有些环节是必须遵守的（wājib，瓦吉卜），另一些则是被推荐的（mustaḥabb，穆斯塔哈卜）。

Some aspects are obligatory (waajib) and others are recommended (mustahabb).

我们应当确保在封斋前的圣餐时进食和饮水，并将其推迟到接近斐者（Fajr）宣礼之前。先知（愿安拉的慈悯与祝福降临于他）说：“你们要吃封斋前的圣餐，因为圣餐中有福泽（barakah）。”（由布哈里收录，《法塔》，4/139）。“封斋前的圣餐是有福的食物，它使我们与有经典的民族有所不同。对于信士而言，用椰枣作为封斋前的圣餐是多么好。”（由艾卜·达伍德收录，第2345条；《赛希赫·塔尔吉布》，1/448）。

We should make sure that we eat and drink something at suhoor, and that we delay it until just before the adhaan of Fajr. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Have suhoor, for in suhoor there is blessing (barakah).” (Reported by al-Bukhaari, Fath, 4/139). “Suhoor is blessed food, and it involves being different from the people of the Book. What a good suhoor for the believer is dates.” (Reported by Abu Dawood, no. 2345; Saheeh al-Targheeb, 1/448).

不延迟开斋,因为先知ﷺ说:“只要人们不延迟开斋,就会一直安好。”(布哈里辑录,《法特胡》,4/198)。按照安斯(愿安拉喜悦他)所传圣训所述的方式开斋:“先知ﷺ开斋时,会在礼拜之前先吃新鲜的枣子;如果没有新鲜的枣子,就吃(干)枣;如果没有干枣,就喝几口水。”(提尔米兹辑录,3/79及其他出处。他说这是一段gharib hasan圣训。在《al-Irwa’》中被判定为sahih,编号922)。开斋后,应诵读伊本·欧麦尔(愿安拉喜悦他们二人)所传圣训中的词句,据此圣训,先知ﷺ开斋时会说:“Dhahaba al-zama’,wa'btallat al-‘urooq,wa thabat al-ajru in sha Allaah(口渴已去,血脉重新流通,奖赏必定确定,如安拉意欲)。”(艾卜·达吾德辑录,2/765;达拉库特尼判定其传述链为hasan,2/185)。远离罪恶,因为先知ﷺ说:“当你们中有人斋戒时,就不应犯罪……”(布哈里辑录,《法特胡》,编号1904)。先知ﷺ又说:“凡不停止说谎话并依此行事的人,安拉并不需要他放弃饮食。”(布哈里,《法特胡》,编号1903)。斋戒者应避免各种禁戒的行为,例如背后诽谤、淫秽言语和谎言,否则其全部奖赏可能会丧失。先知ﷺ说:“可能有斋戒的人,从他的斋戒中所得的只有饥饿。”(伊本·马哲辑录,1/539;《Saheeh al-Targheeb》,1/453)。

Not delaying iftaar, because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “The people will be fine so long as they do not delay iftaar.” (Reported by al-Bukhaari, Fath, 4/198). Breaking one's fast in the manner described in the hadeeth narrated by Anas (may Allaah be pleased with him): “The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) used to break his fast with fresh dates before praying; if fresh dates were not available, he would eat (dried) dates; if dried dates were not available, he would have a few sips of water.” (Reported by al-Tirmidhi, 3/79 and others. He said it is a ghareeb hasan hadeeth. Classed as saheeh in al-Irwa’, no. 922). After iftaar, reciting the words reported in the hadeeth narrated by Ibn ‘Umar (may Allaah be pleased with them both), according to which the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), when he broke his fast, would say: “Dhahaba al-zama’, wa’btallat al-‘urooq, wa thabat al-ajru in sha Allaah (Thirst is gone, veins are flowing again, and the reward is certain, in sha Allaah).” (Reported by Abu Dawood, 2/765; its isnaad was classed as hasan by al-Daaraqutni, 2/185). Keeping away from sin, because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “When any of you is fasting, let him not commit sin…” (Reported by al-Bukhaari, al-Fath, no. 1904). The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Whoever does not stop speaking falsehood and acting in accordance with it, Allaah has no need of him giving up his food and drink.” (Al-Bukhaari, al-Fath, no. 1903). The person who is fasting should avoid all kinds of haraam actions, such as backbiting, obscenity and lies, otherwise his reward may all be lost. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “It may be that a fasting person gets nothing from his fast except hunger.” (Reported by Ibn Maajah, 1/539; Saheeh al-Targheeb, 1/453).

在那些能够毁掉一个人的善功（hasanaat）并招致恶行（sayi'aat）的事情中，有：让自己沉迷于智力竞猜节目、肥皂剧、电影和体育比赛，沉迷于无所事事的聚会，与恶人和浪费时间的人在街上闲逛，毫无目的地开车兜风，以及挤满街道和人行道。结果，对许多人来说，本应充满夜间礼拜（tahajjud）、念诵（dhikr）和敬拜的月份，变成了白天睡觉以免感到饥饿的月份，从而错过了他们的拜功，也错过了集体礼拜的机会；然后他们把夜晚花在娱乐上，放纵自己的欲望。有些人甚至带着烦躁的情绪迎接这个月，只想着自己将错过的享乐。 在斋月里，有些人前往异教徒的土地度假！即便是清真寺也未能免于这些恶行，比如女子涂脂抹粉、喷洒香水地出现在其中，甚至安拉的圣殿也未能幸免于这些弊病。有些人把这个月当作乞讨的季节，尽管他们并不贫困。有些人用危险的烟花之类的东西寻开心；有些人则在市场里浪费时间，在商店间闲逛，或是追逐潮流、赶制时装。还有些人在斋月最后十天把新产品和新款式摆进店里，以此让人们无法获得回报和善功。

Among the things that can destroy one’s hasanaat (good deeds) and bring sayi’aat (bad deeds) is allowing oneself to be distracted by quiz-shows, soap operas, movies and sports matches, idle gatherings, hanging about in the streets with evil people and time-wasters, driving around for no purpose, and crowding the streets and sidewalks, so that the months of tahajjud, dhikr and worship, for many people, becomes the month of sleeping in the day so as to avoid feeling hungry, thus missing their prayers and the opportunity to pray them in congregation, then spending their nights in entertainment and indulging their desires. Some people even greet the month with feelings of annoyance, thinking only of the pleasures they will miss out on. In Ramadaan, some people travel to kaafir lands to enjoy a holiday! Even the mosques are not free from such evils as the appearance of women wearing makeup and perfume, and even the Sacred House of Allaah is not free of these ills. Some people make the month a season for begging, even though they are not in need. Some of them entertain themselves with dangerous fireworks and the like, and some of them waste their time in the markets, wandering around the shops, or sewing and following fashions. Some of them put new products and new styles in their stores during the last ten days of the month, to keep people away from earning rewards and hasanaat.

不被激怒，因为先知（愿安拉的慈悯与祝福降临于他）说：“如果有人与他争斗或辱骂他，他应当说：‘我在斋戒，我在斋戒。’”（由布哈里等人记录。《法特赫》，第1894条）这样做的一个原因是提醒自己，另一个原因是提醒对方。然而，只要看看许多斋戒者的行为，就会发现情况大不相同。克制自己、保持平静至关重要，但我们却看到了相反的情形：一些横冲直撞的司机，一听到昏礼（Maghrib）的宣礼声，就加速飞驰。

Not allowing oneself to be provoked, because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “If someone fights him or insults him, he should say, ‘I am fasting, I am fasting.’” (Reported by al-Bukhaari and others. Al-Fath, no. 1894) One reason for this is to remind himself, and another reason is to remind his adversary. But anyone who looks at the conduct of many of those who fast will see something quite different. It is essential to exercise self-control and be calm, but we see the opposite among crazy drivers who speed up when they hear the adhaan for Maghrib.

(*) 不要吃得过多,因为先知(愿安拉的赞颂与祝福降临于他)说:“亚当之子所装的器皿,没有比肚子更糟的了。”(蒂尔米兹圣训集,第2380条引用;他说,这是一段 hasan saheeh 的圣训)。明智的人是为了吃而活,而不是为了活而吃。最好的食物是用来充饥的食物,而不是用来摆设的食物。然而,人们却沉迷于制作各式各样的食物(在斋月期间),把食物的烹饪当作一种近乎艺术的形式,以至于主妇和仆人把全部时间都花在做饭上,这使他们无暇拜功。人们在斋月里在食物上的花费远超平日。于是这个月变成了消化不良、肥胖和胃病的月份,人们吃起来像饕餮之徒,喝起来像口渴的骆驼。当他们起来做太拉维哈拜时,也是勉强为之,其中有些人在做完前两拜后就离去了。

(*) Not eating too much, because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “The son of Adam fills no worse vessel than his stomach.” (Reported by al-Tirmidhi, no. 2380; he said, this is a hasan saheeh hadeeth). The wise person wants to eat to live, not live to eat. The best type of food is that which is there to be used, not that which is there to be served. But people indulge in making all kinds of food (during Ramadaan) and treating food preparation as a virtual art form, so that housewives and servants spend all their time on making food, and this keeps them away from worship, and people spend far more on food during Ramadaan than they do ordinarily. Thus the month becomes the month of indigestion, fatness and gastric illness, where people eat like gluttons and drink like thirsty camels, and when they get up to pray Taraaweeh, they do so reluctantly, and some of them leave after the first two rak’ahs.

(*) 慷慨待人，包括分享知识、施舍钱财、运用自己的权位或体力帮助他人，并保持良好的态度。 布哈里和穆斯林记载，伊本·阿拔斯（愿安拉喜悦他）说："安拉的使者ﷺ是最慷慨的人（行善方面），他在赖麦丹月尤其慷慨，当时哲卜拉伊勒与他相会，每夜都与他相会并教他《古兰经》。安拉的使者ﷺ行善的慷慨胜过吹拂的风。"（布哈里辑录，《Fath》，第6条）人们怎能以吝啬取代慷慨，以懈怠取代行动，以至于不好好做自己的工作，也不善待彼此，并以斋戒作为这一切的借口呢？

(*) Being generous by sharing knowledge, giving money, using one’s position of authority or physical strength to help others, and having a good attitude. Al-Bukhaari and Muslim reported that Ibn ‘Abbaas (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: “The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) was the most generous of people [in doing good], and he was most generous of all in Ramadaan when Jibreel met with him, and he used to meet him every night in Ramadaan and teach him the Qur’aan. The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) was more generous in doing good than a blowing wind.” (Reported by al-Bukhaari, al-Fath, no. 6). How can people exchange generosity for stinginess and action for laziness, to the extent that they do not do their work properly and do not treat one another properly, and they use fasting as an excuse for all this.

将斋戒与供养穷人结合起来，是通往乐园的途径之一。先知（愿安拉的赞颂与祝福降临于他）说："乐园中有一些房屋，从外面可以看到里面，从里面也可以看到外面。安拉为那些供养穷人、言语温和、经常斋戒、并在人们熟睡时夜间礼拜的人预备了这些房屋。"（艾哈迈德记载，5/343；伊本·胡宰麦，第2137条。阿勒巴尼在其注释中说，因有其他佐证的传述，其传述链为可嘉［hasan］。）先知（愿安拉的赞颂与祝福降临于他）说："谁给一位斋戒者提供用来破斋的食物，他将获得与斋戒者相等的报酬，而斋戒者的报酬丝毫不会因此减少。"（提尔米兹记载，3/171；《至善劝诫辑要的校勘本》，1/451。）伊斯兰教长［伊本·泰米叶］（愿安拉怜悯他）说："这里的意思是，应当让他吃到饱足。"（《教法选择集》，第109页。）

Combining fasting with feeding the poor is one of the means of reaching Paradise, as the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “In Paradise there are rooms whose outside can be seen from the inside and the inside can be seen from the outside. Allaah has prepared them for those who feed the poor, who are gentle in speech, who fast regularly and who pray at night when people are asleep.” (Reported by Ahmad 5/343; Ibn Khuzaymah, no. 2137. Al-Albaani said in his footnote, its isnaad is hasan because of other corroborating reports). The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Whoever gives food to a fasting person with which to break his fast, will have a reward equal to his, without it detracting in the slightest from the reward of the fasting person.” (Reported by al-Tirmidhi, 3/171; Saheeh al-Targheeb, 1/451). Shaykh al-Islam [Ibn Taymiyah] (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: “What is meant is that he should feed him until he is satisfied.” (Al-Ikhtiyaaraat al-Fiqhiyyah, p. 109).

一些先贤（愿真主怜悯他们）在开斋时宁愿把食物让给穷人，而自己却不先享用。其中包括阿卜杜拉·本·欧麦尔、马立克·本·戴纳尔、艾哈迈德·本·罕百勒等人。阿卜杜拉·本·欧麦尔若不是与孤儿和穷人同席，便不会开斋。

A number of the Salaf (may Allaah have mercy on them) preferred the poor over themselves when feeding them at the time of iftaar. Among these were ‘Abd-Allaah ibn ‘Umar, Maalik ibn Deenaar, Ahmad ibn Hanbal and others. ‘Abd-Allaah ibn ‘Umar would not break his fast unless there were orphans and poor people with him.