(30) 极其年迈、体力已经衰竭、并且随着死亡临近而日渐虚弱的人，不必斋戒，只要斋戒对他们来说太过困难，他们就可以不斋戒。伊本·阿拔斯（愿真主喜悦他）曾就经文的意义“那些能够勉强斋戒的人（例如年老的男人等），他们（可以选择斋戒，或者）每天供养一位贫民”[《黄牛章》2:184]说：“这节经文并未被废止。它指的是无法斋戒的老年男子和老年妇女，他们应当每天供养一位贫民。”（布哈里圣训集，《注释经典》篇，“限定的日数”章）那些已经年老昏聩、神志不清的人，不必斋戒，也不必做其他任何事情，他们的家属也不必代他们做什么，因为这样的人已不再被视为负有责任的人。如果他们有时神志清醒，有时神志昏乱，那么在清醒时就要斋戒，在昏乱时则不必斋戒。（参见伊本·欧赛敏的《斋月讲座》，第28页）

(30) The very elderly who have lost their strength and are getting weaker every day as death approaches, do not have to fast, and they are allowed not to fast so long as fasting would be too difficult for them. Ibn ‘Abbaas (may Allaah be pleased with him) used to say, concerning the aayah (interpretation of the meaning), “And as for those who can fast with difficulty (e.g., an old man, etc.), they have (a choice either to fast or) to feed a poor person (for every day)” [al-Baqarah 2:184]: “This has not been abrogated. It refers to the old man and the old woman who cannot fast, so they should feed a poor person for every day.” (Al Bukhaari, Kitaab al-Tafseer, Baab Ayaaman Ma’doodaat…) Those who have become senile and confused do not have to fast or do anything else, and their family does not have to do anything on their behalf, because such people are no longer counted as responsible. If they are of sound mind sometimes and confused at other times, they have to fast when they are OK and they do not have to fast when they are confused. (See Majaalis Shahr Ramadaan by Ibn ‘Uthyameen, p. 28).

(31) 对于正在与敌人交战，或被敌人围困的人，如果斋戒会使他们虚弱到无法作战，那么即使他们并非旅行中，也允许他们破斋。如果他们在作战前需要破斋，可以破斋。先知ﷺ曾在一次作战前对他的同伴们说："明天早上你们将要遇见敌人，不斋戒会使你们更有力量，所以不要斋戒。"（由穆斯林记载，1120，‘Abd al-Baaqi版。这也是伊斯兰教长Ibn Taymiyah所偏好的观点。当大马士革城遭到鞑靼人攻击时，大马士革的学者们也颁布了同样的教法裁决。） (32) 如果一个人不斋戒的理由是显而易见的，比如疾病，那么他公开饮食也没有问题；但如果理由是隐秘的，比如月经，那么最好私下饮食，以免引起指责等情况。

(31) For those who are fighting an enemy or are being besieged by an enemy, if fasting would make them too weak to fight, they are allowed to break the fast, even if they are not travelling. If they need to break their fast before fighting, they can break their fast. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to his Companions once, before fighting: “In the morning you are going to meet your enemy and not fasting will make you stronger, so do not fast.” (Reported by Muslim, 1120, ‘Abd al-Baaqi edn. This is also the preferred opinion of Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah. The scholars of Damascus also issued fatwas to the same effect when their city was attacked by the Tatars) (32) If a person’s reason for not fasting is obvious, such as illness, there is nothing wrong with him eating or drinking openly, but if the reason is hidden, such as menstruation, it is better to eat and drink in secret, so as not to attract accusations and the like.