can translate. If you paste the English text itself here, I'll translate it into Swahili, keeping ﷺ after mentions of the Prophet Muhammad and keeping names of people, places and book titles as they appear in the original.

https://ia802500.us.archive.org/21/items/WAQ17280/trm03.pdf [Accessed 1

[Tarehe 1 Oktoba 2016].

st October 2016].

Imetajwa katika Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, uk. 17.

525 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, p. 17.

526 Imepokewa na Yahya b. Adam katika kitabu cha al-Kharaaj.

526 Narrated by Yahya b. Adam in the book of al-Kharaaj.

527 Imepokewa na Al-Tabarani katika Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.

527 Reported by Al-Tabarani in Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat.

528 Al-Qaraafi, A. (1998). Al-Furuq. Juz. 3. Toleo la 1. Imehaririwa na Khalil Al-Mansur. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, uk. 29. Nakala ya mtandaoni inaweza kufikiwa kupitia: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [Imefikiwa tarehe 1 Oktoba 2016].

528 Al-Qaraafi, A. (1998). Al-Furuq. Vol 3. 1st Edition. Edited by Khalil Al-Mansur. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, p. 29. An online copy can be accessed at: http://ia600203.us.archive.org/27/items/Forwq_Qarafy/Forwq_Qarafy_03.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2016].

529 Kurani, Sura 21, Aya 107.

529 The Qur’an, Chapter 21, Verse 107.

530 Qur'ani, Sura 7, Aya 156.

530 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.

531 Imetajwa katika Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, ukurasa wa 17.

531 Cited in Walker, C. J. (2005). Islam and the West: A Dissonant Harmony of Civilisations, p. 17.

Dozy, R. (1913). A History of Muslims in Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 235.

532 Dozy, R. (1913). A History of Muslims in Spain. London: Chatto & Windus, p. 235.

533 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., p. 56.

534 Qur'an, Sura 2, Aya 256.

534 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 256.

535 Bonner, M. (2006). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 89-90.

536 Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, uk. 332.

536 Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Sharia: Theory, Practice and Transformations. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 332.

537 Ibn Zanjawiyah, H, S. (1986) Kitab al-Amwaal. Edited by Shakir Fiyadh. Makkah: Markaz al-Malik Faisal, pp. 169-170.

538 Mansel, P. (1995). Constantinople: City of the World’s desire, 1453-1924. London: Penguin Books, p. 15.

539 Qur'ani, Sura 49, Aya 13.

539 The Qur’an, Chapter 49, Verse 13.

Hafidh ibn Hibban ameripoti katika al-Sahih, kupitia isnadi yake, kutoka kwa Fadalah ibn Ubayd, na Baihaqi.

540 Hafiz ibn Hibban reported in al-Sahih, via his isnad, from Fadalah ibn Ubayd and Baihaqi.

541 Gibb, H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge, uk. 379. 542 Toynbee, A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press, uk. 205.

541 Gibb, H. A. R. (2012). Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 379. 542 Toynbee, A. J. (1948). Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 205.

543 Robinson, V. (1936). The Story of Medicine. New York: Tudor Publishing Company, uk. 164. 544 Sabry, W. M., & Vohra, A. (2013). Role of Islam in the management of Psychiatric disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S205–S214. http://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534.

543 Robinson, V. (1936). The Story of Medicine. New York: Tudor Publishing Company, p. 164. 544 Sabry, W. M., & Vohra, A. (2013). Role of Islam in the management of Psychiatric disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S205–S214. http://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105534.

545 Badri, M. (2013). Abu Zayd Al-Balkhi’s Sustenance of the Soul: The Cognitive Behavior Therapy of a Ninth Century Physician. Surrey: International Institute of Islamic Thought.

546 Imesimuliwa na Bukhari.

546 Narrated by Bukhari.

547 Qur'an, Sura 10, Aya 24.

547 The Qur’an, Chapter 10, Verse 24.

548 Qur'ani, Sura 96, Aya 1 hadi 5.

548 The Qur'an, Chapter 96, Verses 1 to 5.

549 Qur'ani, Sura 39, Aya 9.

549 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 9.

Kur'ani, Sura 88, Aya 17 hadi 20.

550 The Qur’an, Chapter 88, Verses 17 to 20.

551 Qur'an, Sura 3, Aya 190 na 191.

551 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verses 190 and 191.

552 Angalia Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.

552 See Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing.

Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.

553 Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 362-363.

554 Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, uk. 27.

554 Steffens, B. (2007). Ibn Al-Haytham: First Scientist, p. 27.

555 Kwa maelezo zaidi tazama: Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

555 For details see Al-Djazairi, S. E. (2005). The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation. Oxford: Bayt Al-Hikma Press; Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

556 Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 1.

557 Arnold, T. (1896). The Preaching of Islam, p. 112.

558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What's Next. Inapatikana kwenye: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [Imefikiwa tarehe 10 Septemba 2016].

558 Hewlett Packard. (2001). Carly Fiorina Speeches. Technology, Business and Our Way of Life: What’s Next. Available at: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/speeches/fiorina/minnesota01.html [Accessed 10th September 2016].

559 Smith, A. (1869). The Essays of Adam Smith. London: Alex Murray, p. 353.

Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Imehaririwa na Abdullah Qaa’ir na Bakr Abu Zayd. Makkah: Dar Alim al-Fawa’id, uk. 109. Unaweza kupakua nakala ya mtandaoni kupitia: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [Imefikiwa tarehe 1 Oktoba 2016].

560 Ibn Qayyim, S. (2005). Al-Wabil al-Sayib. Edited by Abdullah Qaa’ir and Bakr Abu Zayd. Makkah: Dar Alim al-Fawa’id, p. 109. You can download an online copy at: http://www.ajurry.com/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=26489&d=1363130186 [Accessed 1st October 2016].

561 Qur'ani, Sura 47, Aya 19.

561 The Qur’an, Chapter 47, Verse 19.

562 Qur'ani, Sura 7, Aya 180.

562 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 180.

563 Qur'ani, Sura 4, Aya 48.

563 The Qur’an, Chapter 4, Verse 48.

564 Qur'an, Sura 25, Aya 68 na 70.

564 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 68 and 70.

565 Qur'ani, Sura 23, Aya 99 na 100.

565 The Qur’an, Chapter 23, Verses 99 and 100.

Qur'an, Sura 3, Aya 117.

566 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 117.

567 Kitabu cha Qur'ani, Sura 3, Aya 182.

567 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 182.

Hii inatokana na hadith sahihi iliyopokewa na Ahmad na Ibn Hibban: “Watakaomhoji Mwenyezi Mungu siku ya Kiyama ni wanne: Mtu kiziwi ambaye hakuwahi kusikia chochote, mtu mwenye wazimu, mzee sana, na mtu aliyekufa katika kipindi cha fatra (kipindi kati ya wakati wa Isa (amani iwe juu yake) na wakati wa Muhammad ﷺ). Yule kiziwi atasema, ‘Ee Mola wangu, Uislamu ulikuja lakini sikuwahi kusikia chochote.’ Yule mwenye wazimu atasema, ‘Ee Mola wangu, Uislamu ulikuja lakini watoto walinifuata na kunirushia mawe.’ Yule mzee sana atasema, ‘Ee Mola wangu, Uislamu ulikuja lakini sikuelewa chochote.’ Yule aliyekufa katika kipindi cha fatra atasema, ‘Ee Mola wangu, hakuja kwangu Mjumbe yeyote kutoka Kwako.’ Ndipo (Mwenyezi Mungu) atapokea ahadi zao za utii, kisha watatumwa waingie Motoni. Kwa Yule ambaye mkononi mwake mna roho ya Muhammad ﷺ, kama wataingia humo, itakuwa baridi na salama kwao.” Kuna hadith nyingine na aya nyingine za Qur’an zinazoonyesha kwamba Mwenyezi Mungu hatamruhusu mtu yeyote kuingia Jahannamu mpaka watu wawe wamepewa ujumbe sahihi wa Uislamu.

568 This is based on the following authentic tradition narrated by Ahmad and Ibn Hibban: “There are four (who will protest) to God on the Day of Resurrection: the deaf man who never heard anything, the insane man, the very old man, and the man who died during the fatrah (the interval between the time of Jesus (upon whom be peace) and the time of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The deaf man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I never heard anything.’ The insane man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but the children ran after me and threw stones at me.’ The very old man will say, ‘O Lord, Islam came but I did not understand anything.’ The man who died during the fatrah will say, ‘O Lord, no Messenger from You came to me.’ He will accept their promises of obedience, then word will be sent to them to enter the Fire. By the One in Whose hand is the soul of Muhammad, if they enter it, it will be cool and safe for them.” There are other hadiths and verses of the Qur’an that indicate that God will not allow anyone to enter hell until people have been given the correct message of Islam.

569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. Imehaririwa na M. Bejou. Damascus, uk. 84. Nakala ya mtandaoni inapatikana kwenye: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [Imefikiwa tarehe 21 Novemba 2016].

569 Al-Ghazali, M. A. (1993). Fayasl al-Tafriqa Bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa. Edited by M. Bejou. Damascus, p. 84. An online copy is available at: http://ghazali.org/books/fiysal-bejou.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2016].

570 Ibid.

571 Qur'an, Sura 3, Aya 113. Aya hii inawarejea "watu wa Kitabu". Hata hivyo, kanuni hii inatumika kwa makundi yote ya watu.

571 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 113. This verse refers to the ‘people of the book’. However, the principle applies to all groups of people.

Ibid.

572 Ibid.

573 Imesimuliwa na Bukhari.

573 Narrated by Bukhari.

Qur'ani, Sura 7, Aya 55.

574 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 55.

Sura 40, Aya 65.

575 The Qur’an, Chapter 40, Verse 65.

Sura 20, Aya 14.

576 The Qur’an, Chapter, 20, Verse 14.

577 Qur'ani, Sura 2, Aya 29.

577 The Qur’an, Chapter 2, Verse 29.

578 Qur'ani, Sura 7, Aya 191.

578 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 191.

579 Qur'ani, Sura 35, Aya ya 3.

579 The Qur’an, Chapter 35, Verse 3.

580 Qur'ani, Sura 96, Aya 6 na 7.

580 The Qur’an, Chapter 96, Verses 6 and 7.

Sura 92, Aya 8 hadi 12 {Na hakika yeye ni mwenye kubakhili, na Yeye ndiye wa kujichukulia peke yake (wakati wa kuwahisabu). Basi naye (mwanadamu) hakuwa na mema, na Mwenyezi Mungu ndiye anayejua vyema. Hakika huu ni mwongozo; hakika Hatuna kuzingatia dunia, na Akhera ni yetu.}

581 The Qur’an, Chapter 92, Verses 8 to 12.

582 Qur'ani, Sura 14, Aya 34.

582 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verse 34.

583 Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 58-59.

584 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment. Imetafsiriwa na kuandaliwa utangulizi na maelezo na Eric Ormsby. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, uk. 25.

584 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment. Translated with an introduction and notes by Eric Ormsby. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, p. 25.

585 Qur'ani, Sura 7, Aya 156.

585 The Qur’an, Chapter 7, Verse 156.

586 Qur'an, Sura 55, Aya 1 na 2.

586 The Qur’an, Chapter 55, Verses 1 and 2.

Qur'ani, Sura 85, Aya 14.

587 The Qur’an, Chapter 85, Verse 14.

Imepokewa na Abu Dawud.

588 Narrated by Abu Dawud.

589 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, uk. 23.

589 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, p. 23.

Qur'ani, Sura 3, Aya 31.

590 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 31.

Qur'ani, Sura 51, Aya 56.

591 The Qur’an, Chapter 51, Verse 56.

Kumtii Mtume Muhammad ﷺ ni matokeo ya kumtii Mwenyezi Mungu (SWT), kwa kuwa Yeye ametuamuru kufanya hivyo.

592 Obedience to the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is a consequence of obeying God, as He commands us to do so.

Qur'ani, Sura 3, Aya 132.

593 The Qur’an, Chapter 3, Verse 132.

594 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, kur. 120-121.

594 Al-Ghazali. (2011). Al-Ghazali on Love, Longing, Intimacy & Contentment, pp. 120-121.

595 Ibid, uk. 123.

595 Ibid, p. 123.

596 Mahali, J na Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, uk. 302. 597 Qur'an, Sura 11, Aya 118 na 119.

596 Mahali, J and Al-Suyuti J. (2001). Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, p. 302. 597 The Qur’an, Chapter 11, Verses 118 and 119.

Kumbuka Qur'an, Sura 25, Aya 43 na 44.

598 The Qur’an, Chapter 25, Verses 43 and 44.

599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Mabadiliko ya kizazi katika ubinafsishaji wa mali na umuhimu wa kazi, 1976-2007: Uhusiano na mabadiliko ya kipindi cha wakati katika kutokuwa na usalama wa kijamii na kuigwa kwa mifano ya ubinafsishaji wa mali. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897.

599 Twenge JM & Kasser T. Generational changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013, 39 (7) pp. 883-897.

600 Opree SJ, Buijzen M, & Valkenburg PM. Lower life satisfaction related to materialism in children frequently exposed to advertising. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3) pp. 486-e491. 601 The Qur'an, Chapter 59, Verse 19.

602 Kurani, Sura 39, Aya 29.

602 The Qur’an, Chapter 39, Verse 29.

603 Imetajwa katika Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Inapatikana: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Imefikiwa tarehe 6 Oktoba 2016].

603 Cited in Riffat, H. (1968). The Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938). Durham theses, Durham University. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/2/7986_4984-vol2.PDF?UkUDh:CyT [Accessed 6th October 2016].

604 Muundo na maudhui ya sura hii vimerekebishwa kutoka kwa Mawaidha kutoka kwa Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Inapatikana: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Imefikiwa tarehe 24 Oktoba 2016].

604 The structure and content of this chapter have been adapted from Reminders From Yusuf, H. (2016). Best of Hamza Yusuf. Available at: https://youtu.be/KUzjHU-g7E0 [Accessed 24th October 2016].

605 Qur'ani, Sura 82, Aya ya 6.

605 The Qur’an, Chapter 82, Verse 6.

606 Qur'an, Sura 20, Aya 44.

606 The Qur’an, Chapter 20, Verse 44.

607 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an, uk. 65.

607 Al-Qurtubi, M. (2006). Al-Jaami’ al-Ahkaam al-Qur’an, p. 65.

608 Qur'ani, Sura 16, Aya 125.

608 The Qur’an, Chapter 16, Verse 125.

609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. Imehaririwa na Khalil Shayhaa. Beirut: Darul Marefah, uk. 588.

609 Al-Zamakhshari, J. (2009). Tafsir al-Kashshaaf ’an Haqa’iq at-Tanzil. Edited by Khalil Shayhaa. Beirut: Darul Marefah, p. 588.

610 Kurani, Sura ya 14, Aya ya 24 hadi 27.

610 The Qur’an, Chapter 14, Verses 24 to 27.

611 Qur'ani, Sura 41, Aya 34

611 The Qur’an, Chapter 41, Verse 34