病人 - 关于斋戒的七十件事 | Quran Course

病人 - 关于斋戒的七十件事 | Quran Course

0% read · 2 min left

关于斋戒的七十件事 Bookmark

This chapter was translated automatically from English and may contain mistakes. Read the original

Show original

病人

The Sick

by Book by Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid2 min readViewed 143 times

(25)凡遇任何使人感到不适的疾病，人可以不封斋。其依据是《古兰经》的经文（意译）：“……患病或旅行的人，应在其他日子里补足同等的天数……”（黛嘎拉篇 2:185）。但如果病情轻微，例如咳嗽或头痛，则不构成停止封斋的理由。

(25) In the event of any sickness that makes people feel unwell, a person is allowed not to fast. The basis for this is the aayah (interpretation of the meaning): “… and whoever is ill or on a journey, the same number [of days on which one did not observe sawm must be made up] from other days…” [al-Baqarah 2:185]. But if the ailment is minor, such as a cough or headache, then it is not a reason to break one's fast.

如果有医学证据,或者此人根据自身的一贯经验得知,或者他确信禁食会使他的疾病加重或延缓康复,那么他被允许破斋;事实上,在这种情况下他禁食是makrooh(可憎的)的。如果一个人病得很重,即使有可能早上就会痊愈,他也不必在夜间立下次日禁食的意图,因为重要的是当下的情况。

If there is medical proof, or a person knows from his usual experience, or he is certain, that fasting will make his illness worse or delay his recovery, he is permitted to break his fast; indeed, it is disliked (makrooh) for him to fast in such cases. If a person is seriously ill, he does not have to have the intention during the night to fast the following day, even if there is a possibility that he may be well in the morning, because what counts is the present moment.

(26) 如果斋戒会导致昏迷，他应当破斋，之后再补做。（《法特瓦集》，25/217）。如果一个人在白天昏迷，并在日落（Maghrib）之前或之后苏醒，只要他在早晨时仍在斋戒中，他的斋戒仍然有效；如果他从晨礼（Fajr）至日落一直处于昏迷状态，那么根据大多数学者的观点，他的斋戒无效。根据大多数学者的观点，无论昏迷时间多长，昏迷的人都有义务在之后补做这些斋戒。（《穆格尼及其大注》，1/412，3/32；《科威特教法百科全书》，5/268）。

(27) 如果一个人感到极度的饥饿或口渴,并担心自己可能会死亡,或某些机能可能遭受无法挽回的损害,而且有理性的依据相信确实如此,他可以破斋,事后再补偿,因为保全生命是必须的。但是,因为可以忍受的困难,或因为感到疲倦,或因为害怕某种想象中的疾病而破斋,是不被允许的。从事体力劳动的人不得破斋,他们必须在夜间就立定次日斋戒的意图。如果他们无法停止工作,并且担心白天会有某种伤害降临,或者面临极度的困难以致不得不破斋,那么他们应当只吃足以帮助他们忍受困难的食物,然后直到日落前都不再进食,并且之后必须补斋。从事体力劳动的工人,例如在熔炉旁工作、冶炼金属的人,应当尽量调整工作时间,使其在夜间工作,或将假期安排在斋月期间,甚至请无薪假;但如果这些都不可行,那么他们应当另寻工作,使宗教义务与世俗事务能够兼顾。"谁敬畏真主,真主必为他开辟出路(使他脱离一切困境)。并从他意想不到的地方给他供给。"（《离婚章》65:2-3,释义）（《常务委员会fatwa集》,10/233、235）

(27) If a person feels extreme hunger or thirst, and fears that he may die or that some of his faculties may be irreparably damaged, and has rational grounds for believing this to be so, he may break his fast and make up for it later on, because saving one’s life is obligatory. But it is not permissible to break one's fast because of bearable hardship or because one feels tired or is afraid of some imagined illness. People who work in physically demanding jobs are not permitted to break their fast, and they must have the intention at night of fasting the following day. If they cannot stop working and they are afraid that some harm may befall them during the day, or they face some extreme hardship that causes them to break their fast, then they should eat only what is enough to help them bear the hardship, then they should refrain from eating until sunset, and they have to make the fast up later. Workers in physically demanding jobs, such as working with furnaces and smelting metals, should try to change their hours so that they work at night, or take their holidays during Ramadaan, or even take unpaid leave, but if this is not possible, then they should look for another job, where they can combine their religious and worldly duties. “And whoever fears Allaah and keeps his duty to Him, He will make a way for him to get out (from every difficulty). And He will provide him from (sources) he could never imagine.” [al-Talaaq 65:2-3 – interpretation of the meaning]. (Fataawa al-Lajnah al-Daa’imah, 10/233, 235)

(28)病人若希望痊愈,应等到病情好转后,再补还所缺的斋日;他不可仅以供养穷人来代替。患有慢性病、无望痊愈的人,以及无力斋戒的老年人,应当为每缺一日的斋戒供养一位穷人,供给其国家的主食半萨阿(ṣaʻ)。(半萨阿约相当于一公斤半的大米。)他可以一次性在月末某一天全部供养,也可以每天供养一位穷人。由于经文的措辞,他必须以实际食物来供养,不能以金钱代替施给穷人(《常设学术委员会教令集》,10/198)。但他可以把钱交给可靠的个人或慈善机构,由其代为购买食物并分发给穷人。如果病人在斋月中不斋戒,等待康复后再补斋,结果发现自己的病是慢性病,那么他必须为每个未斋戒的日子供养一位穷人。(引自谢赫伊本·欧赛敏的教令。)如果一个人在等待病愈、期望好转的过程中去世,那么他本人或其继承人都不负有任何"债务"。如果一个人的病被视为慢性病,因此他不斋戒而改为供养穷人,后来医学进步,出现了治疗方法,他用药后痊愈,那么他无需补斋,因为他在当时已履行了应尽的义务。(《常设学术委员会教令集》,10/195)

(28) The sick person who hopes to recover should wait until he gets better, then make up for the fasts he has missed; he is not allowed just to feed the poor. The person who is suffering from a chronic illness and has no hope of recovery and elderly people who are unable to fast should feed a poor person with half a saa’ of the staple food of his country for every day that he has missed. (Half a saa’ is roughly equivalent to one and a half kilograms of rice). It is permissible for him to do this all at once, on one day at the end of the month, or to feed one poor person every day. He has to do this by giving actual food, because of the wording of the aayah – he cannot do it by giving money to the poor (Fataawa al-Lajnah al-Daa’imah, 10/198). But he can give money to a trustworthy person or charitable organization to buy food and distribute it to the poor on his behalf. If a sick person does not fast in Ramadaan, waiting to recover so that he can make the days up later, then he finds out that his sickness is chronic, he has to feed a poor person for every day that he did not fast. (From the fataawa of Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen). If a person is waiting to recover from his illness and hopes to get better, but then dies, there is no “debt” owed by him or his heirs. If a person’s sickness is considered to be chronic, so he does not fast and feeds the poor instead, then advances in medical science mean that there is now a cure, which he uses and gets better, he does not have to make up the fasts he has missed, because he did what he had to do at the time. (Fataawa al-Lajnah al-Daa’imah, 10/195)